云南旱地小麦减源缩库与穗部性状的关系

通过剪叶、剪穗处理探讨云南旱地小麦云麦29的源库关系，结果认为库大源不足是影响高产的潜力之一。养根保叶、加强中后期的管理是高产的关键。提出其高产的必要措施。     

云南旱地小麦不同穗型品种减源缩库与穗部性状的关系

通过剪叶、剪穗处理探讨云南三种穗型的旱地小麦品种的源库关系，结果认为：平地小麦在齐穗后不同剪叶、剪穗处理，其穗部性状变化明显。大穗型品种云麦39不同的剪叶处理其每穗重量和单粒重下降幅度较大，而小穗型品种云麦42和中穗型品种97591与云麦39相比每穗重量和单粒重下降幅度较小；不同剪叶处理的每穗饱粒重也下降，下降的程度依次是云麦39＞97591＞云麦42。大穗型品种的每穗饱粒数下降明显，而小穗型和中穗型品种的下降较少。对于不同的剪穗处理，大穗型品种的单粒重增加幅度较大，而小穗型品种增加幅度较小，中穗型品种的甚至减少。对于不同穗型品种的穗部性状源库结构调整的反应不同表明：其灌浆过程或光合器官间的相互补偿能力不同，这种不同使不同穗型品种对各种环境的适应性有差异，栽培管理应该有所区别。     

稀有植物云南金钱械的种子休眠与解除

云南金钱槭果实各部分水浸提液含有内源抑制物,种子吸水性良好,果皮和种皮结构复杂,赤霉素(GA3)和变温(10～20℃和15～25℃)不能解除种子休眠,而低温(6℃)条件下:种子培养150 d,萌发率达到98%;果实培养260d,有58%的种子萌发.刮开种子胚芽处少许种皮.6、15 ℃=和25℃条件下培养60 d,种子萌发率分别达78%、38%和76%.云南金钱槭种子具有深休眠特性.     

圆锥小麦四排穗性状基因的遗传及分子标记分析

四排穗(four-rowed spike, FRS)性状是超数小穗(supernumerary spikelets, SS)性状的一种类型,表现为在一个穗轴节片上近垂直地着生2个无柄小穗,从而增加了小穗数和穗粒数,对提高产量有一定的潜力。为了解圆锥小麦0880 FRS性状的遗传特征,将0880与正常穗(normal spike, NS)圆锥小麦0879杂交,构建了遗传群体,并对0880 (FRS) × 0879 (NS)与0879 (NS) × 0880 (FRS) F₁、F₂及F_2:3植株的穗部性状进行了调查。结果显示,正反交组合的F₁植株均表现为正常穗,F₂群体中正常穗与四排穗符合3∶1的分离比例,表明0880的四排穗性状由隐性单基因控制,将该基因定名为frs1;细胞质对frs1无显著影响。采用已定位于普通小麦A组与B组的SSR分子标记并结合混合分组分析法(BSA), 筛选出32个在双亲及F₂单株构建的四排穗型池和正常穗型池都具有多态性的SSR分子标记,利用JoinMap4.0软件构建了与frs1连锁的2A染色体11个SSR分子标记遗传图谱,其中SSR标记Xwmc598和Xwmc522位于frs1基因两侧,与该基因的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM和2.4 cM。利用2A染色体缺失系对这11个SSR进行物理定位,Xwmc598和Xwmc522均被定位在2A染色体短臂FL0.00~0.78区域。本研究的结果为frs1基因的精细定位及分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

