Effect of intensity of defoliation by goats at different phenophases on leaf and shoot growth of acacia karroo hayne

Abstract

Defoliation by goats (leaves plus shoots) during the growing phenophases resulted in a considerable stimulation of leaf and shoot growth relative to non‐defoliated plants. The response differed considerably depending on the intensity and phenophase of defoliation. Plants were most susceptible to defoliation and young shoot removal during the spring flush when carbohydrate levels were at their lowest. During the rest of the growing season carbohydrate levels were high. At these times moderate to heavy (50 % to 75 % leaf removal) defoliations resulted in the greatest leaf and shoot growth.

In contrast, the initial and continuing impact of avian and insect consumption of leaves only reduced leaf and shoot production. The stimulatory effect of defoliation in one season carried through the dormant season to the following growing season. Defoliations during the dormant season did not have any positive or negative impact on plants relative to non‐defoliated plants. Leaf and shoot material removed when the plants were growing, was replaced within weeks of defoliation.     

Effect of intensity and frequency of defoliation on aerial growth and carbohydrate reserve levels in Acacia karroo plants

Acacia karroo trees were defoliated by goats at two intensities and four frequencies; 2, 4, 8 and 12‐weekly. Leaf accumulation and carbohydrate reserve levels were compared to a non‐defoliated control, and to plants (defoliation controls) which were defoliated for the first time that season each time a frequency treatment was defoliated. These plants are activated by defoliation in such a manner that successive defoliations can result in this activation being additive. There is clearly a defoliation level below which they are not activated. Activation appears to be negated to a degree by defoliations at 2 and 4‐weekly frequencies, relative to the 8‐weekly defoliation frequency. The 12‐weekly frequency at heavy defoliation produced less than the same defoliation at 8‐weekly frequency. The 2‐weekly frequency treatments produced as much leaf as the 4 and 12‐weekly defoliations at the same defoliation intensity. The more frequently plants were defoliated, the more carbohydrate reserves dropped. However, plants adjusted to cope with very frequent defoliations. There was no connection between leaf accumulation and carbohydrate reserve levels following the different frequencies and intensities of defoliation.     

Growth patterns and annual growth cycle of Acacia karroo hayne in relation to water stress

Abstract

The use and replenishment of carbohydrate reserves in Acacia karroo is closely related to the successive events of the annual growth cycle. Acacia karroo displayed the rapid and substantial decline in non‐structural carbohydrates typical of deciduous woody species. In addition, each time shoot, leaf or reproductive organs grew rapidly, reserves declined.

Replenishment begins soon thereafter when the recently emerged leaves are still very small. Water stress does not change the pattern of use and replenishment. However, increasing water stress does slow replenishment down. This probably delays the beginning of the next growth event as well as the growth of organs already initiated.     

苏打盐碱胁迫对羊草光合、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响

采用温室土培试验法,研究了羊草叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等对不同苏打盐碱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,随着模拟光辐射的增强,羊草叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和蒸汽压亏缺等表现为升高,胞间CO₂浓度表现为降低,叶片水分利用效率则呈先升高后降低的趋势。同一光强下,随着土壤苏打盐碱胁迫程度的增大,羊草光合速率和蒸腾速率均有所下降,水分利用效率则有所升高。以光强1 500 μmol/(m²·s)为例,pH 9.78的盐碱胁迫处理的羊草光合速率和蒸腾速率分别比对照(pH 7.15)的处理降低了43.8%和51.3%。苏打盐碱胁迫下,羊草蒸腾速率的降低幅度大于光合速率降低幅度,保持了叶片较高的水分利用效率,可能是羊草适应苏打盐碱逆境的重要生理机制。     

