不同硒源对泌乳牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

试验旨在研究高羊毛氨酸硒(SeHLan)和亚硒酸钠(SS)对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响.选用健康的泌乳日龄(181±18)d、日产奶(33.88±3.44)kg/d、(3.25±1.27)胎的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛32头,随机分成2组,每组16头,分别饲喂添加SS、SeHLan的全混合日粮(饲粮中硒实测值...     

瘤胃保护性色氨酸对肉羊氮代谢及生长性能的影响

试验选用20只三月龄断奶二元杂交肉羊,采用随机区组试验设计,探讨瘤胃保护性色氨酸对肉羊氮代谢及生长性能的影响。瘤胃保护性色氨酸设四个添加水平,即0g/d、1.0g/d、2.0g/d和4.0g/d。结果表明,日粮中添加瘤胃保护性色氨酸能降低尿氮的排出量,提高氮沉积、日增重和氮的生物学利用率(P0.05),但1.0g/d、2.0g/d和4.0g/d三个处理组之间比较差异不显著(P0.05),在此试验条件下,日粮中瘤胃保护性色氨酸的适宜添加量为1.0g/d。     

瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸对肉羊氮代谢及生长性能的影响

本试验选用24只3月龄断奶二元杂交肉羊,采用随机区组试验设计,分为4个处理,分别饲喂瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸0、2.0、4.0g/d和6.0g/d,探讨瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸对肉羊氮代谢及生长性能的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸能降低尿氮的排出量,提高氮沉积、日增重和氮的生物学利用率(P0.05),但2.0、4.0g/d和6.0g/d3个处理组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,日粮中瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸的适宜添加量为2.0g/d。     

延胡索酸二钠对断奶羔羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃发酵功能的影响

为了研究日粮中添加延胡索酸二钠对断奶羔羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃发酵功能的影响,选用30只日龄为(50±5)d、体重为(25±2)kg的公羔,随机分为3组,每组10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上添加0.5%(Ⅰ组)和1%(Ⅱ组)的延胡索酸二钠,试验期70 d。结果显示:1试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组断奶羔羊体增重比对照组分别增重3.2%(P0.05)和55.5%(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组瘤胃净重比对照组分别高8.5%(P0.05)和26.4%(P0.01),Ⅰ和Ⅱ组间差异显著(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组断奶羔羊瘤胃乳头高度比对照组分别高8.2%和9.2%,Ⅱ组乳头密度比对照组降低16.2%,各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃p H值比对照组高(P=0.08);Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度比对照组分别降低29.7%(P0.05)和21.0%(P0.05);Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃内容物中乳酸浓度分别比对照组降低27.0%(P0.01)和19.5%(P0.01);乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度3组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示:日粮中添加延胡索酸二钠提高了断奶羔羊的体增重及瘤胃净重和瘤胃p H值,降低了瘤胃内氨态氮及乳酸浓度。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸对舍饲滩羊消化代谢的影响

将体况良好、年龄体重相近的20只滩羊随机分为5组,每组4只,独笼饲养。5组试验羊的日粮精粗比为3.7,其中粗饲料按纤维素酶处理法处理后的荞麦秸秆40:玉米青贮60组合进行配制饲养。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在基础日粮的基础上,分别添加0、1.5、3、4.5、6 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸。结果表明,添加4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸组干物质表观消化率最高,且对试验羊的氮利用率与试验Ⅰ组有极显著的影响(P0.01)。试验Ⅳ组(4.5 g/d)氮利用率最高。说明添加4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸效果最佳。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶山羊产奶性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究在饲粮中添加不同保护方式的过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶山羊产奶性能和血清生化指标的影响。采取完全随机试验设计,选取45只平均体重为(52.6±4.9)kg、胎次相近、泌乳日龄[(120±10)d]相近的关中奶山羊,随机分为3组,每组15只。对照组饲粮为不添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸的基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组在基础饲粮基础上添加4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸A(物理包被),试验Ⅱ组在基础饲粮基础上添加4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸B(化学保护)。总试验期为39 d,其中预试期9 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组的奶料比极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),2个试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组的产奶收益和毛收益均高于对照组(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组羊乳的乳脂率分别比对照组提高了6.75%和13.18%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组羊乳的乳蛋白率和非脂固形物含量均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组的血清总胆固醇和尿素氮含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组的血清免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加不同保护方式(物理包被和化学保护)的过瘤胃蛋氨酸均能提高奶山羊经济效益,且添加物理包被的过瘤胃蛋氨酸可以提高机体的免疫力,添加化学保护的过瘤胃蛋氨酸可以提升羊乳的乳脂率和乳蛋白率。     