两个抗小麦白粉病新基因的遗传分析与染色体定位

YU25是从八倍体小偃麦TAI7047与小麦栽培品种川麦107杂交后代中选育出的对白粉病免疫的小麦育种新材料。以感白粉病小麦品种MY11与YU25杂交和回交的后代F₁、F₂、BC₁F₁和BC₂F₁为材料,采用四川省当前流行的小麦白粉病优势生理小种人工接种,对YU25的白粉病抗性进行了遗传分析。结果表明,YU25含有2对表现免疫反应和高抗反应的显性抗病基因,暂命名为PmE(免疫)和PmYU25(高抗)。用294对小麦微卫星引物和221个F₂植株,对这2个基因进行连锁分析,发现小麦微卫星标记Xgwm-297-7B与PmE基因的遗传距离为13.0 cM,而Xgwm-210-2D与PmYU25基因的遗传距离为16.6 cM,因此将PmE和PmYU25分别定位在7BS和2DL上。根据系谱和基因位点分析,推断PmE和PmYU25均为起源于中间偃麦草、不同于已知的抗小麦白粉病基因的2个新基因。小麦育种新材料YU25含有可能来源于小麦-中间偃麦草的染色体多重易位,其细胞学基础和在实际育种中的应用值得进一步研究。     

小麦合成种M53抗白粉病基因的RAPD和SSR标记

运用RAPD和SSR技术，采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)进行了小麦合成种M53抗白粉病基因连锁的分子标记研究。结果表明，M53的抗白粉病基因由显性单基因控制，RAPD标记OPL09-1700与抗病基因连锁，遗传距离为16.8cM。SSR标记Xgwm205也与抗白粉病基因连锁，遗传距离为9.3cM，通过SSR标记将该基因定位于5DS，标记与基因间的排列顺序     

利用SSR标记分析小麦骨干亲本“矮孟牛”及衍生品种（系）的遗传多样性

利用SSR标记研究了“矮孟牛”及其衍生品种（系）共计91份小麦材料的遗传多样性。20对SSR引物检测到120个多态性位点，每对引物多态性位点数平均为6．0个，变幅为3-9个。91份小麦材料遗传多样性GS变幅为0．411-0．961，遗传差异较大。UPGMA聚类分析将矮孟牛及其衍生品系分成四大类，能较好的反映品种（系）之间的遗传差异。矮孟牛亲本及矮孟牛七大类型一审定品种一衍生品系的遗传多样性指数变化呈逐渐上升趋势，但上升趋势逐渐减小，这与各育种单位反复利用矮孟牛及其衍生品种（系）有关；由矮孟牛与山农辐66、山农辐63为亲本杂交衍生出的材料较多，合理组配杂交亲本具有重要意义。     

基于SSR的云南野生猕猴桃种质资源亲缘关系分析

为探讨云南猕猴桃属种质资源的亲缘关系,采用SSR分子标记方法对70份云南野生猕猴桃种质资源的亲缘关系进行分析。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,70份猕猴桃种质资源在遗传相似系数0.17水平上可分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ共6份材料,包括滇东南麻栗坡的中越猕猴桃MLP001和MLP010、西畴的中越猕猴桃TSH-1和TSH-4,以及滇南屏边的中越猕猴桃PB001和PB005;类群Ⅱ共31份材料,主要包括滇东北的18份材料,滇西北的3份紫果猕猴桃TC-8、TC-1、TC-10,以及5份贡山猕猴桃CJ-11、CJ-13、CJ-7、CJ-3、CJ-2;类群Ⅲ共14份材料,主要包括滇东北的10份美味猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃系列材料,滇东的JZS-5、JZS-9及JZS-7,以及滇东南西畴的黄毛猕猴桃XPS-1;类群Ⅳ共19份材料,主要包括滇东北的16份材料,滇东南西畴的京梨猕猴桃XCFD-1及革叶猕猴桃XCFD-3,果实无被毛且果皮带斑点,果实较小,与其他类群具有较远的亲缘关系。SSR分子标记反映了云南猕猴桃属70份种质资源间的遗传亲缘关系,其中一些材料按种类、资源分布地及形态学性状特征形成明显有规律的聚类关系。     

山东省近期育成小麦品种遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了揭示山东省近年来小麦品种的遗传多样性.选用分布于小麦21条染色体上的68个SSR引物,对44个山东省小麦品种进行了遗传多样性分析.共检测到248个等位基因,每对引物的等位基因数变幅为2～9个,平均为3.65个.每个SSR位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.087～0.837,平均为0.562.44个品种间的遗...     

