患白垩病蜂群的温湿度研究

以蜜蜂白垩病致病菌蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)感染西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera).通过记录染病蜂群的温湿度和发病幼虫数,研究了养蜂生产中,温湿度变化对感染该病的西方蜜蜂蜂群(中等群势)的影响.结果显示:当蜂群内的温度降低到某个阈值范围时,不论是试验组还是对照组都会出现不同程度地增加发病幼虫数.     

蜜蜂对接种球囊菌孢子幼虫清除行为的研究

为研究不同白垩病抗性蜜蜂蜂群对接种蜜蜂球囊菌孢子幼虫的清除行为。利用微量移液器对未患白垩病的意大利蜜蜂、患白垩病的意大利蜜蜂以及从未报道患病的中华蜜蜂的二日龄幼虫接种蜜蜂球囊菌孢子的水溶液,观察计算患病与否蜂群对接种幼虫的清除能力的差异。结果显示,未患病的意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂对接种蜜蜂幼虫分别有65%和60%的清除率,而患病意大利蜜蜂则只有约22%的清除率。抗性蜂群对接种幼虫的清除主要发生在接种后的2～3天内和化蛹后,而患病蜂群在幼虫期则基本没有清除,只在蛹期有少量的清除。该结果说明,对染病幼虫的及时清除行为是蜜蜂抗白垩病的重要机制。     

蜜蜂白垩病的防治

我地位于河北省西北部山区的出入口 ,洋槐多 ,蜜源充足 ,是省内外蜂友的首选放蜂之地。每年春季 ,由于大量转地蜂群的涌入 ,我地蜂群不同程度地受到白垩病的侵染 ,当地蜂农因此而造成的经济损失不小。因此 ,白垩病的防治工作显得尤为重要。白垩病是由蜂球囊菌引起的 ,能使大幼虫及封盖的幼虫死亡。死虫表面布满白色的丝状菌 ,慢慢变成疏松的石灰状硬块 ,颜色由灰逐渐变黑。白垩病的发生有如下特点：１ .蜂群发病的箱外条件是：低温、潮湿、蜜源不足或蜜蜂被蜜蜂球囊菌感染。２ .蜂群染病的箱内条件是：蜂种抗病能力差 ,巢内缺粉蜜 ,蜂数稀疏…     

白垩病流行病学

<正>白垩病是蜂球囊菌侵染蜜蜂幼虫(工蜂、蜂王和雄蜂幼虫)导致其死亡的真菌性传染病。尽管该病导致蜜蜂幼虫个体死亡,但是通常不会摧毁整个蜂群,不过会引起群势下降。工蜂能有效识别并清理发病幼虫,因此大部分蜂群可自愈。蜂群间甚至同一蜂群内来自不同父系的工蜂在感病性和清理行为方面有差异。白垩病在全球范围内发生,并有逐渐上升的趋势。蜂球囊菌是异菌体形,只有在两种不同株菌丝相互接触的地方才能形成孢子。     

蜜蜂白垩病的研究进展

蜜蜂白垩病(bee chalk-brood disease)是由蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)引起的真菌性传染病,主要侵染对象为蜂群中抵抗力较差的幼虫,是养蜂业的主要病害之一,对全世界范围内的蜂群均有较大影响。文章就蜜蜂白垩病的研究现状,分别从该病的发生情况、发病因素、球囊菌胞外酶、蜜蜂的防御反应、分子检测、综合防治等方面进行综述。总之,通过本文以期深入了解蜜蜂白垩病的研究现状及其发病机理,为今后更好地指导生产中科学饲养蜜蜂,做好蜜蜂病害防治奠定理论基础。     

中、意蜂抗白垩病能力的检测与分析

蜜蜂白垩病(chalkbrood disease)是由蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaeraapis)引起的蜜蜂幼虫死亡的真菌性疾病,该病已蔓延至世界各地并对养蜂业造成严重危害。本研究采用20个患白垩病蜜蜂黑色干尸混合50 g花粉粉碎,用蜂蜜混和制成条状花粉饼对意蜂蜂群进行人工接种感染,发现意蜂蜂群在接种前后患病个数差异显著(P=0.0227);自然情况下发病率差异显著不同组的蜂群之间在接种感染前后患病个数差异均显著(P=0.0238和P=0.0211),证实了不同蜂群抗白垩病能力确实存在显著差异。采用封盖子脾冷冻法检测了5群意蜂蜂群的清理能力,发现蜂群内幼虫的患病个数与清理率呈显著负相关(P=0.01 87),说明蜂群清理能力越强患白垩病的个数越少。采用蜂群白垩病人工接种方法对3个中蜂蜂群进行接种感染,结果均没有发现中蜂幼虫患白垩病。采用封盖子脾冷冻法检测蜂群的清理能力,发现中蜂和意蜂蜂群的清理能力无显著差异(P=0.2638),提示中蜂蜂群的抗白垩病能力可能由其他因素决定。     

茶花烂子与白垩病的区别与联系

1　茶花烂子与白垩病在某些方面的区别(1)从发病原因看 ,茶花烂子是由于茶花蜜中含有棉子糖和水苏糖不能被蜜蜂消化和利用引起的 ;白垩病是由于蜂具和蜂粮不洁净受蜂球囊菌感染而引起的真菌性传染病。简而言之 ,茶花烂子是因“中毒”引起 ,白垩病是一种“传染病”。(2 )虽然茶花烂子和白垩病发病的都是封盖前的蜜蜂幼虫 ,茶花烂子时蜂群散发出一股酸臭味 ,白垩病发病蜂群无臭味。(3)从发病季节看 ,茶花烂子发生于秋末冬初 ,白垩病却在春夏季节都有可能发生。(4)从蜜蜂幼虫死亡后的酸碱性上分析 ,二者恰好相反 ,茶花烂子为碱性 ,白垩病则为酸…     

意大利蜜蜂不同蜂群抗白垩病能力差异的研究

白垩病是意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica,简称意蜂）的一种常见真菌性疾病,不同蜂群间的抗白垩病能力强弱差异检测是抗病育种的基础.研究通过实验比较分析意蜂不同蜂群抗白垩病能力的差异.采用DPS软件方差分析系统分组实验统计分析和Tukey法多重比较,对4群患病蜂群和4群健康蜂群自然状态和接种蜜蜂球囊菌病原状态下的3次检测结果分别进行统计分析.结果表明：自然情况下不同蜂群间的抗病能力有差异;1号蜂群在接种蜜蜂球囊菌前、后蜂群患病个体数均显著高于其他蜂群（p＜0.05）;用白垩病死尸粉末拌入花粉饲喂的方法可以有效诱发蜂群发生白垩病;实验筛选出抗白垩病能力强、弱的蜂群为抗白垩病相关分子标记提供素材.     

防治蜜蜂白垩病的微生物筛选

蜜蜂白垩病是由蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)感染西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)幼虫引起的一种真菌性传染病.防治白垩病微生物筛选,是从土壤、腐烂果蔬、发酵蜂蜜、小曲和固体酵母中分离出28株酵母茵,用平板抑菌圈法筛选到5株酵母茵对蜂球囊菌有抑制作用.     

白垩幼虫病的研究

诱发真菌的条件包括蜂箱内湿度过高,营养不足、蜂群因其他病害,如欧洲幼虫腐臭病而变弱。引言白垩幼虫病是由蜜蜂子囊球菌(Ascosphaera apis)引起的一种蜜蜂幼虫真菌病。在只有一种菌株(+或-)的菌丝体侵染而死亡的幼虫,变成白垩状干尸。当相反的菌     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -