益生菌固态发酵红薯渣条件的研究

本试验以红薯渣中添加益生菌发酵后的粗蛋白质增加率为评价指标,筛选有效提高粗蛋白质的益生菌进行复合发酵,再通过单因素与正交试验确定复合发酵最佳发酵时间、菌液接种量及发酵温度。结果表明：以产朊假丝酵母、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母和粪肠球菌（1：1：1：1）复合发酵,在最佳发酵条件菌液接种量7%（V/m）、温度32 ℃、时间3 d下,发酵红薯渣中粗蛋白质含量较未发酵显著提高39.27%（P < 0.05）,为研发红薯渣废弃资源利用奠定理论基础。 [关键词] 红薯渣|益生菌|固态发酵     

油茶籽湿渣发酵制备蛋白饲料的菌种选择

本文以油茶籽湿渣为原料，添加一定量麸皮，对8种不同类型的酵母菌和霉菌菌种进行初选试验，将选出的不同酵母菌和霉菌组合进行固体发酵培养试验，选取最佳的酵母菌和霉菌组合，再对最佳组合的培养条件进行优化试验。结果表明：经过初选和复选试验，最佳组合为杨梅酵母菌+黑曲霉+青霉|培养基中杨梅酵母菌+黑曲霉+青霉体积比为1∶2∶5，即为接种比例（3∶5），经过试验确定最佳的组合培养条件：接种比例3∶5，培养周期为8 d。按照最佳的条件进行固态发酵试验，将其培养基进行烘干，测定发酵前后的粗蛋白质含量，其含量从19.78%提高到32.17%，同时提高饲料适口性，有利于开发更优质的菌体蛋白饲料。 [关键词]油茶籽湿渣|菌种选择|蛋白饲料     

梨废渣发酵生产菌体蛋白的研究

梨废渣（包括梨皮和梨核）营养物质含量丰富，却常作为废物丢弃，造成资源浪费。为进一步开发菌体蛋白的生产原料，本研究以梨废渣为原料，酿酒酵母为菌种进行发酵试验，通过响应面分析法对生产菌体蛋白的发酵工艺进行优化。在单因素试验基础上，以菌体蛋白含量为响应值，对尿素添加量、接种量、搅拌次数和发酵时间4个因素进行Box-Behnken试验设计及优化，分析各因素及其相互间的交互作用对菌体蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：梨废渣的最佳发酵条件为：尿素添加量8.4%，接种量6%，搅拌次数3次，发酵时间3.35 d，在此条件下菌体蛋白含量为5.62%。 [关键词] 梨废渣|菌体蛋白|酿酒酵母|响应面     

白酒酿造副产物全利用生产发酵饲料的研究

丢糟和底锅水作为白酒酿造的副产物产量巨大,利用丢糟和底锅水生产发酵饲料能有效提高其资源的二次利用率。本研究以白酒酿造副产物为主要原料,辅助添加棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,共同生产发酵饲料,通过单因素试验和正交试验结合,以酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质（ASP/CP）为指标,探究原料组合、蛋白酶添加量、菌液接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对发酵饲料的影响。结果表明：以丢糟和底锅水为主要原料,辅以棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,生产发酵饲料的最佳工艺条件为：丢糟添加量37%(m/m),棉籽粕26%(m/m),豆粕22%(m/m),麸皮15%(m/m),酸性蛋白酶添加量1%(m/m),菌液接种量2.5%(V/m),发酵温度40℃,发酵时间4 d。与优化前相比,ASP/CP提高了125.46%。本研究为白酒酿造副产物的综合再利用提供了一条途径,而且改善了丢糟饲料的蛋白质品质,提高了发酵饲料的经济价值。     

混菌固态发酵白酒酒糟制蛋白饲料的研究

白酒酒糟是一种非常良好的生物质原料，其含有较多的蛋白质、氨基酸类以及纤维素类物质。为研究混菌发酵对白酒酒糟蛋白饲料利用率以及适口性的影响，本研究以未经处理的酒糟作为对照，与不同纤维素降解菌和酵母菌的接种方式发酵的酒糟进行对比。结果显示：在填料量为15 g、含水率为40%、温度为30 ℃的条件下，接种0.6%的纤维素降解菌24 h后，再接种0.3%的酵母菌，发酵72 h白酒酒糟中的酵母菌活菌数达到6.98×109 个/g，粗蛋白质含量达25.91%，较发酵前提高了60.43%。 [关键词] 白酒酒糟|蛋白饲料|混菌发酵     

