水稻广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78的选育

利用野败（WA）型、红莲（HL）型、包台（BT型）3种细胞质的同核异质粳稻广亲和不育系苏秋A与19个籼、粳恢复系测交,筛选出对以上3种细胞质不育系均具正常恢复力的广谱型恢复系6078。通过回交,将广亲和品种Lemont的广亲和基因导入6078,育成广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78。经测交鉴定,SWR78对WA型、印水（ID）型、HL型、BT型4种细胞质的10个籼、粳不育系均具正常恢复力。     

杂交稻抗二化螟的胞质遗传效应分析

以一套6种细胞质的同核异质广亲和不育系和两套同质(野败型和印水型)异核不育系与恢复系蜀恢162和密阳46配组的F1为材料，测定二化螟的幼虫存活率、幼虫体重和田间水稻枯心率，分析了不育系的细胞质、细胞核和质核互作对二化螟抗性的遗传效应。结果表明，二化螟幼虫在同核异质不育系的矮败型“国广2A”、D型“国广4A”、印水型“国广5A”和K型“国广6A”上的体重显著低于在野败型“国广1A”和冈型“国广3A”上的；在国广4A和国广5A上的枯心率(12.9%和14.1%)显著低于在其他同核异质不育系上的。水稻枯心率在野败型和印水型同质异核不育系的2种不育系之间均表现出显著差异。同核异质不育系和印水型同质异核不育系对二化螟存活率没有细胞质效应和质核互作效应。同核异质不育系的质核互作效应(47.1%)和细胞质效应(29.4%)是影响幼虫体重的主要因素；细胞核效应(76.0%)、细胞质(12.1%)和质核互作效应(10.4%)都影响着水稻枯心率。野败型同质异核不育系的细胞核效应(78.5%)是影响幼虫体重的主要因素，其次是细胞质效应(17.7%)；枯心率受到细胞核效应(58.5%)和质核互作效应(35.7%)的影响。印水型同质异核不育系影响幼虫体重和枯心率的质核互作效应分别是26.5%和66.9%；影响幼虫体重的还有细胞核效应(50.7%)和细胞质效应(21.9%)。     

Triticum spelta 1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系花粉发育的影响

利用非1B/1R与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系, 对2类K型不育系及其保持系花粉发育过程中丙二醛含量、花粉细胞膜透性、SOD活性、花粉发育形态等几个方面进行比较研究。结果表明,2类型小麦不育系花粉丙二醛含量和花粉提取液电导率从减裂期到散粉成熟期变化趋势基本一致,都呈上升趋势,而保持系在花粉发育全过程中2项指标都基本保持平稳。2类型不育系SOD活性从单核期到三核期都一直呈下降趋势。与保持系相比, 2类不育系的SOD活性从单核期到二核期均显著高于其相应的保持系,三核期均低于其相应的保持系,且呈继续下降趋势。推断2类不育系的败育过程和败育时期基本一致,花粉败育的关键时期可能均为单核期到三核期。但花粉发育形态的染色观察表明,非1B/1R不育系从二核期出现花粉形态异常,而1B/1R不育系到三核期才出现,似乎又反映出非1B/1RK型不育系花粉败育稍早于1B/1RK型不育系。     

洋葱胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花蕾内源激素含量和脯氨酸含量的动态变化特征

以洋葱胞质雄性不育系63A及其同核异质保持系63B为试材,研究了花蕾发育过程中IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA含量以及脯氨酸含量的动态变化规律,探讨洋葱不育性与内源激素、脯氨酸含量的关系。结果显示,洋葱不育系花蕾的IAA、GA3、ZR和脯氨酸含量在败育过程中显著低于保持系,而ABA含量则较保持系有不同程度的盈积。且在花药的发育过程中,二者的差异主要发生在单核期,即不育系小孢子败育的主要时期。据此认为,IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA和脯氨酸含量的异常与洋葱雄性不育的发生有关。     

从T461的育成探讨广谱广亲和系的选育

T461是以籼粳中间型品种轮回422为广亲和、野败恢复基因供体,与意大利粳稻Cripto杂交选育成的具有良好一般配合力、广谱广亲和的偏粳型恢复系。T461能恢野败、矮败、印尼水田谷、滇型和BT型等核-质互作型籼、粳三系不育系,与籼型和粳型测验种杂交的结实率非常接近,小穗育性平均在90%以上,表现亲和力强、亲和谱广。在T461的改良过程中,选用多个不同的三系不育系在分离世代检测恢复性和配合力的同时,还能起到鉴定广亲和性的作用,达到获得广谱广亲和的目的。     

