山地农业的春季冻害和倒春寒防御

利用气象中尺度自动站资料和灾情信息,将丽水市农业生产分为平原地区、低海拔山区、中高海拔山区3种类型,结合山地特点,对2010年两次倒春寒的天气特点进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）倒春寒对农业危害非常大,两次倒春寒的受灾机制和受灾强度不同,不同海拔地区的气象要素和受灾情况的差异性也很大,3月春季低温对平原地区的影响与4月倒春寒天气过程对中高海拔山区的影响基本相当,且明显弱于其低海拔、中高海拔地区的影响;（2）倒春寒天气发生前开展有针对性服务和预防准备以及开展规模化的大棚种植等措施,对提高山地农业倒春寒及春季低温冰冻天气的防御能力意义重大。     

树木挥发物及其抗虫作用研究进展

为今后VOCs在林木抗虫新品种的选育、抗虫机理及森林生态恢复等研究中的应用提供参考,综述了树木VOCs释放的主要类型及VOCs对植食性昆虫的作用。树木挥发物(VOCs)在森林病虫害防治中具有昆虫定位和自身防御双重作用,主要包括异戊二烯、单萜烯、其他活性物质等,其释放受生物因素和非生物因素影响;VOCs对植食性昆虫具有吸引、趋避以及吸引天敌等方面作用;特异性VOCs的鉴定与分离比较困难,还需从分子水平发掘树木VOCs中具有防御作用的关键组分。通过VOCs这个桥梁,对新的预防和控制虫害方法以及抗虫树种选育具有非常重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

灰飞虱胁迫下水稻防卫相关基因的表达

灰飞虱是我国水稻生产上的一种重要害虫。运用荧光定量PCR方法及特异性引物,对不同时间(12、24、36、48和72 h)灰飞虱胁迫下抗虫和感虫水稻品种中主要防卫途径的相关基因进行转录水平上定量分析。灰飞虱取食后,与水杨酸合成途径相关的基因PAL、NPR1、EDS1和PAD4在抗灰飞虱品种Mudgo中的表达水平均高于在感虫水稻Kittake中。接虫12 h后,PAL基因表达量达到未接虫时的6.914倍;在Mudgo中,PAL基因相对表达量上升更快,在24、48和72 h分别是Kittake中的42.848、70.743和69.193倍。NPR1基因在灰飞虱为害12、36和72 h后,在Mudgo中的表达量分别是Kittake中的4.690、6.231和4.112倍。与茉莉酸合成相关的基因LOX和AOS2,在灰飞虱为害36 h后,在Kittake中的表达水平显著高于Mudgo中。乙烯信号途径中的受体基因EIN2在Kittake中的表达量也高于Mudgo中。结果表明,灰飞虱取食激活了抗虫水稻Mudgo中依赖水杨酸介导的抗性途径,同时诱导感虫水稻Kittake产生了依赖茉莉酸/乙烯途径的防卫反应,PAL和NPR1基因的表达在调节Mudgo抗灰飞虱中具有重要作用。     

142份甜高粱品种的分子身份证构建

从分布在高粱染色体10个连锁群上的103对SSR引物中,筛选出41对多态性引物, 并用其扩增国内外142份甜高粱种质资源, 检测到189个多态性片段, 每对引物的等位基因数在2~11之间,平均为4.6个。引物位点的多态信息含量指数(PIC)变幅为0.089~0.850,平均为0.543。品种间特异指数差异较大,介于109.1~454.7之间,平均为189.0。结果表明, 根据引物的等位基因数确定11对引物(Xtxp329、Xtxp258、Xtxp113、Xtxp303、Xtxp61、Xtxp201、Xtxp14、Xtxp91、Xtxp47、Xtxp217和Xtxp67)组合, 并用于构建142份品种资源的分子身份证, 有效地区分了各品种。     

《作物杂志》加入开放科学计划

<正>《作物杂志》从2019年8月起加入开放科学计划(Open Science Identity,OSID),将通过开放科学二维标识码(OSID码)提供系列增值服务,为作者提供科研成果立体展示渠道,为读者提供更好的阅读体验,以促进学术交流和科研成果更好地传播。投稿本刊的作者请注册OSID作者助手工具账号,创建OSID码,使用电脑或手机上传语音、视频、文字介绍等增强素材,在稿件中加入OSID码后一起投到本刊(http://zwzz.cbpt.cnki.net/)。OSID码功能及可上传的材料(1)作者介绍论文的语音:作者通过语音介绍研究方向、研究目的、研究意义、研究前的准备工作和研究过程中的趣事等,从而展现更多的研究细节;     

黄淮海农区超高产种植模式下玉米氮营养特性的研究

初步研究了探讨了黄淮海农区冬小麦Ⅱ早春玉米／夏玉米（简称间作玉米）、春玉米单作、冬小麦－夏玉米（简称单作夏玉米）轮作3种超高产种植模式下玉米的氮营养特性，结果表明，间作提高了玉米产量，但在高脂水平氮吸收效率却低于当量面积单作，在中肥和无肥水平下，间作氮利用效率高于单作，吸收效率低于单作。在作物共生期间，养分吸收存在着竞争和补偿作用，使得间作玉米氮吸收量在每个生育期都不同同于单作。间作提高了夏玉米氮素向籽粒的转移强度，而春玉米只在不施肥时有种趋势。     