复合微生物制剂对大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制因子发酵处理的参数优化研究

本研究以微生物接种量、大豆与水分质量比（料水比）、发酵温度为主要考察因素，使用复合微生物制剂对大豆进行发酵，经过单因素试验筛选影响因素最佳参数范围，然后使用正交分析获得最优发酵参数，旨在获得最低胰蛋白酶抑制因子（KTI）含量的发酵大豆。单因素试验结果表明：微生物接种量、料水比、发酵温度的适宜范围为0.2 ~ 0.4 g/kg，1.0:0.9至1.0:1.1，30 ~ 40 ℃|在单因素试验基础上，对微生物接种量、料水比、发酵温度进行正交试验分析，结果认为发酵时间固定为3 d时，最优发酵工艺参数为微生物接种量0.3 g/kg，料水比1.0:1.0，发酵温度35 ℃|在最优工艺参数条件下，大豆发酵物中KTI含量最低为1.3167 mg/g。因此，本研究认为复合微生物制剂发酵大豆可有效降低其KTI含量，减少豆类饲料产品中抗营养因子引起的负面作用，值得在饲料生产中推广与应用。 [关键词] 微生物|大豆|胰蛋白酶抑制因子|发酵     

利用菠萝皮渣混菌发酵生产高蛋白质生物饲料的研究

以菠萝皮渣为发酵原料,通过绿色木霉和啤酒酵母混菌发酵,生产高蛋白质生物饲料,并对其发酵条件进行优化。正交试验结果表明,发酵产物粗蛋白质含量最高的培养条件为:硫酸铵添加量3%、料水比1∶0.3、酵母接种量15%,发酵温度33℃、发酵时间108 h,在优化的培养条件下,发酵产物的粗蛋白质含量可达26.98%,可作为优质的蛋白质饲料。     

响应面法优化玉米蛋白粉饲料发酵工艺

为提高玉米蛋白粉饲料的利用率,本试验以添加一定比例麸皮的玉米蛋白粉为原料,按一定接种量接入混合菌种（枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌以1∶1∶1的比例混合）制备发酵饲料。以可溶性蛋白含量为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析法,优化了固态发酵玉米蛋白粉饲料的工艺条件。结果表明：最优发酵工艺为玉米蛋白粉与麸皮比例7:3、料水比1：1.3、接种量6%、发酵温度33 ℃、发酵时间87.08 h。采用该条件进行发酵试验,发酵饲料中可溶蛋白含量平均值为13.77%,达到预测值的99.14%,具有良好的拟合度。 [关键词] 玉米蛋白粉|多菌种|固态发酵|饲料|可溶性蛋白|响应面     

高产蛋白酶酵母菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺优化

本试验研究了高产蛋白酶酵母菌在不同条件下对发酵豆粕品质的影响。以蛋白酶活性为指标，对豆粕发酵的时间、含水量、菌液接种量和葡萄糖添加量进行优化，根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验，探究高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵对豆粕中蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、果胶酶活性和粗蛋白质、小分子多肽、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响。结果表明，单因素试验条件下，分别在含水量50%、菌液添加量4%、葡萄糖添加量1.5%时发酵豆粕具有最高的蛋白酶活性。以单因素试验结果设计正交试验，与对照组相比，9个试验组蛋白酶活性增长100.56%~380.13%、纤维素酶活性增长2.67%~81.77%、植酸酶活性增长53.89%~252.81%、果胶酶活性增长13.84%~70.83%、小分子多肽增长574.67%~1 981.08%、粗蛋白质含量增长9.24%~16.49%、胰蛋白抑制剂含量降低7.36%~67.39%。高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵豆粕可以显著提升其营养价值，降低抗营养因子含量。使用高产蛋白酶酵母菌对豆粕进行发酵，若需要发酵豆粕中水解酶活性最高，发酵条件为葡萄糖1%、混合菌液2%，含水量45%，在室温下发酵5 d；需要粗蛋白质、多肽含量以及胰蛋白酶抑制剂降低率最高时，发酵条件为葡萄糖2%、混合菌液4%，含水量55%，在室温下发酵5 d。     

酿酒酵母制备固态发酵饲料的参数优化及品质评价

试验旨在研究利用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Yn制备发酵饲料的合适参数及发酵后饲料品质。试验以酵母活菌数为检测指标,对发酵原料添加量、糖化酶添加量、接种量、料水比和发酵温度等参数进行单因素试验,通过响应面设计进一步确定糖化酶添加量、接种量和发酵温度的最优条件,同时评价最优固态发酵条件下发酵饲料的营养品质。结果表明:最适的发酵配方为玉米粉50%,豆粕20%;酵母菌Yn最佳的发酵条件为糖化酶添加量220 U/g、接种量1.4%(w/w)、料水比1:0.8(w/v),优化后的酵母菌数(折算干重)达到1.30×10~(10) CFU/g;粗蛋白、总酚、维生素B_2和低分子量肽含量在发酵后显著提高(P0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05)。以上结果表明,该发酵条件在饲料发酵方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.