2010年冬季陕南柑橘受冻气象条件分析及防御对策

为了有效利用气候资源,趋利避害,合理规划和发展陕南柑橘产业,在对2010年冬季陕南柑橘越冬冻害灾情调查的基础上,分析了当年柑橘越冬期冻害形成的气候背景;结合柑橘越冬期冻害指标及低温过程中的有害积寒,分析并验证了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害等级指标,提出了用低温过程中有害积寒划分陕南柑橘越冬冻害等级的相关指标;通过对安康、汉中2市12个柑橘种植县（区）2010年冬季及历史极端最低气温和低温过程有害积寒的分析,探讨了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害西部重于东部的原因,其分析结果与调查实情基本相符;最后从多个方面提出柑橘越冬期冻害的防御对策。     

Energy-saving Planning and Design of Urban Residential Buildings in Hanzhong Area

Energy-saving design of residential building is an important part of energy-saving architectural design. Planning and design of residential buildings in Hanzhong area should pay more attention to the building orientation, sunshine, summer ventilation and wind resistance in winter and so on, so as to create favorable conditions for energy-saving design of single buildings. The geographical location, climatic characteristics, residents living habits and indoor and outdoor thermal environment situation were analyzed in this paper, and combined with the existing problems of energy conservation in the planning and layout of residential buildings in Hanzhong area. Based on the investigation, this paper drew some conclusions to provide references for the energy-saving planning and design of urban residential buildings in the local area.     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗,保证室内热环境质量,确定最适宜的热工特性,是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析,研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系,以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下,将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标,从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题,提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

Quantitative Analysis on the Effect of Thermal Bridges on Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region

对乳酸链球菌素分子结构、作用机理、产品功效、成本核算、经济效益及国内外研究进展进行概述,并介绍了乳酸链球菌素在畜产品加工过程中的应用方法与用量.     

Capillary Floor Radiant Heating System of Rural Residential Building in Chongqing

The indoor environment in this zone, not officially assigned as a traditional heating zone, is cold and humid with poor thermal comfort in winter. Investments and surveys the status of heat consumers in rural residential buildings in Chongqing, intending     

陕南秦巴山地退耕还林工程综合效益评价

为了解退耕还林工程带来的效益,基于2001—2014年陕南地区退耕还林工程的现状,参考国内外有关效益评价指标体系的原则和方法选取指标,建立陕南退耕还林评价指标体系,应用层次分析法确定各项指标权重,利用效益评价模型从生态、经济、社会3个方面对退耕还林的综合效益进行定量评价。结果表明,陕南三市退耕还林效益指数曲线均呈上升趋势,说明退耕还林效益正逐渐、稳定地显现,尤其从2004年开始,退耕还林的效益显现尤为明显,增速加快。汉中、安康、商洛的综合效益较接近且呈现出同步上升的趋势,截至2014年,汉中市退耕效益最高,综合效益指数为0.6630,安康市居中为0.4985,商洛市最低为0.4260。陕南地区退耕还林综合效益逐步显现且仍将保持平稳增长的态势。     

Test and Analysis of Indoor Thermal Environment of Urban Heating Residential Building in Hanzhong Area

By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different heating ways,to provide references for choosing a suitable heating way in the local area.     

缓冲空间对拉萨市居住建筑冬季采暖能耗的影响

冬季现场调研与热环境测试表明,拉萨市现有居住建筑的缓冲空间能明显改善室内热环境。但当地非采暖房间冬季热环境仍较差,居住建筑采暖需求明显。当地采暖能耗与环境负荷增长趋势明显。以拉萨市常见的单元式住宅为基础建立了热工计算模型,模拟分析了南北向缓冲空间进深设计对冬季采暖能耗的影响规律。结果表明：南北向缓冲空间均能有效降低模型的采暖能耗,其中,随着南向缓冲进深增大,模型采暖能耗呈递增趋势;随北向缓冲空间进深增大,模型采暖能耗呈先降后增趋势,北向缓冲空间模型之间能耗差很小。缓冲空间优化设计模型与基础模型的能耗对比分析显示,合理设置的南北向缓冲空间能够大幅降低采暖能耗。     

陕南民众气候变化感知时空变化研究

为构建环境变化响应敏感区气候变化适应管理模式提供依据。通过问卷调查和实测数据对比的方式,以人对气温（降水）变化的感知为切入点,探讨陕南民众对气候变化感知的时空变化规律。结果表明：（1）陕南民众对当地温度（降水）变化的感知与科学观测的数据基本吻合,但各个时段存在差异,对温度变化的平均感知强度强于对降水变化的平均感知强度;（2）随年龄变小,陕南民众对温度变化的感知强度在波动中呈变小趋势。对降水变化的感知,汉中民众随年龄变小在波动中呈现增加趋势,安康、商洛地区则相反;（3）陕南民众对温度（降水）变化的感知与科学观测数据之间具有偏差。汉中、安康和商洛民众对温度变化的感知与仪器观测的温度变化一致率依次为22.2%、55.6%和33.3%,对降水变化的感知与实测降水变化的一致率依次为100%、44.4%和66.7%。     

