转BADH基因玉米植株的获得及其耐盐性分析

采用超声波辅助花粉介导植物转基因方法, 将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因导入玉米自交系郑58, 获得了耐盐性强的转基因玉米植株。经卡那霉素抗性初筛、PCR扩增、Southern blot杂交分析, 证明BADH基因已导入转化植株并整合到其基因组中。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对T₂代转基因玉米植株与对照进行盐胁迫处理, 结果表明, 转BADH基因玉米植株表现出一定的抗逆性, 生长状况明显优于对照; 根据非转化苗对NaCl的反应以及生长状况, 确定250 mmol L^-1 NaCl溶液为玉米幼苗耐盐性筛选的适宜浓度; 依据此临界浓度下形态指标和生理生化指标的测定结果, 与对照相比, 转基因植株的株高提高10.94%~25.7%, 鲜重增加8.62%~18.2%, 干重增加9%~18.18%, 相对电导率降低37.21%~58.14%, 叶绿素含量增加15.89%~90.65%, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性提高64.92%~148.29%, 丙二醛(MDA)含量减少26.97%~48.05%。综上所述, 转入甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因提高了玉米的耐盐性。这是首例将BADH基因导入优良玉米自交系郑58的报道。超声波辅助花粉介导法是一种经济、高效、实用和无基因型依赖性的植物基因转化方法。     

转GHABF4转录因子棉花植株的耐盐性研究

AREB/ABFs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应。为了获得具有较高耐盐水平的棉花新种质材料,通过农杆菌介导法将耐盐转录因子基因(GHABF4)导入陆地棉中棉35中,通过对转化植株的卡那霉素初步筛选及T1、T2、T3目的基因PCR的分子检测,获得T3转基因棉花纯合系。通过盐胁迫试验对5个T3转基因棉花株系和非转基因棉花对照进行耐盐性分析。结果表明,在200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下,与非转基因对照相比,5个转基因棉花株系株高提高2.5~4.4 cm,地上部分的鲜质量增加3.6%~11.8%;且抗氧化物酶SOD、POD、CAT活性以及叶绿素含量提高。在盐胁迫条件下,转GHABF4基因棉花表现出优良的生长和生理优势,转GHABF4基因能够提高棉花的抗盐能力。     

转水稻OsSIK1基因玉米植株的获得及抗旱性分析

类受体激酶基因Os SIK1具有通过激活抗氧化系统,增强水稻对于干旱和盐胁迫抗性的作用。为了丰富可利用的作物抗旱基因,获得具有较高抗旱水平的玉米新种质,通过超声波辅助花粉介导法,将水稻类受体激酶基因Os SIK1导入玉米自交系郑58中,并对转化株进行卡那霉素筛选及T1、T2、T3的PCR及Southern Blotting杂交等分子检测,获得转化植株并在T3获得转基因纯合株系。对T3转基因玉米和非转基因玉米对照以16.1%的PEG模拟水分胁迫进行抗旱性分析。结果表明,与对照相比,在水分胁迫处理下,转基因玉米株系叶片相对含水量提高了7.4%~19.8%,叶绿素含量提高了11.3%~106.9%,SOD活性上升45.8%~93.4%,而转基因玉米叶片的相对电导率下降了35.4%~58.1%,MDA含量下降了25.7%~50.4%,说明转Os SIK1基因玉米植株抗旱性得到提高,其中,5个转化株系与对照在抗旱性方面有显著差异,且生长状况明显优于对照。综上所述,研究最终获得5个转Os SIK1基因玉米株系,并证明导入水稻Os SIK1基因可以提高玉米植株的抗旱性。     

BADH基因转入玉米自交系的研究

采用花粉管通道法将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)转入玉米自交系京24,以提高玉米的耐盐性。在玉米植株T0代喷洒200mg/L草铵膦除草剂进行抗性试验,获得4株抗性苗。在T0代进行PCR初步检测得到3株转基因植株。在T2代通过Southern blotting以及Northern blotting检测,表明外源BADH基因已经整合并表达。对T2代株系和京24自交系(CK)在高盐胁迫下进行相对含水量、叶片电解质外泄率、甜菜碱含量、脯氨酸含量等生理指标的测定,结果表明转基因株系的生理指标明显好于对照,说明转入BADH基因能提高玉米的耐盐性。     

BADH基因转人玉米自交系的研究

采用花粉管通道法将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)转入玉米自交系京24,以提高玉米的耐盐性。在玉米植株To代喷洒200mg/L草按麟除草剂进行杭性试验,获得4株杭性苗。在几代进行PCR初步检则得到3株转基因植株。在T:代通过Southern blotting以及Northern blotting检测,表明外源BADIl基因已经整合并表达。对T:代株系和京24自交系(CK)在高盐胁迫下进行相对含水量、叶片电解质外泄率、甜菜碱含量、脯氛酸含量等生理指标的测定,结果表明转基因株系的生理指标明显好于对照,说明转入BADH基因能提高玉米的耐盐性。     

转金属硫蛋白基因(MT1)烟草抗Cd2+胁迫的生理特性分析

将柽柳(Tamarixsp.)金属硫蛋白基因(MT1,GenBank登录号:AB298390)插入植物表达载体pBI121,取代花椰菜病毒35S启动子下游的gus基因,利用农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)介导法将MT1导入烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)基因组。对具有卡那霉素抗性,且经PCR-Southern检测和Northern杂交表现阳性的转基因株系进行抗Cd2 分析表明,金属硫蛋白基因的过量表达提高了转基因植株的抗Cd2 能力,在含200μmol L-1和400μmol L-1Cd2 的MS培养基上,转基因植株的株高和鲜重均明显优于非转基因株系;在生理性状上表现为转基因植株MDA含量及POD活性明显低于非转基因株系,叶绿素含量和SOD活性比非转基因株系明显增加。     

