塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地参考作物蒸散量与蒸发皿蒸发量的对比分析

利用2005-2010年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气象资料计算了极端干旱区塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地参考作物蒸散量(ET0),并与气象站蒸发皿蒸发量(Ep)进行了对比分析及影响因素的灰色关联度排序。结果表明:极端干旱区ET0最大值出现于7月,最小值则出现在1月;Ep最大值分别出现在6月,最小值出现在12月。灰色关联分析表明,在年时间尺度上与ET0关系最为紧密的气象因子是Umean,其次是Tmax,而影响Ep气象因子最为紧密的气象因子是Tmax,其次是Umean;在春、夏、秋、冬四个季节尺度上夏季对影响ET0和Ep的气象因子差异最大。ET0与Ep在春、秋、冬三个季节都成极显著关系,而在夏季呈显著线性关系,因此在不同时间尺度上二者可以进行互相替换。     

用Micro-Lysimeters 和大型蒸渗仪测定夏玉米蒸散的研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪和自制的Micro-Lysimeters对夏玉米生育期的蒸散量进行了研究。研究发现夏玉米整个生育期的棵间蒸发占总蒸散量的36.01％，其中大部分集中在生育前期；不同深度层次的土壤水分和棵间蒸发与蒸散量的比例（E／ETwt）随着深度的增加相关性越来越弱，10cm土壤含水量与E／ETwt的相关系数R^2=81.23％，30cm土壤含水量与E／ETwt的相关系数R^2=46.47％，50cm土壤含水量与E/ETwt的相关系数R^2＝34.09％；叶面积指数与E／ETwt也有密切的关系，相关系数R^2=87.47％。     

南疆棉田实际蒸散量的计算模式

在田间试验基础上，采用常规气象与土壤湿度资料，运用数理统计方法建立了南疆棉田实际蒸散量的计算模式。结果表明：土壤湿度系数Kw与相对有效土壤含水率Aw具有直线相关性；计算值与实测值相比较，计算效果较好。     

旱作小麦农田实际蒸散量计算模式研究

在综合分析气候、作物生物学特性和土壤湿度三方面因素的基础上,利用多年的田间试验资料,建立了旱作小麦农田实际蒸散量的计算模式,并利用农田实际蒸散量的测量值,对模式进行了验证。结果表明,模式计算精度较高,相对误差基本在±10%之内,可以作为计算农田实际蒸散量的一种方法而使用。     

缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花蒸散量的计算方法

用中子水分仪于2003年对新疆阿瓦提县丰收三场膜下滴灌条件下不同水肥处理棉田的土壤含水率进行了测定,根据水量平衡原理计算了不同水肥处理的棉花蒸散量,综合考虑影响棉田蒸散的热量条件、土壤水分状况和棉花本身的生物学特性,选用蒸发力、相对土壤有效含水率和播种后天数三因素建立了缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花蒸散量的计算模型。模型的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,经F检验具有极显著性水平。该模型仅需常规气象资料,计算简便,具有一定的应用价值。     

科尔沁沙地青贮玉米蒸散量的估算与分析

为准确估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米实际蒸散量的变化规律,选用ASCE Penman-Monteith(ASCE-PM)模型计算参考作物蒸散发(ET0);利用双作物系数模型模拟土壤含水率与对应实测值进行统计分析,根据均方根误差、一致性指数、平均绝对误差和Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数4个指标以及回归系数和决定性系数对双作物系数模型进行率定和验证,然后模拟青贮玉米的作物系数,与ASCE-PM模型结合后模拟青贮玉米的蒸散发、棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾规律,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:双作物系数模型准确地模拟土壤含水率和棵间土壤蒸发的变化过程,率定各阶段基础作物系数为0.25、0.9和0.5。棵间土壤蒸发先由播种时峰值下降到较低水平,于收割前有所回升;蒸腾速率除刚出苗和收割前呈单峰变化外大部分时段呈双峰变化,日内变化规律大体为中午高,早晚低,自出苗之日起生长中期后半段处于较高水平,之后逐渐减弱。青贮玉米蒸散量与太阳辐射线性关系最为显著(R=0.643),与气温、空气湿度和风速的相关性依次次之。ASCE-PM模型空气动力项5 d尺度贡献率为27.94%~77.66%,且随风速同增减。综上所述,ASCE-PM模型结合双作物系数可较好估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米的实际蒸散量,以及棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾量。     