水稻广亲和不育系的转育及其籼粳配组特性观察

对珍汕９７Ａ（野败质）、７６２７Ａ（滇一质）为母本，粳型广亲和品种热研１号为父本，采用选株连续回交，结合不育性的选择，育成了不育度高，不育性较为稳定，开花习性良好，农艺性状基本一致，且分别带有野败质和滇一质的粳型广亲和不育系热研１号Ａ（野）和热研１号Ａ（滇）。通过该两份不育系与不同类型的籼型材料（非恢复系、恢复系、广亲和恢复系）的测配，发现籼型广亲和恢复系对其育性恢复度较高，而籼型强恢复系对其仅表     

小麦K、V、T、CHA细胞质雄性不育类型的光合特性分析

利用2套同核异质的K、V、T、CHA型不育系及其保持系,对其不同生长发育时期的光合特性及光合产物的积累进行分析研究,探讨不同小麦雄性不育类型的胞质效应。结果表明: (1)叶绿素含量在各个材料中表现不同,K、V、T型不育系与保持系相差不大,也未表现出不良效应,CHA型抽穗期的叶绿素含量为2.368～1.253 mg/g,较K、V、T型不     

1B/1R与非1B/1R小麦K型雄性不育系比较研究

利用非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系进行农艺性状、抗病性、光合速率及SOD活性的分析比较。结果表明,T.spelta1BS染色体导入使非1B/1R类型小麦比1B/1R类型不易产生单倍体,农艺性状中除株高具明显优势外,其他性状均不存在显著差异,两类不育系及保持系的抗病性也无明显差异;非1B/1R的K型不育系光合速率高于1B/1R类K型不育系;1B/1R和非1B/1R类型不育系的SOD活性的变化差异较小,均呈下降趋势,保持系差异较大。非1B/1R类型和1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的关键时期均为二核期到三核期。     

利用粳型广亲和不育系进行籼粳配组特性研究

以珍汕97A(野败质)为母本,粳型广亲和品种02428、热研1号为父本,采用成对连续回交,结合不育性的选择,育成了不育度高,不育性较为稳定,农艺性状一致,带有野败质的粳型广亲和不育系02428A和热研1号A.将它们与不同类型的籼型材料(普通籼型品种、恢复系、广亲和恢复系)的测配,可见02428A/籼配组F1平均表现穗大粒多而穗数较少;热研1号A/籼配组F1综合农艺性状良好.进一步分析参试籼型父本对该两个广亲和不育系的育性恢复度,发现恢复系密阳46、IR26(强恢珍汕97A)对其仅表现部分恢复.要使该类配组方式籼粳杂种F1结实率正常,父本仍宜选用广亲和恢复系.     

利用粳型广亲和不育系进行灿粳配组特性研究

以珍汕97A（野败质）为母本,粳型广亲和品种02428、热研1号为父本,采用成对连续回交,结合不育性的选择,育成了不育度高,不育性较为稳定,农艺性状一致,带有野败质的粳型广亲和不育系02428A和热研1号A。将它们与不同类型的灿型材料（普通灿型品种、恢复系、广亲和恢复系）的测配,可见02428A/灿配组F1平均表现穗大粒多而穗数较少;热研1号A/灿配组F1综合农艺性状良好。进一步分析参试灿型父本对该两个广亲和不育系的育性恢复度,发现恢复系密阳46、IR26（强恢珍汕97A）对其仅表现部分恢复。要使该类配组方式灿粳杂种F1结实率正常父本仍宜选用广亲和恢复系。     

Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

Following anther culture of various F₁ hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting > 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F₁'s anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F₁ test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻广亲和品种农艺性状的配合力分析

用９个水稻不育系与３个广亲和品种进行不完全双列杂交，对其杂交组合１０个性状的配合力效应分析结果表明，就杂种Ｆ１主要农艺性状而言，亲本的一般配合力效应比组合特殊配合力效应更为重要；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株粒重、千粒重等性状，以一般配合力作用为主，而每穗总粒数、生育期、着粒密度等性状虽以一般配合力作用为主，但特殊配合力的作用也不可忽视；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数。结实率、单株粒重等性状以广亲和品种的一般配合力作用为主；生育期、每穗总粒数、千粒重、着粒密度等性状以不育系的一般配合力作用为主。     

