马铃薯不同株系之间的DNA甲基化变异研究

为探究马铃薯不同株系之间DNA甲基化变异情况,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术对来源于同一马铃薯品种的3个株系进行分析。结果表明:筛选出6对引物组合,3个株系(3-4,17-1,9)MSAP比率分别为31.7%,38.1%和36.4%,全甲基化率分别为19.2%,23.7%和21.5%。株系之间的甲基化变化模式包括甲基化和去甲基化变异。在甲基化变化类型中,偏向于产生由全甲基化到过甲基化的变化;而在去甲基化变化类型中,偏向于由全甲基化到无甲基化和由过甲基化到无甲基化。研究结果证实不同马铃薯株系之间DNA甲基化变化存在差异,为马铃薯新株系选育提供理论依据。     

小麦与叶锈菌互作前后基因组甲基化模式分析

首次使用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术分析两种小麦材料近等基凶系TcLrl9及其感病亲本Thatcher 的甲基化水平,同时比较了苗期接种叶锈菌生理品种THlTr前后基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化模式.60对选扩引物对接种前后的小麦DNA进行全基因组筛选,共得到3 554个片段.其中998个片段是两种甲基化模式中的一种,小麦近等基因系TcLr19及其感病亲本Thatcher的甲基化水平约为28.1%.在所有的引物中,并没有直接分离得到接菌前后的甲基化模式的差异.结果初步表明,叶锈菌可能并没有诱导植物基因组DNA胞嘧啶位点的甲基化模式变化.     

冷驯化不同阶段茶树DNA甲基化模式的变化

低温胁迫是影响茶树产量、生长发育和地域分布的重要环境因子之一,需要通过冷驯化的诱导来提高其抗寒性。DNA甲基化是植物表观遗传的重要方式,环境胁迫会引起植物DNA甲基化状态的改变。为研究DNA甲基化是否参与茶树的低温响应,本研究利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术(MSAP)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分析了不同冷驯化阶段茶树基因组DNA甲基化水平及状态变化。MSAP分析结果表明,50对选择性扩增引物在对照、驯化后和脱驯化样品中分别扩增出905、968和970个甲基化条带,总甲基化位点比例分别为50.6%、54.1%和54.2%。与未驯化的样品相比,冷驯化后和脱驯化的样品基因组DNA甲基化水平升高。HPLC的检测结果与MSAP结果类似。进一步分析甲基化模式发现,与对照相比,茶树冷驯化过程中同时发生了甲基化和去甲基化现象,但总体变化趋势表现为甲基化水平的增加。表明茶树在抗寒响应中出现DNA甲基化现象。     

水分胁迫下马铃薯基因组DNA甲基化水平变化分析

DNA甲基化是表观遗传学修饰的重要研究内容之一,在植物生长发育和响应逆境胁迫等过程中起重要作用,其中水分胁迫是对植物生长发育最具危害的逆境胁迫之一。为探索马铃薯DNA甲基化与水分胁迫之间的关系,本研究采用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫处理两个马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’,在PEG0%(对照),5%和10%浓度下,利用MSAP技术检测‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’甲基化水平变化情况。结果表明:在相同条件下,抗旱型品种‘青薯9号’甲基化水平高均于干旱敏感型品种‘大西洋’。在0%(对照)、5%和10%PEG胁迫下,‘青薯9号’MSAP比率为42.49%、38.14%、49.21%,甲基化水平与对照相比先降低后升高,‘大西洋’MSAP比率29.17%、22.92%、17.58%,甲基化水平逐渐降低。经统计,5%PEG和10%PEG胁迫下,‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’均出现甲基化和去甲基化现象,其中‘青薯9号’甲基化和去甲基化比率分别为10.92%、6.43%和11.98%、15.36%,‘大西洋’分别为1.59%、8.22%和42.18%、24.34%,甲基化变异模式以去甲基化为主。‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’均能发生CNG、CG和CG/CNG位点的甲基化和去甲基化,在水分胁迫下会产生较多的CNG和CG/CNG位点。本研究结果为探究马铃薯抗旱机制提供了理论基础。     

巴西橡胶树DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

本文采用"甲基化敏感扩增多态性"(Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism,MSAP)的分析方法,在全基因组水平检测巴西橡胶树DNA甲基化位点,确定巴西橡胶树基因组DNA甲基化模式和水平。结果表明:16对MSAP引物选择性扩增,共扩增262条带,其中甲基化位点87个,甲基化比例为33.21%,其中,半甲基化位点为32个,比例为12.22%;全甲基化位点为55个,比例为20.99%。对部分巴西橡胶树基因组甲基化位点进行回收,最终分离了18条存在甲基化的基因组DNA序列。BLAST比对后,同源分析表明巴西橡胶树基因组中包括转录因子、蛋白激酶等在内的多种类型的DNA序列中均存在甲基化现象。本研究为深入研究巴西橡胶树的DNA甲基化奠定基础。     