钙与叶锈菌侵染诱导小麦防卫反应的关系

采用活体注射法将不同浓度的钙信使阻断及激活药物注入小麦叶片,其中阻断药物注射后立即接种叶锈菌,研究了钙信使与小麦受叶锈菌侵染诱导的防卫反应的关系。结果表明,用Ca2 螯合剂EGTA除去或降低胞外Ca2 浓度,用Ca2 通道阻断剂Verapamil或La3 阻断胞外Ca2 进入胞质,都能部分地抑制叶锈菌诱导的防卫反应,即PAL,POD的活性升高和过敏性反应(HR)的发生。抑制程度随药物浓度升高而增高。注射Ca2 载体A23187能部分模拟叶锈菌侵染诱导的这3种防卫反应。说明叶锈菌侵染诱导的PAL,POD活性升高和HR的发生,需要胞外Ca2 进入胞内,Ca2 参与了叶锈菌侵染激活防卫反应的信号转导过程。     

Coronatine Enhances Chilling Tolerance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings by Improving the Antioxidative Defence System

Coronatine (COR) is a new plant growth regulator that mimics the biological activities of methyl jasmonate. We determined whether COR enhanced chilling tolerance of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun 4) seedlings and if such tolerance was correlated with changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. COR was applied to seedlings at two-leaf stage at 0 (Control), 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 n m . Seedlings were then subjected to chilling stress at 5 ± 1 °C for 4 days. Seedlings treated with COR showed significant higher tolerance to chilling stress and the optimal concentration was 1–10 n m . Compared with control, the chilling injury index (CII) of the seedlings treated with COR at 1 and 10 n m was decreased by 44.9 % and 24.5 %, respectively, while the membrane chilling stability (MCS) expressed as the change of relative conductance was increased by 37.2 % and 17.0 %, respectively. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves treated with COR at 1 n m was decreased by 39.7 %, and the O₂⁻ production rate and H₂O₂ content reduced by 28.6 % and 8.5 %, respectively. Treatment with COR at 1 n m increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leaves by 34.4 %, catalase (CAT) by 58.7 % and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 23.0 % under low temperature. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were also significantly improved by 28.9 % and 21.3 % following treatment with COR at 1 and 10 n m , respectively. The overall results suggest that COR enhanced chilling tolerance in cucumber seedlings by improving the antioxidative defence system.     

水稻纹枯病抗性反应中主要防御酶的活性变化

为研究抗纹枯病性不同的水稻的抗性与其体内主要防御酶活性间的关系;对抗纹枯病性不同的水稻品种（系）HX、特青和七丝软占接种水稻纹枯病菌,分析测定接种后不同时间点,各个品种（系）苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性变化。结果表明,接种后,参试的3个品种（系）的水稻PAL、PPO、POD的酶活性都升高;其中抗病品种（系）与感病品种相比,其PAL、PPO、POD的酶活性达到峰值的时间要晚,但其达到的峰值要大,且持续时间要长。在未接种时,抗病品种的POD活性就明显高于感病品种七丝软占的POD活性,而PAL、PPO活性在未接种时,抗、感病品种间无明显差异。     

基于DNA指纹建立农作物品种身份证的方法探析

为解决种子生产、经营和知识产权保护中存在的突出问题,本文提出了构建农作物品种身份证及建立品种身份证制度。在借鉴人类身份证建立模式基础上,将品种的商品信息、指纹信息及特异基因信息相结合,构建农作物的品种身份证。农作物品种身份证由3部分构成：第1部分称为商品码,反映作物及品种类别、品种选育（或审定）的区域和时间等,预设14位阿拉伯数字（或字母）;第2部分称为指纹码,反映品种的DNA指纹信息,依据作物类型不同预设20~40位阿拉伯数字（或字母）;第3部分称为补充码（特异基因识别码）,反映品种的特异基因信息,设计为字母“T”（转基因育种）、“S”（分子育种）和“M”（诱变育种）等,加上被导入、渗入或诱变的基因名称;身份证总位数约50位。采用本方法编码的农作物品种身份证,具有准确性高、通用性强及可追溯性等特点,对我国农作物品种的科学识别和管理具有十分积极的意义。     

Boron Induced Oxidative Stress,Antioxidant Defence Response and Changes in Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua L.

Boron is an essential plant micronutrient and the range between deficient and toxic levels of boron is narrow for most of the plants. Like other elements, boron becomes toxic to growth at high concentrations. High boron concentrations in soil reduce crop productivity in many areas of the world. The effect of increasing levels of boron (0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 mm ) on oxidative stress, antioxidant defence response and changes in artemisinin content in Artemisia annua were investigated in the present study. Boron toxicity reduced the growth parameters viz. stem height, fresh weight and dry weight. Treatments induced oxidative stress resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO₂ and total chlorophyll content. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POX and SOD were also noted in response to increasing levels of boron stress. However, H₂O₂ and artemisinin content were found to be high up to 1.00 mm concentration of boron compared to control, and on applying higher doses, further reduced contents were obtained. Thus, the results suggest that a mild stress of boron can be utilized for enhanced artemisinin production.     

Cellular Defence Reaction of American Cockroach , Periplaneta americana to Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate CQMa102

Injection of conidia solution of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate CQMa102 into the hemocoel of Periplaneta americana caused significant changes of the total hemocytes of the cockroach. P. americana eliminated large amount of the spores efficiently by phagocytosis and nodulation.The experiment shows that the immune system of the cockroach was hardly injured after injected with high dose spores, and the higher dose of spores was injected,the higher mortality of the insect was. However, low dose injection strengthened the immune ability of the insect in certain degree. The saline slightly induced the immune reaction of the insect.     

Methyl Jasmonate‐Induced Alteration in Lipid Peroxidation,Antioxidative Defence System and Yield in Soybean Under Drought

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant‐signalling molecule, is involved in an array of plant development and the defence responses. This study was conducted to explore the role of exogenous MeJA application in alleviating the adversities of drought stress in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill.). Soybean plants were grown under normal conditions until blooming and were then subjected to drought by withholding irrigation followed by foliar application of (50 μm ) MeJA. Drought stress substantially suppressed the yield and yield‐related traits, whereas it accelerated the membrane lipid peroxidation. Nonetheless, substantial increase in activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)), proline, relative water contents (RWC) with simultaneous decrease in membrane lipid peroxidation was observed in MeJA‐treated plants under drought. These beneficial effects led to improvement in biological and grain yield, and harvest index under drought. Interestingly, MeJA application was also useful under well‐watered conditions. These results suggest the involvement of MeJA in improving the drought tolerance of soybean by modulating the membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities.     

"秋风"频发地区杂交水稻抗寒性品种(组合)的鉴选

针对近年来秋风发生频繁,造成杂交水稻大面积减产,选用推广抗寒性强的品种(组合)、确保用种安全是实现高产稳产的重要途径.本文通过对引进的杂交水稻新品种及当前生产上主栽品种(组合)的抗寒性进行鉴定,结果表明金优431、黔优18、Ⅱ优838、汕优联合2号等耐寒性强,适于秋风频发地区品种布局中选用.     

Cotton Leaf Senescence can be Delayed by Nitrophenolate Spray Through Enhanced Antioxidant Defence System

Leaf senescence is an oxidative process, and most of the catabolic processes involved in senescence are propagated irreversibly once initiated. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that nitrophenolates (Atonik, a plant growth regulator) spray can delay the leaf senescence through reduced oxidative damage. Atonik 3.75 g a.i. ha^?1 was sprayed during boll filling stage on cotton, and the senescence process was evaluated by quantifying total chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm ratio, various reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity from 90 days after sowing (DAS) to 130 DAS. The result indicated that nitrophenolate spray reduced the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion (O₂^?) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), lipoxygenase activity and membrane permeability over unsprayed control. The antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, SOD; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; peroxidase, POX; glutathione peroxidase, GSH‐Px) were significantly increased by the nitrophenolate spray. POX (118.1 %) and GSH‐Px (143.3 %) activities were enhanced to a higher level compared to APX (8.5 %) activity at 130 DAS. Enhanced accumulation of ascorbate (144.9 %), phenol (154.7 %) and proline (50 %) was seen in nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants compared with unsprayed control plants at 130 DAS. Ascorbate content is increased by higher dehydroascorbate reductase enzyme activity. Ascorbate was thus able to replenish reducing equivalents to phenoxyl radicals resulting in an increase in phenolic compounds. The increased phenolic acid content may be involved in scavenging the ROS produced during senescence process. The higher level of reduced ascorbate and low level of endogenous H₂O₂ in the leaves may be the prerequisite for delayed leaf senescence in the nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants can postpone the leaf senescence by peroxide/phenolic/ascorbate system which is involved in scavenging the ROS produced during leaf senescence.     

野生花生高油种质DNA指纹身份证构建

以20份高油野生花生为材料,从252对SSR引物中筛选出46对扩增条带清晰且多态性丰富的引物对其基因组DNA进行扩增,46对引物共扩增出425条带,全部为多态性条带,多态条带比例为100%。每对引物扩增获得的条带数为2~21条,平均9条。其中引物2E6的扩增效率最高,能将20份材料中的14份区分开。双引物组合2E6/PM403的鉴别能力最强,能将20份材料中的18份区分开。5组三引物组合能将20份材料完全区分,包括2E6/PM403/1B9、2E6/PM403/9A7、2E6/PM403/10H1A、2E6/PM403/PM201、2E6/PM403/PM458,其中三引物组合2E6/PM403/10H1A为涉及引物中的最佳引物组合。综合使用野生花生材料的国家统一编号、引物名称、分子数据建立了20份野生花生高油种质DNA指纹身份数据库,为野生花生的安全保存和保护以及有效利用奠定了基础。