Are ordinal rating scales better than percent ratings? a statistical and “psychological” view

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is considered an efficient genetic tool in pearl millet hybrid breeding. Of the several CMS sources available in pearl millet, A₁ is the only CMS widely exploited to produce commercial hybrids in India. To explore the possibility of using alternate CMS sources, we studied the cytoplasmic effects of different CMS sources on agronomic characters in pearl millet. Five CMS (A) lines representing A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A₅ cytoplasms, their respective maintainer (B) lines and eight restorer (R) lines were used to generate 40 A × R and B × R experimental crosses. The experimental material was evaluated at two different locations in India. Analysis of combining ability and heterosis revealed that A₄ and A₅ cytoplasms had desirable effects for earliness. The A₅ CMS was found to be particularly promising, as compared to other CMS sources for improving grain yield. The study also indicated that the cytoplasmic effects on general combining ability (GCA) for various agronomic characters were largely non-significant. However, cytoplasmic effects on specific combining ability and heterosis were found to be modulated by cytoplasmic-nuclear interactions and influenced by the environmental conditions. The study also demonstrated the advantage of utilizing diverse male-sterile and restorer combinations in maximizing the productivity as well as for genetic and cytoplasmic diversification of hybrids in pearl millet.     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

新型陆地棉细胞质雄性不育系花器形态学和细胞学观察

 采用石蜡切片法,对一种来源于陆地棉的新型细胞质雄性不育材料的3份转育材料（G22A,H109A和1793A）的花药发育过程进行了花器形态及细胞学观察。花器形态和细胞学观察结果表明,G22A,H109A和1793A三个不育系均花瓣小,花丝短,柱头明显外露,败育彻底,无花粉。败育时期主要发生在造孢细胞增殖时期至小孢子母细胞减数分裂前,表明这3份不育材料不育性状不受细胞核基因的影响。对不育材料与其保持系细胞学观察发现,不育材料与正常花药发育细胞学形态上主要差别是绒毡层发育。不育系绒毡层的着色不明显,大小与中层细胞相似且在整个花药发育过程中不降解,而保持系绒毡层的着色深,在小孢子发育过程中逐渐降解。因此,根据细胞学研究结果可以说明花药中绒毡层发育异常是该来源于陆地棉的新型细胞质雄性不育材料败育的细胞学基础。     

杂稻新质源不育系花粉败育特点及花时研究

对9份杂稻新质源不育系及3份核供体相同的滇一型不育系水稻的花粉败育特点和花时特征进行了研究。结果表明:绝大部分新质源不育系与滇一型不育系具有相同的花粉败育特点,以染败为主,而IR58025/南29-48//测64为细胞质源的楚粳23A,花粉败育以典败为主,云恢290//旱谷香糯/滇榆为细胞质源的合系42A,圆败、典败花粉占总花粉量的一半,以IR58025/南29-48//测64为细胞质源的合系42A,圆败、典败花粉占总花粉量的20%。新质源不育系与滇一型不育系花时相比,各具特色,表现不一,以核供体楚粳23的花时集中,花时高峰出现;以核供体为合系42的花时集中且提前现象,有利于制种;以核供体为合系41花时不集中,但开花较晚。     

籼型三系杂交水稻主要农艺性状配合力研究

选择具有广泛代表性的6个不育系和9个恢复系，采用NC II交配设计分析12个农艺性状的配合力。结果表明：①除主茎剑叶长、结实率和千粒重三性状非加性效应不明显外，其他性状的加性效应和非加性效应均有显著作用，且均以加性变异为主，但单株产量、相对日产量及单株穗数三性状非加性变异较大。②主茎剑叶长、穗长和千粒重三性     

几个水稻不育系对白叶枯病的抗性

测定了８对不育系（Ａ）和保持系（Ｂ）以及一些杂交稻组合对６个小种的４０株白叶枯病菌的抗性，比较了不同类型不育系对６个小种群的抗性差异。结果表明，冈型、印尼水田谷型和大多数野败型不育系的抗性很差，ＢＴ型的抗性较高。菌株Ａｈ２８对冈４６Ａ和野败珍汕９７Ａ的致病力强。比较了６个恢复系（Ｃ）和８个杂交组合对不同小种的抗性程度。结果显示，杂交稻的抗病性主要受父本（恢复系）核基因的控制，但同时又受不育胞质的影