甘肃中东部半干旱区参考作物蒸散量多种计算方法的比较研究

为明确甘肃中东部丘陵沟壑地区参考作物蒸散量(ET0)在气象资料短缺条件下的计算方法,依据6个气象站的长系列资料,以FAO Penman-Monteith方法为标准,对7种ET0计算方法进行评价。结果表明:Hargreaves与FAO Penman-Monteith吻合最好,其次为Jensen-Haise,各地区年均标准偏差(RMBE)分别为120.0 mm、446.1 mm。Pennman、FAO-17 Penman、FAO-24 Radiation、Preiestley-Taylor计算结果偏高,各地区年均RMBE在3 122.1～1 383.4mm间,以FAO-24 Radiation差异最大。8种方程计算的年内月均ET0趋势基本呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在7月份。Hargreaves、Jensen-Haise两种方程3-9月差异大于1-2月和10-12月份; Penman、FAO-17 Penman、FAO-24Radiation、Preiestley-Taylor、Makkink 5种方程7月份差异最大,地区间表现不一。不同的方程与FAO PenmanMonteith方程均存在显著的线性相关关系(0. 994**≤R≤0.8743**),回归系数t检测均达到显著水平,以FAO Penman-Monteith方程为基础对各方程进行矫正是可行的。     

不同灌溉制度对覆膜春玉米的耗水规律及产量的影响

研究了不同灌水定额和灌水次数处理下覆膜玉米的耗水规律和产量,试验结果表明:灌溉定额相同时,灌水次数的变化对产量有较大影响;灌溉次数较多的处理土壤平均含水率波动幅度较小,土壤水分能保持在一个比较稳定的范围.相同的灌水次数下,适当增加灌溉定额在一定程度上可增加作物产量,但超过一定值之后,产量并无显著提高.玉米的耗水量随着灌溉水量的增加而增加,玉米在拔节～抽雄、抽雄～乳熟期的耗水量最大,对水分亏缺最敏感,是需水关键期.水分利用效率随着灌溉量的增加而减少.     

Uncertainty assessment of potential evapotranspiration in arid areas,as estimated by the Penman-Monteith method

The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method in arid areas,although questions remain as to the degree of this estimation error and how different surface conditions may affect the estimation error.To address these issues,we evaluated the uncertainty of the PM method under different underlying conditions in an arid area of Northwest China by analyzing data from 84 meteorological stations and various Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)products,including land surface temperature and surface albedo.First,we found that when the PM method used air temperature to calculate the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,it significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration;the mean annual and July–August overestimation was 83.9 and 36.7 mm,respectively.Second,the PM method usually set the surface albedo to a fixed value,which led to the potential evapotranspiration being underestimated;the mean annual underestimation was 27.5 mm,while the overestimation for July to August was 5.3 mm.Third,the PM method significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration in the arid area.This difference in estimation was closely related to the underlying surface conditions.For the entire arid zone,the PM method overestimated the potential evapotranspiration by 33.7 mm per year,with an overestimation of 29.0 mm from July to August.The most significant overestimation was evident in the mountainous and plain nonvegetation areas,in which the annual mean overestimation reached 5%and 10%,respectively;during July,there was an estimation of 10%and 20%,respectively.Although the annual evapotranspiration of the plains with better vegetation coverage was slightly underestimated,overestimation still occurred in July and August,with a mean overestimation of approximately 5%.In order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the arid zone,it is important that we identify a reasonable parameter with which to calibrate the PM formula,such as the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,and the surface albedo.We recommend that some parameters must be corrected when using PM in order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in arid regions.     

小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌冬孢子的定量检测及几种计数方法的比较

用人工污染有小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌Tilletia controversa Kuehn冬孢子的小麦样品，按国家标准GB／T18085－2000规定的洗涤程序，对TCK的定量检测以及3种冬孢子计数方法进行了比较研究，并建立了定量评估样品中孢子量的方法。研究表明，使用国际种子检验协会（ISTA）的标准种子洗涤方法仅能发现30．72％－46．58％的TCK孢子，检验洗涤后的小麦表面，仍可分析有大量孢子沾附于小麦种子表面。应用回归分析，建立了定量评估样品中孢子的方程Y＝2．0131（X＋2）^1.0325-2。通过比较3种孢子计数方法，认为依据国标建立的计数方法得到的结果变异最小。     

Evaluating field‐scale sampling methods for the estimation of mean plant densities of weeds

The weed flora (comprising seven species) of a field continuously grown with soyabean was simulated for 4 years, using semivariograms established from previous field observations. Various sampling methods were applied and compared for accurately estimating mean plant densities, for differing weed species and years. The tested methods were based on (a) random selection wherein samples were chosen either entirely randomly, randomly with at least 10 or 20 m between samples, or randomly after stratifying the field; (b) systematic selection where samples were placed along diagonals or along zig‐zagged lines across the field; (c) predicted Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv seedling maps which were used to divide the field into low‐ and high‐density areas and to choose the largest sample proportion in the high‐density area. For each method, sampling was performed with 5–40 samples. Systematic methods generally resulted in the lowest estimation error, followed by the random methods and finally by the predicted‐map methods. In case of species over‐ or under‐represented along the diagonals or the zig‐zag sampling line, the systematic methods performed badly, especially with low sample numbers. In those instances, random methods were best, especially those imposing a minimal distance between samples. Even for S. viridis, the methods based on predicted S. viridis maps were not satisfactory, except with low sample numbers. The relationships between sampling error and species characteristics (mean density, variability, spatial structures) were also studied.     

The detection and estimation of Verticillium dahliae in naturally infested soil

The effects of several factors on the estimation of Verticillium dahliae in soil by the wet-sieving method were studied. The following factors were important for maximising recovery: the removal of soil particles of < 20 μm size from suspensions before plating; the medium used for plating; the amount of sieved soil inoculated to plates; the length of time of incubating plates; and the method of incubating soil on plates. There was no short-term effect of air-drying soil before analysis. Using sodium hexametaphos-phate to aid soil dispersion, treating soil suspensions with sodium hypochlorite, or making suspensions from different amounts of soil had no consistent effect on recovery. Excessive sample-to-sample variability in the results of some experiments was attributed to non-random distribution of fungus propagules in soil, or to the difficulty of standardizing the sieving part of the analysis, or both. Wet-sieving was generally more effective in detecting V. dahliae and gave higher counts than a sucrose-flotation method. Bait methods with eggplants or antirrhinums proved ineffective for estimating V. dahliae in naturally infested soil.     

The extraction,estimation and persistence of benodanil fungicide in tobacco tissues

The results of determinations of benodanil, extracted with acetone from freeze-dried tobacco leaves and estimated by thin-layer chromatography and bioautography, correlated well with those obtained by Soxhlet-extraction with acetone-light petroleum and determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A greater percentage of the amounts applied was usually recovered from leaves than from stems and more was always recovered 10 days after application than after 1 day. Similar changes in extractability with time were found in field samples; less was extracted from roots, stems and leaves at transplanting (2 days after treatment) than several days later. Comparatively large amounts of benodanil were present in roots, stems and leaves, 4 weeks after transplanting, and stem damage from Rhizoctonia solani was restricted.     

The estimation of surface residues of benomyl on treated bananas

A simple rinsing technique for the extraction of benomyl residues present on the skin of bananas, a microbiological assay and a u.v. spectrophotometric assay for its estimation are described. Use of these in a persistence study with benomyl on bananas showed good recovery by both methods. Preliminary work on plantation-treated bananas revealed that the benomyl was persisting unchanged and not decomposing to any appreciable extent during ripening and storage of the fruit.     

植物青枯菌噬菌体保存方法的研究

噬菌体可用于防治植物青枯病,但不易保存.本文对青枯病菌短尾噬菌体P1、P2、P3和P4株系的保存方法和条件进行了研究;将各噬菌体原液、噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液=1∶1、噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶40％甘油=1∶1∶2、噬菌体原液∶青枯菌液∶80％甘油=1∶1∶2的处理分别置于-75、-25、4℃、室温下保存,再分别于90、18...     

白菜根肿病的接种方法

根肿病是由芸薹根肿菌Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin引起的土传性病害.根肿菌属于专性寄生菌,不能直接培养,所以对带菌植株活体的研究尤为重要,而建立稳定的接种方法是带菌植株活体研究的基础.Asano等曾提出过浸醮法、插入法和菌土法等接种技术,但至今国内外对十字花科根肿病还没有统一且稳定的接种方法.为此,本试验对白菜根肿病的接种方法进行了研究.