饲养方式和品种对育肥羔羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

采用2×2完全随机试验设计,选择体重相近的4月龄断奶呼伦贝尔羊公羔和呼伦贝尔羊与杜泊羊的杂交一代公羔各60只,随机分成4组,每组30只。其中,因素一分为自然放牧和放牧补饲两种饲养方式,因素二设2个品种,分别为呼伦贝尔羊公羔和呼伦贝尔羊与杜泊羊的杂一代公羔。自然放牧组在天然草场进行自然放牧,放牧补饲组在自然放牧的基础上每天补饲两次,试验期2个月。在试验结束时,分别从每组中选择5只公羔进行屠宰,采集瘤胃液。结果表明:与自然放牧组相比,放牧补饲可显著增加呼伦贝尔和杂一代羔羊的瘤胃NH3-N和BCP浓度(P0.05),p H值有降低的趋势(P=0.07)。放牧补饲促进了羔羊的瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物对日粮氮源的有效利用。呼伦贝尔和杂一代羔羊的瘤胃发酵功能无显著差异。本研究为科学制定呼伦贝尔地区的羔羊放牧补饲育肥方案、改善草原生态环境和提高牧民经济效益提供了理论依据。     

单宁酸对湖羊瘤胃动态发酵和血清抗氧化能力的影响

试验主要研究饲粮中添加单宁酸对湖羊瘤胃动态发酵和血清抗氧化能力的影响。采用交叉试验设计,选择6只体重和年龄相似、体况良好,安装了永久瘤胃瘘管的湖羊,随机分为2组,分别为对照组（基础饲粮）和单宁酸组（基础饲粮+2%单宁酸）,每组3只。试验分2期进行,每期15 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期5 d。在正试期的前2 d采用动态pH监测系统对湖羊瘤胃pH进行24 h动态监测。在正试期的后2 d采集食后0、1、3、5 h和7 h的瘤胃液和血清,用于瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acid,VFA）、氨氮浓度及血清抗氧化指标的测定。结果表明：饲粮中添加单宁酸显著提高湖羊瘤胃丁酸摩尔比和异戊酸摩尔比（P<0.05）,而显著降低瘤胃氨氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸（total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）含量（P<0.05）。饲粮中添加单宁酸显著降低湖羊血清总超氧化物歧化酶（total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD）活性（P<0.05）,显著提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活性和...     

沙葱及其提取物对肉羊瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究沙葱、沙葱水溶性提取物和脂溶性提取物对肉羊瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响。试验选用24只体况良好、体重为(37.1±0.5) kg的杜寒F1杂交羊,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,沙葱组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱粉[10.0 g/(d·只)],脂溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱脂溶性提取物[2.8 g/(d·只)],水溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物[3.4 g/(d·只)]。饲养试验共持续75 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期60 d;在正试期的第0、30和60天晨饲后2 h通过口腔采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物的含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了瘤胃液pH(P<0.05),降低了瘤胃液氨态氮的浓度(P>0.05),但均未超过正常范围;饲粮中添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液菌体蛋白浓度(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱和其脂溶性提取物显著提高了瘤胃液丙酸浓度(P<0.05),添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液丁酸浓度(P<0.05)并显著降低了异丁酸的浓度(P<0.05),乙酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,在30、60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和黄色瘤胃球菌含量(P<0.05),对溶纤维丁酸弧菌、甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物显著提高瘤胃液真菌含量(P<0.05),饲粮中添加沙葱显著降低瘤胃液原虫含量(P<0.05)。综上,沙葱及其提取物改善了瘤胃发酵模式,显著影响了肉羊瘤胃微生物区系。     