巴渝地区夯土民居室内热环境

传统民居的传统生态建造经验与价值已得到广泛认可,巴渝地区因特殊的地形与气候,传统民居在热环境的营造上有自身的特点。以重庆江津区龙塘村夯土民居为研究对象,以实地测量的冬季室内热工参数为基础,运用软件模拟分析,对民居全年室内热环境进行评价,发现夯土墙对改善夏季热环境更为有利,夯土民居冬季室内热环境远比夏季差;民居建筑中阁楼空间在调节室内热环境方面作用显著,具有冬季保温,夏季隔热的作用。     

陕西省畜禽粪尿养分资源及耕地负荷分析

研究陕西省畜禽粪尿养分资源情况及其环境污染风险。基于统计年鉴及相关文献,估算畜禽粪尿随时间变化、区域分布和耕地负荷,系统分析畜禽粪尿环境污染现状。2009—2017年间,陕西省畜禽粪尿资源呈先增后降的变化趋势,2014年畜禽粪尿资源量和养分量分别是7118.36×10⁴、86.76×10⁴ t,为历年最大值。畜禽具有地域性特点,陕北、关中和陕南分别以羊、牛、猪养殖为主,全省畜禽粪尿负荷为22.36 t/hm²,氮、磷、钾养分负荷分别为111.59、58.56、104.22 kg/hm²,畜禽粪尿养分总量约为农用化肥施用量的35.63%。陕西省畜禽粪尿总体在环境承载力允许范围,杨凌示范区、安康市、汉中市、咸阳市和宝鸡市存在环境污染风险。榆林市、杨凌示范区、安康市、商洛市和汉中市畜禽粪尿养分资源替代化肥潜力大,合理利用能有效推动化肥使用量零增长。     

Annual Energy Consumption and Feasibility Assessment of Ground -Source Heat Pump in Residential Building in Fuzhou City

This paper describes the annual energy consumption and economic assessment of air-source heat pump(ASHP) and ground-source heat pump(GSHP),based on hourly building load of typical house in Fuzhou.Analysis results show that the energy consumption of GSHP is 15% less than that of ASHP through all year,where there is 13% less in summer and 20% less in winter.Although the seasonal energy efficiency ratio of GSHP in Fuzhou is higher than that of ASHP,it has no obvious effect on the energy efficiency as it is in the hot summer and cold winter zone.In comparison with ASHP,the GSHP is not cost-effective.     

1953—2010年安康市气温变化特征分析

气温变化特征是全球气候变化研究中的一个至关重要的课题, 其研究对生态环境建设与保护、农业生产以及气象灾害的防灾减灾等具有重要意义。笔者以安康市为研究对象, 采用 1953—2010年逐日及年平均气温数据作为基础资料, 运用气候倾向率、 滑动平均法、 M-K趋势检验和突变分析方法对安康市年均气温和各季节气温的变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1） 安康市近 60年来年平均气温呈上升趋势, 气温倾向率为 0.05℃/10 a, 并经历 “暖-冷-暖” 3个时期, 20世纪 60年代中期之前为偏暖期, 60年代中期到 90年代中期为偏冷期, 之后为偏暖期;（2） 年平均气温的年代际变化表现出 “缓慢上升-显著下降-显著上升” 的特征, 20世纪 80年代为低温期, 但未出现明显的突变点;（3） 安康市冬、 春、 秋 3个季节呈增温趋势, 20世纪90年代后为偏暖期, 且冬春2季增温明显, 秋季次之; 夏季呈降温趋势, 20世纪70年代中期以后降温趋势明显, 进入偏冷期;（4） 夏冬2季平均气温在近60年间存在明显的突变点, 突变时间分别为 1974年和 1991年, 但春秋 2季气温没有出现明显的突变。总体而言, 安康市近 60年来冬春 2季增温明显, 夏季呈降温趋势, 表现出 “冬春变暖、 夏季变凉” 的特征。     

Analysis of the Ground Adjustment Ability of the Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Winter

Based on an actual ground source heat pump system in hot summer and cold winter area, the system operation parameters were tested for 6 years under the state of using cooling tower for cooling in summer but the ground heat exchanger and fire pool for heating in winter. A three dimensional (3D) tube group model was established, and the thermal balance analysis and calculation of the ground temperature distribution around the ground heat exchanger were conducted by the numerical calculation. According to the comparison between the test data and the theoretical results, the influencing factors of the ground adjustment ability were obtained.     

