非洲猪瘟发生的原因及关键防控措施

非洲猪瘟已在我国多个省市发生,对我国生猪产业发展影响很大.本文阐述了非洲猪瘟病毒的病原学和理化特性、流行病学,分析了传播扩散的原因,明确了国际贸易和国内生猪调运、肉品污染、饲料和养殖用具污染是非洲猪瘟传播中的重要影响因素.提出:在非洲猪瘟疫情防控中,须严格开展入境卫生检疫,全程监控饲料生产并做好定期检测是关键,加强猪场...     

饲料厂防控非洲猪瘟的措施探讨

自2018年8月非洲猪瘟传入我国以来,生猪产业遭受了前所未有的打击,在非洲猪瘟防控常态化新形势下,饲料的安全和品质是非洲猪瘟防控中的重要一环.文章综述了饲料原料的来源管理、饲料生产加工、饲料运输管理等环节在非洲猪瘟防控中的作用以及应对策略,为当前非洲猪瘟疫情下饲料安全和生猪健康养殖提供参考.     

新冠肺炎疫情和非瘟形势下猪饲料生物安全防控策略

非洲猪瘟发生以来,我国生猪产能持续下降,随后新冠肺炎疫情又至,给刚开始恢复的生猪产业又带来新的挑战。新冠肺炎疫情期间,非瘟传播风险降低,但非瘟疫情防控形势仍然严峻。在饲料环节,社会舆论关于饲料传播非洲猪瘟病毒风险存在疑问,但目前研究结果认为非洲猪瘟病毒通过饲料途径传播风险较低,但不排除饲料产品受到病毒污染导致带毒传播可能性。本文主要从饲料原料、饲料加工、饲料储运、饲料配方以及饲料生产场所等饲料安全生产的五个要素进行详述如何切实加强饲料生物安全管控,杜绝活病毒污染。     

非洲猪瘟疫情传播与防控对策

猪是我国非常重要的家畜种类,非洲猪瘟作为急性传染病,给养猪业带来的影响非常大,也是我国需要重点防控的动物疫情。本文分析了非洲猪瘟的传播方式(生物媒介传播、贸易传播和野猪接触传播),并提出了完善非洲猪瘟防控体系、加强出入境监管、强化生猪运输监管、加强饲料喂养管理和扩大生猪养殖规模等防控措施。     

浅谈猪场在ASF防控中的车辆管理

<正>2018年8月,我国发生非洲猪瘟疫情,一年来,我国很多省份相继发生疫情。非洲猪瘟疫情的传播因素非常多,其中,车辆是非洲猪瘟疫情传播的关键因素之一。车辆管理是猪场经营生产中防控非洲猪瘟非常关键的环节。运输车辆是将病原在屠宰场、无害化处理场、养殖场、饲料公司、交易市场等各个环节之间,也包括各个环节内部之间进行传播扩散的关键工具。与猪场有关的车辆,按工作区域可分场外部运输车和场内部运输车等;按功能可分为运猪车、运料车、废弃物运输车、以及私人车辆等。本文就规模猪场在防控非洲猪瘟中     

陕西汉中创建非洲猪瘟无疫小区的探索与实践

自非洲猪瘟疫情在我国传播以来,给我国的生猪养殖产业带来了沉重的打击,甚至引发了一系列经济和社会问题.实践证明,非洲猪瘟无疫小区建设是优化非洲猪瘟防控策略、提升养猪企业生物安全防控水平、促进养殖产业转型升级的重要举措.本文详细介绍了陕西省汉中市成功创建无非洲猪瘟疫情小区的主要举措和取得的成效,以期为非洲猪瘟无疫小区建设提...     

基层畜牧兽医站如何防控非洲猪瘟疫情

非洲猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起的一种高传染性疾病,该病的发病率和死亡率可高达100％.2018年,我国确诊首例非洲猪瘟疫情后,全国进入非洲猪瘟的疫情防控工作.非洲猪瘟给我国畜牧养殖业带来了非常大的冲击,严重损害了养殖户的经济效益.由于非洲猪瘟传播性极强,因此做好非洲猪瘟的防控措施非常重要.本文主要就基层兽医站对非洲猪瘟疫情防...     

一例因非法调运引起的 非洲猪瘟疫情的排查和处理

自2018年以来,我国多省相继发生非洲猪瘟疫情,给养猪业带来了不可估量的损失.生猪的非法调运往往会带来疫情传播风险,并严重影响非洲猪瘟的防控成果.因此,开展生猪非法调运整治行动,对于非洲猪瘟的防控具有重要意义.     

探讨屠宰场对非洲猪瘟的防控措施

生猪屠宰场是疫情交叉传播点,若生猪屠宰企业对非洲猪瘟防控措施不力,可能会引发动物疫情,给当地畜牧业造成危害,还会影响当地居民生猪产品保供。本文主要从规模屠宰场生猪调运、非洲猪瘟病毒检测、清洗消毒、生猪屠宰检疫检验、人员管理等方面探讨生猪屠宰场非洲猪瘟防控措施,控制非洲猪瘟疫情传播,确保当地畜牧业健康发展。     

屠宰企业非洲猪瘟PCR自检中常见问题与对策

生猪屠宰企业是非洲猪瘟疫情防控的重要环节,是切断非洲猪瘟传播途径的重要环节,也是保证屠宰企业出厂肉品质量安全主要关卡.目前,我县屠宰企业在开展非洲猪瘟PCR检测过程中,也陆续出现了一些问题,本文对这些问题进行了分析和总结,并提出自己相应对策,供参考.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in