遮阴对两个绿豆品种光合作用和生长发育的影响

为了确定绿豆(Phaseolus aureus)作为套种作物的适宜性,以小槐花园叶绿豆和大花叶子绿豆两个品种为试验材料,通过田间试验和盆栽试验对其耐阴能力及其机理进行了研究。测定不同遮阴处理(全光照、遮光率30%和72%)下,绿豆在初花期的叶片光合参数、叶绿素含量和光合酶(Ru BPCase)活性,研究绿豆生长发育和营养品质对弱光的响应。结果表明,在遮光30%时,大花叶子绿豆的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)和Ru BPCase活性较全光照显著下降了24%、18%、12%、13%和21%(P0.05),而小槐花园叶绿豆无显著变化(P0.05)。在遮光72%时,两种绿豆的P_n、G_s、T_r和WUE等光合参数均显著下降了约11%。在遮光30%时,大花叶子绿豆的营养生长受到显著影响而小槐花园叶绿豆无显著变化;但在遮光72%时,两种绿豆的营养生长均受到显著抑制,干物质产量比全光照降低了约34%。两种遮阴处理与全光照相比,种子产量显著降低了约37%。综上可知,小槐花园叶绿豆具有一定的耐阴能力,能耐30%的遮光,适宜作为林果行间的套种作物。     

Growth patterns and annual growth cycle of Acacia karroo Hayne in relation to water stress I. Leaf and shoot growth

Abstract

A field study was conducted to describe the growth patterns of A. karroo at different levels of water stress in different edaphic situations.

Shoots are heterophyllous and are formed by free growth. The degree of development of a shoot, relative to others in the canopy, is governed by branch and position in the canopy. At least six phenological phases were identified in the annual growth cycle.

The pattern of growth and the phenological cycle are not changed by water stress. Initiation, emergence and development of shoots and leaves are governed by how favourable environmental conditions are. If there is little shoot growth early in the season, these plants can partially compensate by producing more leaf per unit of shoot if environmental conditions improve.

Leaf and shoot growth at the beginning of the season took place only if there was sufficient moisture available, and if the minimum temperature had risen above a threshold amount. Where there was insufficient soil moisture, no growth was observed before rains had fallen. The growth strategy of A. karroo differs markedly from that of broadleaved African savanna tree species. Growth in A. karroo is dominated by current growing conditions, rather than those of the previous season. They are able to make opportunistic growth at any time.

Soil depth had a marked influence on plant growth, presumably due to a larger available nutrient and moisture pool.     

全生育期干旱胁迫对‘青燕1号’燕麦叶绿素荧光参数的影响

干旱是限制燕麦生长的关键因素之一,为探究干旱胁迫对燕麦光合系统的影响,选用青海省推广品种‘青燕1号’为材料,设置4个水分梯度,即正常供水（CK,75%FWC）、轻度胁迫（60%FWC）、中度胁迫（45%FWC）和重度胁迫（30%FWC）。生育期干旱胁迫分为4类,即苗期-拔节期干旱（SJ）、苗期-抽穗期干旱（SH）、苗期-开花期干旱（SF）和苗期-乳熟期干旱（SM）,并设置全生育期正常供水作为对照处理（CK）。探讨不同生育期燕麦叶绿素荧光参数对干旱胁迫的响应,以期为青藏高原燕麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论指导。结果表明：1） 不同胁迫程度整体影响大小为：30%FWC>45%FWC>60%FWC;2） 不同生育时期胁迫整体影响大小为：SM>SF>SH>SJ;3） 胁迫程度与胁迫时期互作（Sd×Sp）对燕麦叶绿素参数影响最为显著。在30%FWC和SM时期时,叶绿素荧光参数受到的影响最大,此时光合作用的主要限制因素是非气孔限制,主要表现为PSⅡ反应中心失活,光合电子传递受阻;在60%FWC和SJ时,其受到的影响最小,此时影响光合作用的主要因素是气孔限制; 4） 在45%FWC、SH和SF时期,燕麦可通过叶片的气孔导度调节蒸腾作用和碳同化之间的关系,从而适应干旱胁迫;5） 叶绿素荧光参数的变化,间接反映了受到干旱胁迫时,燕麦光合作用能力的变化。Y（NO）、NPQ、Y（NPQ）和β与CK相比增加了85.52%、65.21%、33.76%和26.60%,F_v、F_m、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、F_m′、F_s、F₀′、qP、F₀、α和F_v/F_m分别降低了84.86%、75.41%、75.03%、75.00%、70.89%、61.38%、57.73%、57.06%、48.86%、45.61%和38.50%。     

Effect of glucocorticoids and limiting nursing on the carbohydrate digestive capacity and growth rate of piglets