普通小麦D染色体组微卫星分子标记遗传差异研究

本研究采用微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术, 对我国不同生态区的6个春小麦品种(系)及北方冬麦区的17个冬小麦品种(系)D染色体组的遗传多样性进行了分析. 结果显示, 23个微卫星引物在23份材料间共扩增出65个等位基因, 平均每个引物为2.9个. 分析发现, 冬小麦群体内检测到的等位基因数(60个)及平均遗传距离(0.4504)明显高于春小麦(48     

Inheritance of Cold Hardiness in Triticum aestivum × Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Crosses

Synthetic hexaploid wheat, produced by combining tetraploid wheat (AB genome) with Triticum tauschii (D genome), was crossed to modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ABD genome) in an attempt to introduce new cold hardiness genes into the common hexaploid wheat gene pool. The cold hardiness levels of F) hybrids ranged from similar to parental means to equal to the hardy parent, indicating that cold hardiness was controlled by both additive and dominant genes. As expected when dominant gene action is involved, differences between F₂ and parental means were smaller than comparable differences in the F., Frequency distributions of F₂—derived F₃ lines also suggested that dominant genes were involved in the control of cold hardiness in some crosses. Heritability estimates for cold hardiness ranged from 63 to 70 % indicating that selection for cold hardiness should be effective in populations arising from crosses between common and synthetic hexaploid wheat. However, high selection pressure on the progeny of crosses that included the most hardy T. aestivum, T. durum, and T. tauschii accessions as parents did not identify transgressive segregates for improved cold hardiness. These observations indicate that the close wheat relatives, sharing common genomes with T. aestivum, are not promising sources of new genes to increase the maximum cold hardiness potential of common hexaploid wheat.     

西藏三联小穗小麦中三联小穗性状控制基因的SSR分子标记定位

西藏三联小穗小麦是中国西藏地区一种独特的小麦地方品种,拥有特殊的三联小穗性状,超多的小穗数和小花数。分子定位控制三联小穗基因的基因座,发掘与之紧密连锁的分子标记,可为小麦高产育种提供分子标记辅助选择工具。本研究利用西藏三联小穗小麦的衍生系TTSW-5与普通穗型小麦,间3和川麦55,分别构建F2群体,成熟后进行穗部性状的表型分析和SSR基因型鉴定。性状表型遗传分析表明,西藏三联小穗小麦的三联小穗性状由两个独立遗传的隐性基因控制;通过SSR标记鉴定来自TTSW-5/间3组合的F2群体,在2A染色体上检测到1个与三联小穗性状相关的QTL,定位于SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122之间,两标记间的遗传距离为6.6cM,该QTL的LOD值为6.19,可解释的表型变异值为33.1%,初步命名为qTS2A-1。我们推测qTS2A-1可能是控制三联小穗性状相关的主效QTL,SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122可能可用于三联小穗性状的辅助选择。     

黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种的农艺性状及遗传多样性分析

小麦品种的遗传多样性在育种工作中发挥着重要的作用。为了明确黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种遗传多样性的基础,本研究以所收集的黄淮海麦区的河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的近十几年来(1992-2008年)审定的部分(42份)小麦品种为研究材料,以9个农艺性状为基础进行遗传性状的分析。结果表明,不孕小穗数的变异系数最大为61.39%,其次为有效分蘖和穗粒数,千粒重的变异系数最小为6.06%。河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的多样性指数分别为1.83,1.82,1.73和1.62,平均值为1.75。在此基础上,用最长距离法可将42份材料聚为三大类,但是第Ⅱ大类和第Ⅲ大类相差不大,这说明上述四省小麦品种遗传多样性在逐步提高的同时,其遗传基础仍需进一步拓宽。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的;在品种选择上,应注意选择产量、单株粒重和单株粒数均高的品种。     

Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrogen Harvest in Uniculm 'Gigas' Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Contribution of the upper laminae designated as 7, 8 and 9 (flag), to the total reduced nitrogen was determined by two different methods; integration of nitrate reductase activity over the entire growing season of individual laminae, and laminae removal at ear emergence. The values obtained by these methods were: 20, 14, and 12 %, and 23, 15, 12 %, respectively. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was relatively higher in the lamina 9, which contributed an extra 8 % towards total reduced nitrogen when the other laminae were removed from the shoot. No such compensatory response was observed when either lamina 7 or 8 was retained.     