不同硒源对滩羔羊瘤胃前背盲囊乳头的影响

试验旨在探讨不同硒源对滩羔羊瘤胃前背盲囊乳头生长发育的影响。选50只体重相近、年龄相仿（约45日龄）、健康无病的公滩羔羊，随机分为2组，每组25只。其中，对照组日粮添加亚硒酸钠，试验组日粮添加酵母硒，2组日粮中硒含量均为0．30 mg／kg DM。试验羊饲喂60 d后，屠宰取瘤胃，应用游标卡尺分别测定2组羔羊瘤胃前背盲囊（瘤胃房）乳头高度、宽度和密度。结果表明，瘤胃前背盲囊乳头高度、宽度和密度均为试验组高于对照组。差异显著（P〈0．05）；瘤胃前背盲囊的角质层厚度和固有膜宽度为对照组稍高于试验组，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明，日粮中添加0．30 mg／kg的酵母硒较亚硒酸钠更能促进瘤胃前背盲囊乳头的生长发育。     

Factors that limit maintenance of recombinant rumen bacterium in sheep rumen

Factors limiting the maintenance of recombinant ruminal bacterium in the rumen were evaluated in vitro , using batch culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign xylanase gene ( B. fibrisolvens NO4) was used as a tested recombinant that was selectable on an erythromycin-containing agar medium. The recombinant tended to reduce its level slowly in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high hay diet, while its initial decrease was more apparent in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high concentrate diet. Incubation with cell-free ruminal fluid revealed a significant decrease of inoculated recombinant, suggesting the presence of antibacterial factors limiting maintenance of the recombinant. In particular, during the first 12 h of incubation this inhibition was more notable in culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep given the high concentrate diet. Autoclaving the cell-free rumen fluid inactivated the inhibition. Numbers of the recombinant for inoculation did not influence the final level of survived recombinant, that is, the initial depression was larger as more recombinant was inoculated. Subculturing with xylan before inoculation and/or direct addition of xylan to the batch culture did not improve survival of the recombinant. From these results it is suggested that the level of survived recombinant is limited to 10^2–4/mL of in vitro batch culture with restricted energy supply and that initial depression of the recombinant is mainly caused by the heat-sensitive antibacterial factors not associating with microbial cells in the rumen.     

酵母培养物对瘤胃酸中毒的调控

瘤胃酸中毒是反刍动物现代集约化养殖中常见的一种代谢疾病。酵母培养物作为一种天然的微生物添加剂受到越来越多的关注。酵母培养物能够改善瘤胃发酵模式、维持瘤胃微生物区系稳定。本文通过阐述瘤胃酸中毒的发生机制、酵母培养物对瘤胃酸中毒的调控作用以及影响酵母培养物在反刍动物生产上应用效果的因素,以期为酵母培养物更好地在反刍动物生产中发挥调控作用提供参考。     

幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群研究进展

瘤胃菌群与反刍动物机体具有紧密的共生关系,稳定的菌群结构对动物机体营养物质的消化、吸收及动物机体自身的健康具有重要的作用。调节瘤胃菌群的结构,可使机体代谢、免疫等机能发生改变。但幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群的构建呈现出复杂的变化过程,受到多种因素的影响,而随着反刍动物日龄的增加其瘤胃菌群会逐渐趋向于一个动态平衡的局面。本文旨在综述幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群构建过程中,母体、日粮及环境等对其的影响,为生产实践中幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理和瘤胃菌群的调控提供参考。     

反刍动物过瘤胃淀粉研究进展

过瘤胃淀粉是高产反刍动物葡萄糖的重要来源之一。本文阐述了过瘤胃淀粉在反刍动物营养中的作用,以及提高饲料过瘤胃淀粉比例的处理方法,并根据近年来的应用研究状况,提出了过瘤胃淀粉在应用中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.     

Using rumen probes to examine effects of conjugated linoleic acids and dietary concentrate proportion on rumen pH and rumen temperature of periparturient dairy cows

The study aimed to examine the influence of supplemented conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) to periparturient cows receiving different concentrate proportions antepartum on rumen pH (RpH) and rumen temperature (RT). Twenty pregnant German Holstein cows were equipped with rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement in a frequency of 15 min to investigate effects of dietary concentrate and CLA around parturition and the impact of parturition itself on RpH and RT. Cows had ad libitum access to partial mixed rations, 3 weeks prior to calving until day 7 post‐partum. Antepartum, cows received 100 g/day control fat (CON) or CLA supplement, either in low (20%; CON‐20, CLA‐20) or high concentrate diet (60%; CON‐60, CLA‐60). Post‐partum, concentrate proportion was adjusted to 50% while fat supplementation continued. Compared with adapted feeding, high concentrate proportions antepartum tended to increase DMI and reduced RpH. Groups CON‐60 and CLA‐60 spent more than 4 h per day below RpH 5.6 during late pregnancy, indicating the presence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). The RT remained unaffected antepartum. Before calving, cows spent less time below RpH 5.6 and SARA could be detected in each group post‐partum. Mean RpH increased slightly antepartum, whereas few hours before parturition a sharp decrease in RpH could be observed, accompanied with increased RT. Overall, it seems that CLA supplementation influences RpH and RT. Bearing in mind that rumen parameters fluctuate during day and herd level must be known, rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement could be a useful management tool for animal health surveillance and may also help to predict parturition.     