The influence of glucocorticoid administration and limited nursing on piglet carbohydrase enzyme development and subsequent growth was examined in three experiments using 371 piglets. Treatments in the first two experiments were formed by the factorial arrangement of hydrocortisone (-HYD or +HYD) and limited nursing (-LN or +LN) imposed form d 14 to weaning (d 28). Hydrocortisone was replaced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the third experiment. Growth rates were severely depressed by HYD (P less than .01), LN (P less than .001) and to a lesser extent (P less than .06) by ACTH during the last 2 wk of lactation. During the first 14 d postweaning, piglets continued to grow more slowly following HYD treatment (P less than .01), whereas LN piglets grew more rapidly than those allowed to suckle normally. Although piglets were smaller at weaning after HYD injection (P less than .01), relative weights of liver, pancreas and small intestine were increased (P less than .05). Only adrenal weights were increased by ACTH (P less than .09). Pancreatic and intestinal amylase activities were increased two- to three-fold by HYD injection (P less than .05) but were unaffected by ACTH or LN (P greater than .10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased linearly with age (P less than .001). This rate of increase was numerically enhanced by glucocorticoid treatment and LN. The normal decrease in lactase activity was accelerated by LN and HYD injection, with the greatest depression caused by the combination of LN and either HYD or ACTH administration (P less than .05). Glucocorticoid administration to nursing piglets can evoke premature elevation of the carbohydrase enzymes necessary for initiating the hydrolysis of starch.     

日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

为了探讨日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响,本试验选用12头胎次、泌乳时间、泌乳量相近的水牛,随机分成4组,每组3头水牛。采用4×4拉丁方试验方法,4组水牛基础日粮中钙含量分别占基础日粮干物质的0.47%、0.62%、0.78%、0.93%,其他营养成分均相同,其中磷占采食干物质比例为0.50%;共4期试验,每一试验期21 d,其中预饲期7 d,正饲期14 d。试验结果表明:1、不同钙水平日粮对泌乳水牛的产奶性能影响不显著(P>0.05),但0.78%钙水平日粮组水牛的产奶量分别比其他3组提高5.4%、5.5%、3.9%,不同钙水平对水牛奶营养成分影响不显著(P>0.05)。2、不同钙水平日粮对水牛血浆中钙含量影响差异显著(P<0.05);随着日粮钙水平的上升,水牛血液甲状旁腺素和1,25二羟基维生素D呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。综合各指标,日粮钙占采食干物质的比例为0.78%能进一步提高泌乳水牛产奶量。     

不同温度处理对日光温室甜樱桃萌芽速率和开花物候期的需热量研究

研究了不同温度处理(27-30℃、25-27℃、23-25℃、21-23℃)日光温室甜樱桃吐绿期、初花期、盛花期的需热量值,以生长度小时模型估算分别为2318-2375 GDH℃、6098-6618 GDH℃、6521-7008 GDH℃,以有效积温模型估算分别为59-66 D℃、137-173 D℃、145-181 D℃。明确了处理温度越低,甜樱桃不同发育期所需天数越长(14d、14d、15d、16d,34d、38d、49d、49d,38d、42d、51d、54d),原因是需热量积累速度慢和低温阴、雪天气叠加所致,而后者是起主要作用。初花期前低温处理(室内0-7.2℃)可提高花期开花的整齐度。#$NL     

外源 Si 对盐胁迫下甘草幼苗形态及生理指标的影响

为深入了解 Si 对盐胁迫下甘草幼苗的影响,本实验采用培养皿滤纸床进行发芽试验,以乌拉尔甘草幼苗为试验材料,在两种浓度 NaCl 溶液胁迫下设置不同浓度的硅溶液对甘草幼苗进行处理,通过测定幼苗形态（胚根、胚芽）及生理（质膜相对透性、丙二醛和过氧化物酶）指标,以探讨在盐胁迫下外源硅对甘草幼苗形态及生理指标的影响。结果表明,在 NaCl 胁迫下,加入硅（Si）溶液后可以有效增加幼苗胚芽和胚根的长度及重量。在低盐（100 mmol／L）胁迫下,Si 浓度为0．4 mmol／L 时对胚根生长的促进最强;在高盐（200 mmol／L）胁迫下,Si 浓度为0．8 mmol／L 时对胚根生长的促进作用最强。外源 Si 也不同程度提高了过氧化物酶活性、渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量,以及丙二醛含量和质膜相对透性。由此可见,在盐胁迫条件下,加入适宜浓度的外源硅,可以通过保持一定的抗渗透胁迫能力和清除活性氧的能力,进而保持膜的稳定,来缓解盐胁迫对甘草幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

