云南南亚热带多雨区引进禾本科牧草的适应性及评价

引进国外优良牧草栽培种14个在云南南亚热带多雨区进行种植,结果表明:贝斯莉斯克俯仰臂形草、纳罗克非洲狗尾草、海密尔大黍、海琴绸纹孔颖草、帕春青绿黍和无芒臂形草6个牧草品种在适应性,草产量和质量方面表现较好,适宜在该地区推广种植。     

A comparison of grass and grass/legume pastures under irrigation in the Outeniqua area of the southern Cape

Two grass and five grass/legume pastures were evaluated over a period of two seasons at two seasonally set grazing pressures and under two grazing management systems, involving five and seven paddocks per flock and a seven‐day period of stay. Grazing capacity was most limiting during winter. Pastures with fescue as grass component had, overall, the highest grazing capacity, while white clover‐based pastures had the highest animal production. The legume content of the grass/legume pastures was markedly higher on the seven than on the five‐paddock system. Dry matter and animal production of white clover‐based pastures was favoured by a seven‐paddock system as opposed to a five‐paddock system, while mixtures containing lucerne and pure grass pastures were either not influenced by grazing management or promoted by a five‐camp system.     

新疆裕民县夏季草地合理放牧强度监测报告

通过开放式的定点样方笼移动法,监测当前放牧强度下草地的产草量与不同阶段的存量,以此估算夏草地的合理放牧强度。监测结果显示：裕民县禾草＋苔草＋杂类草类型夏草地的牧草产量为鲜草5238kg／hm^2,干草2017kg／hm^2实际利用率约为84％,超载率约40％,合理放牧强度为9．96羊单位／hm^2,放牧90d。     

不同建植期混播草地群落特征的年际动态

针对新疆昭苏山前平地草甸草原严重退化的问题,采用耕翻混播种植6种豆科和禾本科牧草的方式,研究不同种植年限混播草地的物种消长、群落特征和产量变化。结果表明,混播草地植物组成、群落结构与对照(天然草地)相比均发生了明显变化,栽培牧草种占据绝对优势,牧草地上生物量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）;除2008年外,最高生物量均在7月中旬,比天然草地提前15 d以上,最高地上生物量平均为2 500 g·m-2,是天然草地的2.54倍。随着种植年限的延长,草地原有牧草先后出现,致使群落物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度总体呈增加趋势;栽培牧草重要值总体呈下降趋势,其中禾本科牧草呈增加而豆科牧草呈下降趋势,草地生产力虽呈下降趋势但仍保持较高生产力。     

新疆半干旱区不同豆科/禾本科牧草混播草地生产力的变化研究

混播草地竞争和促进关系是影响生产力和稳定性的重要因素,最终都通过牧草干物质产量以及草地物种的组成变化等指标表现出来。研究选择当地生产最常用的4种牧草无芒雀麦、鸭茅、红豆草、红三叶,以单播为对照,通过对2种豆/禾和3种牧草组合的混播草地牧草产量及物种组成变化进行长期监测,分析混播草地生产力的变化以及影响其稳定性的因素。结果表明:不论是单播还是混播,刈割干物质产量在年际间均表现为2017年高于2018年。放牧干物质产量在年际间均表现为2018年显著高于2017和2016年,鸭茅/红三叶混播草地除外。对2种牧草混播草地各物种干物质产量、密度及粗蛋白贡献的比例分析,从2016年到2018年,无芒雀麦干物质产量和密度所占比例均显著增加,鸭茅和红三叶干物质产量和密度所占比例均显著下降。红豆草与无芒雀麦混播时逐步降低,而与鸭茅混播时显著增加。3种牧草混播草地中,无芒雀麦和红豆草干物质产量和密度所占的比例显著增加,红三叶和鸭茅干物质产量和密度所占比例显著降低。综上所述,干旱区混播草地年际间干物质产量的消长变化主要取决于年均降水量和牧草的适应性。从混播草地干物质产量和密度的变化来看,随着年限增加,无芒雀麦和红豆草在混播草地中逐渐占据优势,鸭茅和红三叶在混播草地中逐渐处于劣势,且有消退的趋势。     

Considerations on the sustainability and environmental impact of intensive pastures

Intensive pastures form an important component of livestock production systems in South Africa. The sustainability and environmental impact of intensive pastures via their effects on soil properties and nutrient fluxes vary considerably depending on the systems adopted. Soil organic C and N data from various pasture systems provide evidence of a rapid decline in organic matter levels under annual pastures, particularly on coarse or medium‐textured soils. This evidence, coupled with the vulnerability of annual pastures to soil erosion during establishment, places their sustainability at risk. Soil acidification, accelerated by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, must be counteracted by liming to ensure the sustainability of pasture systems. Phosphorus and K, both relatively immobile in pasture top soils, are not susceptible to much loss. Nitrogen, on the other hand, is susceptible to both gaseous and leaching losses. Balanced fertilization may limit N losses and soil acidification by ensuring more efficient plant utilization of this element. Research priorities indicated are the development of systems that enhance the sustainability of annual pastures, and the improvement of the efficiency of soil and fertilizer N usage in both annual and perennial intensive pastures.     

硝酸稀土在多年生牧草优质生产中的应用研究

本文利用不同浓度的硝酸稀土材料对河南省 5种主要多年生优良牧草进行为期 3年的生产应用性研究。结果表明 :稀土能够显著地促进牧草的营养生长 ,提高产草量和饲料品质 ,促进豆科牧草的根瘤发育 ;紫花苜蓿、三叶草及红豆草的硝酸稀土最佳使用浓度为 60 0×1 0 -6～ 65 0× 1 0 -6,多年生黑麦草及苇状羊茅的最佳使用浓度为 45 0× 1 0 -6～ 5 0 0× 1 0 -6。     

Overberg research projects. VI. The biology and control of Oestrus ovis in sheep in the winter rainfall areas of the southern Cape

Oestrus ovis was endemic on all the farms included in a survey conducted in the southern Cape, but each farm had its own unique seasonal pattern of infestation. Flock sheep were infested 10-12 months and tracers 5-9 months of the year. Sporadic infestations occurred in winter and spring, while peaks were reached in summer and autumn. Development of O. ovis larvae deposited in autumn was retarded for up to 5 1/2 months. Pupae of O. ovis formed from 27 April-9 August, with the exception of a single pupae formed on 29 June, failed to produce flies. Pupal periods ranged from 30 days in January to 80 days in June. Strategic anthelmintic treatments in May, August and November and a tactical treatment in March are recommended.     

不同季节南方人工改良草地载畜量研究

在南方高海拔山区,研究不同放牧强度（7．5、15、30和45羊／hm2）和放牧季节对人工改良草地和家畜生产性能的影响,对不同季节人工改良草地适宜载畜量进行探讨。结果表明：不同放牧强度对地上现存量和家畜生产性能有显著影响（P〈0．05）。地上现存量（Yh,g／m2）与放牧率（S,羊／hm2）之间呈线性负相关;日增重（Ya...     

祁连山北坡3个季节性牧场夏季的土壤呼吸

以祁连山北坡高寒灌丛化草甸和高寒草原为对象,测定比较夏季、冬季和春秋季牧场的夏季土壤呼吸特征及与其影响因素之间的关系,为牧场碳汇管理提供依据。以高山灌丛化草甸为主的夏季牧场日均土壤呼吸速率(Rs)为0.26μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),以高寒草原为主的冬季和春秋季牧场日均Rs分别为0.24和0.19μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)。随放牧增强,冬季牧场Rs减小,春秋季和夏季牧场Rs增加。冬季牧场Rs与土壤含水量(soil mosture,SM)显著正相关(P0.05),Rs与放牧率(stocking rate,SR)和土壤温度(soil temperature,Ts)显著负相关(P0.05);春秋季牧场Rs与SR、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically awailable radiation,PAR)、Ts显著正相关(P0.05);春秋季牧场Rs与SM和群落盖度(community coverage,C)显著负相关(P0.05)。结构模型方程表明,冬季牧场放牧率通过Ts对Rs的负向间接作用最强,SM对Rs正向的直接作用次之;春秋季牧场群落盖度对Rs负向直接作用最大,放牧率对Rs正向的直接作用次之。冬季牧场Rs可分别由Rs=0.436-0.012Ts+0.018SM(R2=0.911,P=0.038)和Rs=0.707+0.002SR-0.02Ts(R2=0.775,P=0.037)估测;春秋季牧场可由Rs=-0.239+0.003PAR-0.001C(R2=0.979,P=0.004)估测。     

不同钙镁磷肥用量对混播放牧草地的影响

钙镁磷肥是南方人工草地较为理想的维持肥,投入低、产出高.通过年对白三叶/禾草混播放牧人工草地推荐施维持肥试验,初步探索了不同用量钙镁磷肥对人工草地土壤肥力、牧草产量、质量等的影响,试验表明600 kg/hm2维持肥用量是提高白三叶/禾草混播放牧人工草地生产力、降低成本,增加效益的理想施肥量.     

Soil quality effects on regeneration of annual Medicago pastures in the Swartland of South Africa

Annual medic (Medicago spp.) pastures are widely used as the forage component of crop rotation systems in the Mediterranean region of South Africa. Reliable establishment of medics can be challenging. This may be related to poor soil quality, an inherent problem of soils in the region often aggravated by poor management. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying soil quality factors that result in classifying soils as having low, medium and high medic pasture production potential. The study was carried out on two farms that have followed crop/pasture rotation systems for the past 20 years. Two growing seasons (2015 and 2016) were evaluated on areas within fields that were identified to have poor, medium and high production potential. Soil samples were taken to evaluate soil quality and to determine the medic seed density in soil. Above-ground seed production and herbage production were monitored during the growing season. The low productivity soils had the lowest below-and above-ground seed density, medic seedlings establishment and medic herbage yield. Soil sodicity was one of the main factors decreasing pasture productivity. In a production system where medics need to regenerate effectively following good seed production, soil sodicity may be especially detrimental.     