瘤胃厌氧真菌的研究进展

文章主要综述了瘤胃厌氧真菌的生物学特性、消化特性、微生态学特性以及影响瘤胃真菌种群变化因素的研究进展。     

Effects of pure plant secondary metabolites on methane production,rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria populations in vitro

In this study, the effects of seven pure plant secondary metabolites (PSM s) on rumen fermentation, methane (CH₄) production and rumen bacterial community composition were determined. Two in vitro trials were conducted. In trial 1, nine concentrations of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate, α‐ pinene, thymoquinone and thymol were incubated on separate days using in vitro 24‐hr batch incubations. All compounds tested demonstrated the ability to alter rumen fermentation parameters and decrease CH₄ production. However, effective concentrations differed among individual PSM s. The lowest concentrations that reduced (p  <  .05) CH₄ production were as follows: 8 mg/L of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 120 mg/L of thymoquinone, 240 mg/L of thymol and 480 mg/L of α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate and α‐ pinene. These concentrations were selected for use in trial 2. In trial 2, PSM s were incubated in one run. Methane was decreased (p  <  .05) by all PSM s at selected concentrations. However, only 8‐hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone decreased (p  <  .05) CH₄ relative to volatile fatty acids (VFA s). Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, different PSM s changed the composition of bacterial communities to different extents. As revealed by Ion Torrent sequencing, the effects of PSM s on relative abundance were most pronounced in the predominant families, especially in Lachnospiraceae , Succinivibrionaceae , Prevotellaceae , unclassified Clostridiales and Ruminococcaceae . The CH ₄ production was correlated negatively (?.72; p  <  .05) with relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and positively with relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae (.86; p  <  .05). In summary, this study identified three pure PSM s (8hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone) with potentially promising effects on rumen CH₄ production. The PSM s tested in this study demonstrated considerable impact on rumen bacterial communities even at the lowest concentrations that decreased CH₄ production. The findings from this study may help to elucidate how PSM s affect rumen bacterial fermentation.     

瘤胃微生物纤维体研究进展

纤维体是一个新概念,它是指某些厌氧细菌和真菌产生的降解纤维素的多酶复合体。本文对纤维体概念的提出过程、纤维体存在的证据、纤维体作用的分子基础和功能以及瘤胃微生物纤维体类似物的研究进行了综述。     

In vitro metabolism of tyrosine by rumen bacteria, protozoa and their mixture

An anaerobic in vitro study of tyrosine (Tyr) metabolism by rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P) and their mixture (BP) was conducted using an HPLC analytical method to obtain some basic and systematic information on aromatic amino acid metabolism in the rumen. Most of the Tyr (> 96%) disappeared after 12 h incubation in B and BP, but only 58% in P. Tyr was converted mainly to p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) in all microbial suspensions. About 45% of disappeared Tyr in B and P, and about 35% in BP were converted to HPA. An appreciable amount of phenylalanine (Phe), 13 and 3% of disappeared Tyr, and a small amount of tryptophan (Trp), 8 and 1% of disappeared Tyr, were also produced from Tyr by rumen bacteria and protozoa, respectively. Small amounts of p‐hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (about 4 and 6% of disappeared Tyr) were produced from Tyr in B and P, respectively. A moderately large amount of phenylacetic acid (14% of disappeared Tyr) was produced from Tyr in P which was 1.9 times higher than that in B. Phenylpropionic acid and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid were produced only in B and BP. It was concluded that the Tyr degradation ability of rumen bacteria was about 1.5 times higher than that of rumen protozoa. Degraded Tyr mainly produces HPA and then two other aromatic amino acids, Phe and Trp, which are considered essential amino acids for ruminants. Therefore, it is speculated that the requirement for Phe and Trp in ruminants may be partially fulfilled if Tyr is sufficiently supplied in rations.