Effect of Moisture on Indoor Thermal Environment

In the past, the temperature was used as the sole quota to control the indoor thermal environment in hot summer and cold winter areas of China, but a major quota, the relative air moisture, was often ignored. In this paper, the effect of relative air moisture on indoor thermal environment is analyzed. The results show that the energy consumption can be reduced and comfortable thermal environment can be provided under natural condition by regulating the indoor moisture.     

基于县域单元的陕西日光温室蔬菜冻害风险特征及加温界线

低温冻害是陕西省干旱半干旱地区设施蔬菜越冬期的主要气象灾害,本研究明确了陕北和关中地区不同冻害级别指标,以县为单元提出了分析、计算设施蔬菜越冬期月尺度平均冻害频次及风险（ ）定量方法,分析了研究区域共68个县（区）冬季各月份多年平均冻害风险时间特征,研究结果表明：各地轻度冻害频次高于中度、重度,各地1、12、2月份各等级冻害出现频次依次减少,关中局地在12、2月未出现过重度冻害。陕北12、1月份0.6≤ ≤0.7,2月份0.5≤ ≤0.7;关中12、2月份0.1≤ ≤0.6,1月份0.2≤ ≤0.7。对各月冻害风险年份进行了分析,指出冻害风险不同年份间差异大,振幅变化明显。根据上述特征与陕西省设施蔬菜生产现状分冬季温室持续加温区、简易加温区、遇低温临时加温区这3个区域确定出了陕西设施蔬菜加温界限。该研究可提高温室防冻害能力,积极意义在于对设施蔬菜冻害风险管理对策方面进行了探索。     

Analyses of Annual Running Conditions for Ventilation System in Residences in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions

Based on the definitions of air conditioning period, dehumidifying period and heating period, this paper puts forward the exchanging conditions and psychrometric process of ventilation system in residences. Because of the remarkable humid climate in hot summer and cold winter regions, the ventilation dehumidification becomes a more important part of the air treatment system. In order to improve the indoor thermal environment quality, new strategies must be founded to control both temperature and humidity of ventilation system.     

The Seismic Shear Capacity of I-Shaped and T-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls

There are numerous shear walls with flanges in the high-rise buildings in P.R.China.The shear strength formula for shear walls in Chinese design codes lacks experimental data,while test results in other nations lack aseismatic shear strength test results for shear walls with flanges under axial force.In this paper,we report low-cyclic reverse load test results of shear wall models with large dimensions,one shear wall having an I-shaped cross-section and two with a T-shaped cross-section.We discuss why the aseismatic shear walls of high-rise buildings with large height-to-length ratios have small shear span ratios.We assess the reliability of the shear strength formulary in the Chinese codes for design of shear wall using the international shear wall test results.     

Analysis on Summer Thermal Environment Characteristic of a TeachingBuilding Cluster and Validation of Its Calculation Model

A 33-hour field test of outdoor thermal environment was carried out in a typical teaching building cluster located in the hot and humid zone in summer. From the experiment results of local climate data, air temperature, humidity, wind velocity and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) at the pedestrian-level, and the typical ground surface temperature, the main characteristics of summer outdoor thermal environment of teaching building cluster in hot and humid zone are obtained. The results show that the patio, overhead and porous pavement can reduce the pedestrian air temperature and WBGT effectively at summer daytime. And the function of the following design methods to improve the outdoor thermal comfort at the summer daytime has the order like overhead>patio>porous pavement>imporous pavement>concrete road. The WBGT at all measuring points at nighttime are almost the same. The test results are further used to verify the existing mathematical models of outdoor velocity and WBGT. The results show that the relative errors are within 6%. Then, the calculation values are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Influence of heat storage mode of domestic hot water on the performance of ground heat exchanger in ground-source heat pump system

The vertical U-tube ground-coupled heat pump system provides cold and heat for the controlling of indoor environment. Under the air-conditioning condition, the vertical U-tube ground-coupled heat pump system with heat recovery can provide domestic hot water. The influence of supplying domestic hot water on the heat transfer performance of ground heat exchangers is different under different operating modes in summer and winter. Through a project design of ground-source heat pump system, the influence of supplying domestic hot water under heat storage mode on the heat transfer performance of ground heat exchangers in summer and winter is respectively analyzed. The dynamic performance of heat exchangers under different working conditions is analyzed, and through numerical calculation, the heat transfer performance parameters of ground heat exchangers under different operating modes are obtained. From the calculation results, the adjusting methods based on the load characteristics of this project represent.