6-BA预处理对低温弱光胁迫下辣椒幼苗光合特性和内源激素含量的影响

为明确6-BA对辣椒幼苗抗低温弱光性的调控作用,以耐低温弱光性不同的2个品种辣椒幼苗为试验材料,研究了0.08 mmol/L 6-BA预处理对低温(15℃/5℃)弱光(100 μmol/m²·s)下辣椒幼苗叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素含量和内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,低温弱光显著降低了辣椒幼苗叶片的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b(Chl b)含量、叶绿素T(Chl T)含量和玉米核苷素(ZR)含量,而胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和脱落酸(ABA)含量显著升高,引起Pn下降的原因主要是非气孔因素;6-BA预处理未改变上述指标随时间的变化趋势,但较之低温弱光处理,6-BA显著降低了Ci和ABA含量,而Pn、Gs、Chl a含量、Chl b含量、Chl T含量以及胁迫前期(6 d)的ZR含量得到显著提高。可见,0.08 mmol/L 6-BA预处理对增强辣椒幼苗抗低温弱光胁迫能力具有显著的效应,且对低温弱光耐性差的品种表现尤其明显。     

干旱胁迫对4种决明属植物光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以4种决明属植物草决明(Cassia obtusifolia)、望江南(C.occidentalis)、伞房决明(C.corymbosa)、双荚决明(C.bicapsularis)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置轻度干旱、重度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究了干旱胁迫对4种决明属植物的叶绿素含量、光合作用参数和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示,1)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物的叶绿素含量下降,望江南的下降幅度最小,说明望江南在水分减少的情况下仍具有较高的光合作用能力,伞房决明的叶绿素含量在3种处理下都趋于最高水平,表明伞房决明光能吸收、转换和传递能力较强;2)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔限制值(Ls)升高,伴随着胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,净光合速率(Pn)下降,表明是气孔因素造成的,此后,除草决明外其它3种植物的Ci均升高,Ls均下降,这是非气孔因素造成的;在干旱胁迫下望江南具有较高的光合速率,伞房决明具有相对较高的气孔开放度;3)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物的最大荧光(Fm)和光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,初始荧光(Fo)上升,表明PSⅡ结构受到破坏或者植物进行了热耗散。光化学淬灭系数(qP)和电子传递速率(ETR)下降,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)上升,说明干旱胁迫对PSⅡ造成伤害,但其能够有效地避免或减轻因PSⅡ吸收过多光能而引起的光抑制和光氧化。望江南表现的最稳定,说明望江南具有较强的抗旱性。     

淹水胁迫对香根草生长及光合生理的影响

研究了全淹、半水淹、对照3种处理香根草Vetiveria zizanioides在30 d后的生长状况,以及退水、复水40 d后3种处理香根草对光合有效辐射(PAR)增强的光合生理响应.以净光合速率(Pn)为例,分别为4.90,4.37,4.30 μmol/(m2·s);蒸腾速率(Tr)分别为0.59,0.67,0.93 μmol/(m2·s);水分利用效率(WUE)分别为6.42,7.69,6.77 μmol/(m2·s),差异不显著.3种处理的综合排序为半淹>全淹>对照.     

喀斯特地区土壤厚度降低和水分减少对两种草本植物混种后光合的影响

土壤"厚薄不均"和"岩溶干旱"是影响喀斯特地区植物生存、生长和繁殖的关键生态因子,深根植物和浅根植物由于根系生态位的互补可能会缓解资源减少对光合作用的抑制作用。以盆栽深根植物苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和浅根植物多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为对象,研究土壤厚度降低、水分减少及土壤厚度和水分双重资源减少对两种草本植物混种下其光合作用的影响。结果表明,1)在高资源水平下,混种后苇状羊茅的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)与单种间无显著差异(P0.05);而黑麦草的Pn、Gs和Tr低于单种,WUE显著高于单种(P0.05)。2)随着资源的减少,不管是单种还是混种,苇状羊茅和黑麦草的P_n、G_s和Tr大体上均呈降低的趋势,黑麦草的WUE呈上升趋势,且混种后降低或升高的幅度明显低于单种;而苇状羊茅的WUE由单种时升高变为混种时降低。3)在低资源水平下,混种后苇状羊茅的P_n、G_s和T_r高于单种,WUE低于单种;黑麦草的P_n、G_s和T_r与单种无显著差异,WUE低于单种。研究表明,在干旱和土壤贫瘠日趋严重的喀斯特地区,通过深浅不同根系的植物混种,可能在一定程度上缓解水分和土壤资源缺乏对植物光合作用的抑制作用。     

水分逆境对发草脯氨酸及其代谢途径的影响

本研究以发草为研究对象,通过盆栽模拟水分胁迫,研究干旱、水涝胁迫下发草地上部分及根系中脯氨酸(Pro)积累状况及其代谢途径中底物、中间产物和关键酶的变化.结果显示:1)干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫均使发草Pro含量显著升高(P<0.05),相同的水分处理下发草地上部分及根系中Pro含量相差不大.2)干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫下,发草地上...     

内蒙古典型草原地区常见植物光合、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的比较研究

在所测78种植物中，光合(Ph)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值，分别以反枝苋、藜和西伯利亚滨藜最高。在不同分类系统中，Ph、Tr和WUE个指标，C4植物大于C3植物；双子叶植物通常大于单子叶植物；藜科植物高于其他科植物；1—2年生草本高于其他生活型植物；撂荒地植物一般高于其他植被类型的植物。方差分析表明，光合速率的差异显著性水平在各分类系统中均高于蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。     

不同温度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及肉品质的影响

研究不同温度热应激对肉鸡感官性状及血液生化指标的影响。将80只30日龄的AA肉鸡随机分为4组,每组20羽。对照组环境温度为(25±1)℃,其他3组受试鸡的环境温度迅速上升至(33±1)℃、(37±1)℃、(41±1)℃,并分别持续4h的热应激处理。宰杀后测定鸡胸肉的pH、滴水损失、肉色和剪切力,利用临床血液病理学的方法,检测宰前不同强度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果显示,宰前热应激明显降低宰后肉鸡胸肉的pH30min、pH24h和a*值,明显提高宰后肉鸡滴水损失、L*值和剪切力值;随热应激温度升高,血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)活性逐渐升高,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性逐渐降低。     

干旱和盐胁迫对鸭茅叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为了研究鸭茅对干旱、盐胁迫的回馈,采用随机区组盆栽试验。试验包括4种相对含水量处理,相对含水量为75%(CK)、55%、35%、20%和3种盐浓度(100,70和35 mmol/L),以相对含水量75%作为对照,研究干旱胁迫和盐胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着相对含水量的减少,鸭茅的非光化学荧光淬灭(NPQ)幅度逐渐降低,光化学淬灭系数(qP)逐渐增加;最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F0)逐渐减少;电子传递速度(ETR)逐渐降低;实际原初光能的捕获效率Y(Ⅱ)降低。但在极度干旱胁迫时,热耗散能力降低,光合作用上升,潜在最大光合效率和潜在光合效率增加,实际原初光能的捕获效率增加;表明在极度干旱的条件下,鸭茅的内部机制会做出相应的反应,来避免恶劣的环境。盐胁迫时,低浓度促进热耗散幅度抑制光合作用,相反高浓度抑制剩余光能的转化和促进光合效率;鸭茅的Fv/Fm先上升后下降,Fv/F0与Fv/Fm有相同的趋势;ETR先上升后减少,原初光能的捕获效率先增加后降低。综合评定,鸭茅受盐胁迫影响大于干旱胁迫。     

三种草坪草净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化特点研究

研究了在晴天的条件下，假俭草、细叶结缕草和地毯草净光合速率和蒸腾整编的日变化特点。结果表明：（1）假俭草和细叶绍缕草的净光合速率的日变化曲线均为双峰型，而地毯草为三峰型，3种草出现峰值的时间不同，均有明显的“午睡”现象，日平均净光全速率的大小顺序为俭草＞地毯草＞细叶结缕草；（2）假俭草和细叶结缕草的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为双峰型,而地毯草为单峰型，3种草出现峰值的时间有所判差别，“午睡”现象均不明显，日平均蒸腾速率的大小顺序为细叶绍缕草＞地毯草＞假俭草；（3）不同生态因子与3种草坪草净光合速率、蒸腾速率的相关程度均不相等。同种态因子与不同草坪草的净光合速率、蒸腾速率的相关程度也不一样。