依据水土流失分布特点制定防治对策

辽宁省现有土壤侵蚀面积46 341.3 km2,占全省土地总面积的31.7%。其中:水力侵蚀为40 429.1km2,风力侵蚀3 318 km2,人为侵蚀2 593.3 km2。全省年土壤侵蚀总量为1.31亿t,水土流失区平均土壤侵蚀模数为2 834 t/(km2.a)。地域分布主要在辽西4市及辽东32个县(市、区)。地类分布:林草地中共有水土流失面积2 551.3 km2,占全省总侵蚀面积的55%。旱作坡耕地侵蚀面积18 131.3 km2,占全省侵蚀总面积的39.1%,主要发生在3°~5°坡耕地上,占耕地侵蚀面积的71.8%。防治对策:认清形势,继续加大治理力度,改善林草地环境质量,发挥植被防御功能;加强坡耕地治理,改变小地形及退耕还林;沟壑治理必须防御性治理与开发性治理相结合。建立监测预警机制,控制水土流失。     

圪塔涧优质高效小流域的建设经验

圪塔涧流域为黄河一级支流,地处三门峡库区,总面积29.28 km2,水土流失面积28.25 km2,占总面积96.5%。水土流失严重,年均土壤侵蚀模数5 750 t/km2,75%的地表径流和泥沙直接入库。三年试点期间,共完成水土流失治理面积16.26 km2,累计治理面积达到21.3 km2,治理程度75.4%。通过试点治理,土地利用结构与农业经济结构得到有效调整,综合效益显著。2005年,流域农民人均粮食430 kg,人均纯收入达到2 036.8元。年均土壤侵蚀模数由5 750 t/km2下降到557 t/km2。各项治理措施每年拦蓄径流123.1万m3,拦泥15.15万t,蓄水效率达到81%,保土效率达到90%。     

70多年来纸坊沟小流域土壤侵蚀演变过程

为了系统研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀演变过程及其规律,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域为例,在GIS的支持下,运用RUSLE估算了该流域1938-2010年间18个年份的年侵蚀量和侵蚀强度,分析了70多年来流域土壤侵蚀时空演变过程.结果表明:1)纸坊沟流域的土壤侵蚀随时间呈四次抛物线变化,侵蚀模数由1938年的7 584.39t/(km2·a)猛增到1958年的4万6 392.56 t/( km2 ·a),随后总体呈递减趋势,到2010年侵蚀模数降至5 150.80t/( km2·a).2)1938年中度以下侵蚀面积占流域总面积的52.99％;1958-1978年以剧烈侵蚀为主,占流域总面积的67.05％,其中1958年高达78.61％;1978-1998年侵蚀强度有所下降,微度侵蚀面积占流域总面积比例达到29.27％;1999年以来,微度侵蚀面积达到3.85 km2,剧烈侵蚀面积仅占流域总面积的8.96％.经过30多年的综合治理,该流域生态环境明显改善,但沟谷陡荒坡侵蚀依然严重,是今后水土流失治理的重点区域.     

基于GIS的呼伦贝尔地区土壤侵蚀动态变化研究

基于1995年、2000年和2005年3个时期TM影像数据.运用ArcGIS 9.2软件和通用水土流失方程(RU-SLE),定量研究呼伦贝尔地区不同时期土壤侵蚀动态,运用马尔科夫模型对2010年和2015年呼伦贝尔地区水土流失状况进行了预测.结果表明.在过去10 a中,呼伦贝尔地区土壤侵蚀程度以微度侵蚀为主,轻度以上侵蚀面积仅占总面积的10%左右.其中,1995-2000年呼伦贝尔地区微度侵蚀面积净减少534.33 km~2,轻度以上侵蚀面积增加了580.02 km~2,说明1995-2000年的5 a中呼伦贝尔地区土壤侵蚀强度呈增大趋势;2000-2005年微度侵蚀面积净增8 326.69 km~2,轻度以上侵蚀面积净减少了8 360.54 km~2,土壤侵蚀强度呈减小趋势,说明2000年以来,呼伦贝尔地区水土流失现状较以前有明显改观.这与同期当地实施生态保育措施有较大关系.预测到2010年和2015年,呼伦贝尔地区土壤侵蚀强度将得到缓解,其中,轻度以上侵蚀面积分别比2005年减少24.8%和38%.     

丹江鹦鹉沟小流域土壤侵蚀和养分损失定量分析

小流域土壤侵蚀量和养分损失量的定量研究可为南水北调水源区的生态保护、水土保持和生态补偿提供重要的依据.该文在地理信息技术(geographic information system,GIS)的支持下,应用修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)估算了丹江鹦鹉沟流域的土壤侵蚀量和养分损失量,并进行了土壤侵蚀强度分级.结果表明,流域的年均土壤侵蚀模数为3140 t/km2,侵蚀强度为中度.其中强度侵蚀以上的土地面积占流域总面积的24.1%,侵蚀量为4573.0 t,却占年侵蚀总量的84.8%,其主要是坡度较大的坡耕地,是流域需要重点治理的区域.不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀量差异较大,林地、草地和农地的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为509.7、1511.8和4606.5 t/km2.林草地年侵蚀量较小,农地土壤侵蚀量占流域总侵蚀量的95.3%.坡度每增加5°,不同土地利用的土壤侵蚀模数增加量比坡长每增加5 m的增加量要大1~2倍.研究区表土流失造成的全氮、全磷和有机质损失量分别为3.81、3.52和101.45 t,其中农地的养分损失量最为严重.流域泥沙中全氮、全磷和有机质的年均流失模数分别为1.01、0.75和38.43 t/(km2×a).该研究可为水源区水土流失和非点源污染治理以及清洁小流域建设提供科学依据.     

丹江口库区及上游小流域水土流失治理成效评价

选以丹江口库区及上游治理的38条小流域为研究对象,以2007与2010年ALOS遥感影像为信息源,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,解译出与土壤侵蚀密切相关的土地利用类型、植被覆盖度,同时根据数字高程模型(DEM)提取坡度,将这3个因子在Arc GIS中进行叠加和统计分析,生成每条小流域的土壤侵蚀强度分级图并统计出各等级所占的面积。把各条小流域分析结果汇总,利用2007(治理前)、2010年(治理后)坡度、土地利用、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀的汇总结果来评价水土流失治理工程的总体成效。结果表明:治理区地形以陡坡、急坡、险坡为主,三者占治理土地总面积的74.52%;经过三年治理,林地、园地、交通用地分别增加了326.05 km2、0.54 km2和6.32 km2,耕地、草灌、城镇工矿用地分别减少了113.44 km2、206.65 km2和3.47 km2;低覆盖度、中低覆盖度、中等覆盖度、中高覆盖度林草面积均在减少,高覆盖度林草面积大幅增加,增加了451.88 km2;在各土壤侵蚀强度等级中,中等强度侵蚀减幅最大,减少了173.60 km2,2007~2010年水土流失总面积减少了339.24 km2。     

云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征分析

在RS与GIS支持下,获取云蒙湖流域土地利用空间数据,选用RUSLE模型估算土壤侵蚀量,对云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征进行分析。结果表明:1986—2010年间,土壤年总侵蚀量由647万t降至630万t,水土保持生态恢复工程取得了一定的成效;云蒙湖流域耕地土壤侵蚀最为严重,1986年和2010年土壤侵蚀模数高达5 325t/(km2·a)和5 504t/(km2·a),分别占土壤侵蚀总量的85.8%和84.7%;草地是重点治理的另一对象,强度以上等级侵蚀都分别占总侵蚀面积的40%和44%;随着耕地和草地类型的转入,居民用地侵蚀面积由1986年的1 010hm2增至2010年的2 608hm2,土壤侵蚀总量由5.4万t增至14.2万t,是变化较为明显的土地利用类型。     

璧山县小流域治理成效与做法

1989~2005年,璧山县共治理水土流失面积398.61 km2,极大地改善了农业生产条件,提高了治理区农民群众的生活水平,森林覆盖率提高了5.75个百分点,年土壤侵蚀模数已由1989年的3 835 t/km2降为2005年的2 055 t/km2,年土壤侵蚀总量已由1988年的152.1万t降为2005年的82.42万t,有效地减少了泥沙对塘、库、河的淤积,增强了蓄水抗洪能力,特别是在抗击2006年的百年大旱时效果更加明显。近年来,以经济效益为中心,大力发展优质梨和花卉苗木生产,经济效益明显提升,极大地调动了群众治理水土流失的积极性。介绍了具体的工作经验。     

谈谈党家山小流域水土保持综合治理

党家山小流域位于古县东北部的北平镇党家山村南,总面积6.9 km2,其中水土流失面积5.18 km2,占75.1%。水土流失形式以水力侵蚀为主,年均土壤侵蚀模数为3 758 t/km2。截止2012年底,已治理面积223.14 hm2,治理度43.08%。列入国家重点建设工程后,规划新增治理面积274.96 hm2,使累计治理度达到95%以上,水土流失有效控制,生态环境明显改善,农民收入显著提高。     

治理项目公示制,治理质量全达标

2006年1月,复州河流域纳入东北黑土区水土流失综合防治第一期工程。项目区水土流失面积112.04km2,占项目区总土地面积的45.31%。土壤侵蚀模数加权平均值为2 500 t/(km2.a)。水土流失形式主要为水力侵蚀,水力侵蚀主要表现为面蚀、线状侵蚀和沟状侵蚀。5 a规划治理水土流失面积109.8 km2,治理程度达98%。具体实施办法是:项目内容公示,激发出群众的能动作用;用工承诺公示,确保工程如期进行;产权管理公示,确保工程质量效益发挥。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.