Distribution and Origin of Hybrid Necrosis Genes in German Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

Hybrid necrosis in Triticum is known to be caused by the interaction of two complementary dominant genes. In the present paper, the genotypes for hybrid necrosis of 64 winter wheat cultivars are presented. 41 cultivars were found to possess the Ne₂ necrosis gene, whereas 23 cultivars were non-carriers. The Ne₁ gene was not found in any of the cultivars analyzed.     

Genetic distance between Triticum timopheevi Zhuk., T. aramticum Jakubz. and T. aestivum L.

The genetic distances between two cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Martonvásári 9, Martonvásári 15), a Martonvásári 9 line possessing the crossability gene krl, and 21 accessions of T. timopheevi Zhuk. and T. araraticum Jakubz. were estimated, based on agro-morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis of data. Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis' D² values was applied. All 21 accessions of T. timopheevi and T. araraticum could be classified into eight clusters. Clusters I and II consisted of all the T. timopheevi, while T. araraticum was located in six clusters. Discriminant analysis was applied to test significant differences between cluster pairs. The genetic distance (GD) based on the electrophoretic data of gliadins indicated two types of electrophoregrams in T. timopheevvi, distinguished as groups A and B. T. araraticum accessions were variable as regards the spectra. Mean, minimum and maximum GD were estimated within and between different wheat groups based on acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

利用SSR分子标记分析彩色小麦的亲缘关系与遗传多样性

为探讨彩色小麦的亲缘关系和遗传多样性, 利用305对多态性SSR引物检测了18个彩色小麦品种(系)。共检测到1 084个等位变异, 平均每对引物检测到3.6个。红粒、紫红粒小麦的等位变异数在7个部分同源群的排序为HG3>HG2>HG1>HG4>HG5>HG7>HG6, 黑粒和蓝粒小麦的排序为HG3>HG2>HG1和HG4>HG5>HG7>HG6。不同粒色小麦的SSR标记多态信息含量相近, 其中红粒和紫红粒小麦为0.525~0.543, 黑粒和蓝粒小麦为0.517~0.545。18个品种(系)的遗传差异极显著(P=0.0001), 遗传相似系数在0.41~0.76之间。UPGMA聚类分析将18份材料分为6群,类群分布与亲缘关系及其地域相关。     

Identification of powdery-mildew-resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). VI. Wheat cultivars grown in China

A total of 26 common wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines grown in China were tested with a set of 11 differential powdery-mildew isolates. Seven cultivars were susceptible. Another seven cultivars showed the response pattern of resistance gene Pm2, either individually or in combination with genes Pm3d or Pm4a. Five cultivars expressed the resistance of gene Pm4b singly or in combination with Pm6. Another four cultivars exhibited the response patterns of genes Pm5, Pm6 and Pm8, respectively. Three cultivars, which included one breeding line with a pair of substituted chromosomes from Haynaldia villosa, presumably carrying the resistance gene Pm21, showed resistance-response patterns to all the isolates tested.     

Salt Tolerance of an Amphiploid between Triticum aestivum and Agropyron junceum

The main objective of this work is to demonstrate the expression of salt tolerance genes in a wheat-Agropyron amphiploid. Salt tolerance tests were carried out on wheat varieties, ‘Chinese Spring,’ and ‘Glenn-son 81’ the amphiploid between ‘Chinese Spring’ and A. junceum, A. junceum and amphiploid × wheat hybrids, Apart from germination in petridishes all other tests were carried out on plants grown in saline hydroculture tanks. Fresh weight measurements are given for stressed and non-stressed plants as well as measurements of harvest ripe plants. The utility of A. junceum as a source of salt tolerance genes for wheat is discussed.