混播比例和施氮肥对箭筈豌豆/燕麦草地根系特性的影响

豆科和禾本科牧草混播是栽培草地的重要模式之一,能显著改善土壤,提升系统可持续生产能力。牧草根系是土壤有机质返还的重要来源,但混播草地中牧草根系特性的变化尚不清楚。以箭筈豌豆和燕麦草地为对象,研究了不同施氮肥水平和混播比例下其根生物量、根性状的变化。结果表明:1)混播比例和施氮肥对草地根生物量和根性状有显著交互作用,混播草地根生物量显著大于单播;与高氮肥处理相比,根生物量在低、中氮肥处理下更高;高氮肥对根长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在植物生长前期表现为抑制作用,在生长后期随混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增大,抑制作用减轻。2)混播条件下土壤硝态氮含量大于单播,而土壤铵态氮含量仅在乳熟期时大于单播,且随混播中箭筈豌豆比例增大,矿质氮含量增加;施氮肥对0~30 cm土层中的矿质氮含量有显著影响,其含量在施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2下最高,不施肥下最小。3)根生物量与土壤硝态氮含量间显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积与土壤硝态氮含量间显著负相关。综上,混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增加有助于改善土壤矿质氮,优化混播草地根性状。     

南方红壤区种植黑麦草的效应研究

研究了种植越年生黑麦草Lolium perenne对红壤N、P、K养分变化的影响,测定越年生黑麦草的营养成分及家畜饲喂的效果.结果表明:连续几年种植黑麦草的红壤,N、P、K的全量和有效养分的含量均比新开垦的红壤显著提高;黑麦草粗蛋白、维生素含量丰富,用黑麦草饲喂奶牛,奶牛日产鲜奶量可提高17.3%.同时对"草肥混播"的效果做了初步探讨.     

1961-2010年锡林浩特地区夏季降水量特征的小波分析

运用墨西哥帽函数(Mexican Hat Function)小波分析方法对锡林浩特地区50年来夏季降水量进行了小波分析。结果表明,夏季降水量在不同时间尺度上的周期变化不同,在较大时间尺度上振荡平缓,在较小时间尺度上振荡剧烈。夏季降水量周期振荡的第1～4主周期分别为30年、27年、24年和21年,夏季降水量多少和周期变化对年降水量产生一定影响。该区夏季降水量在30年以上较大时间尺度上存在7～15年的周期变化;在15年时间尺度上存在明显的10年左右的周期变化;在9年时间尺度上存在2～9年的周期变化;在3年以下较小时间尺度上周期振荡明显加强,无稳定周期,降水存在明显的不确定性。降水量的多少是决定草地植被生长状况和营养成分积累及含量的主要原因之一。     

黄土高原沟壑区环境与牧草适宜性的调查分析

2003年6-7月,对黄土高原地区甘肃庆阳宁县瓦斜乡东风沟内的天然植被进行了种类和盖度的调查.结合调查数据,根据草地资源调查规划学原理对生态系统健康状况与草地退化程度进行了评价,提出该区退化草地生态系统培育与恢复、退耕还草区域环境改良的建议.查询"中国草业开发专家系统"后,根据该软件中"牧草栽培"与"草原综合顺序分类"模块提供的专家建议,比较实验数据,做出牧草适宜性分析.     

南方9种野生禾草种子发芽条件筛选与标准化

试验以国内收集的荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、短柄草(Brachypodium sylvaticum)、细柄草(Capillipedium parviflorum)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、知风草(Eragrostis ferruginea)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、棒头草(Polypogon fugax)、鼠尾粟(Sporobolus indicus var. purpurea-suffusus)、三毛草(Trisetum bifidum)野生禾本科牧草种子为研究对象,通过对不同培养温度、光照、预处理和计数时间等条件的比较筛选,确定供试种子的适宜发芽条件和种子预处理条件,以期为种子发芽测定的标准化提供参考和依据。根据发芽试验结果,筛选出了荩草、牛筋草、知风草、千金子、棒头草、鼠尾粟植物种子的最适发芽条件;基于发芽进程,确定了初次和末次计数时间;为荩草等种子推荐了解除休眠的预处理方法。另外,细柄草、三毛草种子发芽期间新鲜未发芽种子数较多,需要进一步研究破除其休眠的适宜方法。     

皖西地区几种冷季型饲草适应性评价及营养成分比较

对引进的冷季型豆科饲草白三叶、紫花苜蓿和禾本科饲草多花黑麦草共9个品种在皖西地区进行生态适应性和营养成分比较试验,结果表明：各草种均能较好地适应当地的生态条件,能够正常完成生育期;各草种不同品种生态适应性和产草量有明显差异,营养成分含量也有显著不同.     

皖西地区几种冷季型饲草适应性评价及营养成分比较

对引进的冷季型豆科饲草白三叶、紫花苜蓿和禾本科饲草多花黑麦草共9个品种在皖西地区进行生态适应性和营养成分比较试验,结果表明:各草种均能较好地适应当地的生态条件,能够正常完成生育期;各草种不同品种生态适应性和产草量有明显差异,营养成分含量也有显著不同。