青枯菌诱导下花生基因组DNA表观遗传变化的MSAP分析

以高感青枯病品种中花12号和高抗青枯病品种远杂9102为材料,调查青枯菌接种12 h后花生基因组DNA的甲基化水平和变化模式。甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP)分析表明,正常生长的中花12号和远杂9102的基因组DNA甲基化比率均为35.1%,经青枯菌接种12 h后,中花12号降低到31.3%,而远杂9102的基因组DNA甲基化比率则升高至37.2%。与对照相比,青枯菌接种12 h胁迫下中花12号和远杂9102基因组DNA的甲基化和去甲基化分别为5.9%,12.4%,18.3%,11.9%。由此推测,高抗青枯菌的花生经青枯菌侵染后基因组DNA某些位点的甲基化状态发生变化而使基因表达发生了改变,产生或启动对青枯菌胁迫的能动应激机制。     

二倍体及四倍体枳橙DNA甲基化变异的MSAP分析

为探讨染色体加倍对四倍体枳橙(Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.×Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.)叶片基因组DNA甲基化修饰的影响,明确四倍体枳橙基因组DNA甲基化水平及模式的变化特征。本研究以枳橙二倍体为对照,利用MSAP分子标记技术对同源四倍体枳橙叶片基因组DNA甲基化水平及模式变化进行分析。结果表明,10对选择性扩增引物共扩增出775条条带,二倍体和同源四倍体枳橙扩增带数分别为391条和384条,对应的总甲基化率分别为31.97%(含全甲基化率16.37%,半甲基化率15.6%)和31.25%(含全甲基化率18.49%,半甲基化率12.76%);MSAP扩增条带统计表明,同源四倍体的总甲基化率变化较小,全甲基化率高于二倍体,半甲基化率较二倍体均有所降低,相比二倍体对照,四倍体枳橙叶片基因组DNA主要发生了甲基化模式的变化。     

黄独冻后培养胚性愈伤组织DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

本研究利用MSAP技术来探明黄独冻后培养胚性愈伤组织DNA甲基化模式和水平的变化。结果表明,黄独冻后黑暗培养胚性愈伤组织DNA甲基化模式可分为四大类。类型A包含三个亚类,未发生DNA甲基化模式改变的类型占35.48%。类型B包含五个亚类,32.26%位点的DNA发生过甲基化。类型C也包含五个亚类,29.03%的位点发生DNA去甲基化,DNA甲基化水平下降。类型D包含两个亚类,DNA甲基化状态未知,位点数目不超过总检测位点的4%。冻后黑暗培养胚性愈伤组织和冻后光周期胚性愈伤组织的甲基化敏感扩增多态性分别为107.69和120.83,全甲基化率分别为88.46%和95.83%,半甲基化率分别为19.23%和25.00%。因此,在黄独胚性愈伤组织冻后黑暗培养过程中发生了较高程度的去甲基化,最终导致其DNA甲基化水平下降。本实验结果为从表观遗传学的角度解释冻后黑暗培养修复黄独胚性愈伤组织超低温保存伤害的机理提供了帮助。     

羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和与自交亲和系种子萌发期DNA甲基化的动态变化

自交不亲和系植株的种子往往出现退化现象,为了研究种子的退化现象是否与甲基化相关,因此本文采用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism, MSAP)技术,以羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和系9^#种子、自交亲和系14^#种子为研究对象,对其生长发育过程种子基因组DNA甲基化水平变化情况进行研究。采用改良的CTAB法提取种子萌发不同时期DNA,然后通过MSAP分析、统计扩增条带,比较二者之间的差异。对9^#种子DNA甲基化状态分析表明,萌发前期(0~2 d)发生甲基化位点数目持续增多,但萌发后期(2~8 d)发生去甲基化的数目大量增加,整个萌发期去甲基化位点数目是甲基化位点数目的11倍,说明9^#种子萌发过程中DNA甲基化修饰是基因表达的重要调控方式之一;在相同发育时期,9^#在总甲基化、全甲基化、半甲基化水平上均不同程度高于14^#。随着种子的萌发,9^#全甲基化水平明显上升,半甲基化水平几乎不变,而14^#变化趋势与9^#相反,半甲基化水平明显上升,全甲基化水平几乎不变.     

高温胁迫诱导棉花甲基化变化分析

高温对棉花造成的热胁迫,影响其生长发育与产量。DNA甲基化是表观遗传调控的重要组成部分,在高等植物的基因组表达调控中发挥着重要作用。本试验以耐高温品种苏棉16号和高温敏感品种石185为供试材料,研究棉花花铃期高温胁迫前后DNA甲基化的变化,通过甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)技术,探讨了不同温度下棉花叶片DNA甲基化水平和甲基化模式变化。结果显示,经过高温处理后,耐高温棉花品种苏棉16号和高温敏感棉花品种石185的甲基化水平都表现为上升,苏棉16号半甲基化率高于全甲基化率,而石185全甲基化率高于半甲基化率;棉花在受到高温胁迫后,甲基化和去甲基化同时发生,但耐高温品种苏棉16号主要发生甲基化,高温敏感品种石185主要发生去甲基化。本研究结果表明高温能够诱导棉花甲基化水平的提高,同时DNA甲基化水平及状态变化与棉花耐热性存在重要关系。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.