转betA基因的小黑杨花粉植株耐盐性分析

甘氨酸甜菜碱是植物细胞内一种重要的调渗物质,盐胁迫下,甘氨酸甜菜碱的积累可以保护细胞内蛋白质的结构和功能,降低细胞水势,从而增强植物自身的耐盐能力。从大肠杆菌中克隆的胆碱脱氢酶基因(betA)是甘氨酸甜菜碱合成的关键酶基因,该基因编码的胆碱脱氢酶(CDH)可将胆碱一步合成为甜菜碱。本实验室已将胆碱脱氢酶基因(betA)转入到小黑杨花粉植株基因组中,并最终获得了4个转基因株系。本研究以4个转betA基因株系(TB1、TB2、TB3、TB4)及非转基因对照为试材,在浓度为1.2%的NaCl盐胁迫下,测定其甜菜碱含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并调查试材的盐害情况,计算盐害指数,目的是为了研究转基因株系的耐盐效果,从中筛选出耐盐能力较强的转基因株系。试验结果表明,4个转基因株系的甜菜碱含量均高于非转基因对照;在1.2%NaCl胁迫下TB1、TB2、TB4的超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性均高于非转基因对照,TB3低于对照;TB1、TB4的丙二醛含量低于对照,TB2、TB3与对照相近。进一步的盐害分析表明4个转基因株系中的TB1和TB4株系的盐害指数低于对照的42.1%和33.4%,TB2、TB3与对照无显著差异。综合各转基因株系的耐盐性及生理指标测定结果,4个转基因株系中,TB1、TB2的耐盐性明显优于对照,有希望用于盐碱地造林及推广。     

转ScALDH21基因棉花的耐盐性分析

为了进行苗期转ScALDH21基因棉花的耐盐性鉴定。以新农棉1号的T₄转ScALDH21基因棉花株系为研究材料,分别在大田条盆及温室盆栽条件下进行试验。大田条盆试验中,分别统计0.4%,0.5%,0.6%盐土栽种下转ScALDH21基因与受体棉花的叶绿素含量和存活率,并测定其净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及瞬时水分利用效率;室内盆栽试验中,分别统计NaCl(150 mmol/L)和清水处理下不同棉花株系MDA、POD、木质素、Na⁺、K⁺及Na⁺/K⁺值。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,与受体棉植株相比,转ScALDH21基因棉株的存活率上升,叶绿体含量增加,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及瞬时水分利用效率均提高;MDA含量降低,POD活性上升,木质素含量增加。从形态及生理指标层面验证了转ScALDH21基因棉花在苗期提高了植株的耐盐性。     

ZmLTP3基因对玉米的遗传转化及耐盐性鉴定

为探讨转脂蛋白在非生物逆境中的作用,将Zm LTP3基因利用花粉管通道法转入玉米自交系京2416中,在PCR和EPSPS速测试纸鉴定基础上连续自交获得转基因阳性株系。以转基因株系OE6、OE10、OE18作为试验组,以自交系京2416为对照(WT),进行盐胁迫处理,比较二者之间在形态指标和生理指标方面的差异。结果显示,在正常生长条件下,转基因株系与野生型的各项指标均无显著差异。在盐胁迫条件下,与野生型相比,转基因株系的株高、茎基宽、根长、鲜质量、干质量及叶绿素含量均显著增加,表现出较好的生长状态;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也显著升高,显示出较高的活性氧清除能力;同时,丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对外渗电导率水平则显著下降,暗示其体内较低程度的细胞伤害水平。以上结果表明,Zm LTP3基因的过量表达可提高玉米的耐盐胁迫能力。     

转LEA基因烟草的NaHCO3抗性分析

本研究以转LEA基因烟草7个株系及非转基因对照烟草组培苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaHCO3处理,通过调查转基因烟草和对照烟草的相对电导率、POD活性、SOD活性、碱害指数、生根率等指标的变化,对LEA基因功能在NaHCO3的抗性方面进行初步探索性的研究。结果表明,在非碱胁迫条件下,各转基因株系与对照烟草的相对电导率差异不明显,各株系的相对电导率随着NaHCO3浓度的增加均呈上升趋势,但各转基因株系均小于对照烟草,当NaHCO3浓度在30mmol/L和40mmol/L时,转基因株系之间及转基因株系与对照间的差异达到了显著水平;在给予NaHCO3胁迫后,将各转基因株系各个处理POD活性、SOD活性取平均值后与对照烟草做比较,可以看出,对照烟草的POD活性、SOD活性变化较小,而转基因株系活性上升较为明显,且均在NaHCO3浓度为30mmol/L处达到活性最大值;在不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下转基因烟草的受害程度明显小于对照;在相同浓度的NaHCO3胁迫下,转基因烟草生根较对照烟草早2￣3d,当NaHCO3浓度为30mmol/L时,转基因烟草碱害指数达到50%左右,且保持有10%￣30%左右生根率,而对照烟草受害程度较大,已经不能生根。综合以上分析结果表明,转基因烟草NaHCO3的耐受临界浓度为30mmol/L。在NaHCO3胁迫下,转基因烟草的碱害程度、膜损伤较对照烟草小,POD、SOD活性及生根率均高于对照烟草,说明LEA基因的导入提高了烟草的NaHCO3抗性。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.