盐碱地耕作和洗盐方式对水稻生长及产量的影响

在盐碱地种植水稻的关键是降低土壤盐碱含量。采用大田试验,研究了大田耕作方式及洗盐方式对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,冬耕能显著降低大田耕作层的土壤电导率,冬耕结合洗盐的方式效果更好。与不冬耕处理相比,冬耕处理水稻叶片黄叶率显著降低,叶面积指数、干物质及氮积累量显著增加。不同耕作方式下,洗盐均能降低土壤电导率,改善水稻生长状况,提高产量。在冬耕条件下,洗盐2次和洗盐1次的处理间差异不显著。不冬耕条件下,洗盐2次和洗盐1次的处理,除了黄熟期生物量和产量差异不显著外,其他水稻生长参数差异均达显著水平。与不冬耕处理相比,冬耕显著提高了水稻的产量,增产达66.7%。     

长期定位试验不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

以中嘉早17(早稻)和泰优390(晚稻)为材料,进行长期定位试验,研究不同耕作方式与秸秆还田耦合条件下水稻产量和品质的表现.结果 表明,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田处理能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度为9％,"早稻旋耕+晚稻翻耕"处理对水稻增产效果最明显,周年产量高达15.8 t/hm2,较其他处理高5％～36％.秸秆还...     

不同耕作方式对松嫩平原半干旱区玉米生长和产量的影响

耕作方式影响玉米的生长和产量。设置旋耕垄作(RT)、旋耕垄作深松(RTS)、免耕(NT)、免耕深松(NTS)、旋耕平作(FT)、旋耕平作深松(FTS)6个处理,分析不同耕作方式对玉米苗期根系生长、干物质积累、净光合速率和产量构成,研究不同耕作方式对半干旱区玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,免耕处理显著降低了玉米苗期根系的鲜重、干重和体积。旋耕垄作、旋耕平作和免耕结合深松处理干物质积累量较未深松处理增加3.17%～15.08%,旋耕平作结合深松处理提高了玉米有效穗数、玉米净光合速率,进一步提高玉米产量。     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫对水稻根系生长的影响

采用根箱土培的方法对NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫下水稻不同土层根系生物量(即根系鲜质量)和主根的长度、根系生长速率及侧根的生长等进行了研究。结果表明,水稻根系生物量随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,每个区段的根系生物量均表现为Na_2CO_3胁迫处理低于NaCl胁迫处理,Na_2CO_3胁迫处理在土表下20 cm以下部分没有根系分布。同一Na~+浓度下,水稻主根的长度、根系生长速率和侧根的长度、数量和直径等指标值均表现为Na_2CO_3胁迫处理低于NaCl胁迫处理。100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著(P0.05)降低了水稻主根的长度、根系生长速率,极显著(P0.01)降低了侧根的数量;50 mmol/L(Na~+浓度)Na_2CO_3胁迫处理显著降低了水稻根系生长速率和侧根数量。     

水分管理对免耕抛秧水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明,干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响,水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌,增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。     

覆盖方式对旱作水稻后期冠层生理生态特性及产量的影响

以超级杂交稻组合P88S/1128为材料,设置地膜覆盖、稻草覆盖和液体膜覆盖3个处理,以裸地为对照,研究了不同覆盖方式对旱作水稻群体生理生态特性的影响。研究表明,覆盖方式对旱作水稻群体微气象因子和水稻的个体生长都有明显影响,表现为覆盖显著降低了高温季节特别是高温时段水稻冠层的温度,提高了相对湿度,营造了群体内部良好的微气象环境。覆盖处理的叶片蒸腾作用增强,叶片的温度降低,叶片的抗高温胁迫能力提高,从而光合速率显著提高。覆盖栽培下产量构成各因子均有明显优化,其中地膜覆盖栽培下的每穗粒数和结实率最高,产量较对照增加16.81%;稻草覆盖处理的有效穗增多,较对照增产9.59%。但液体膜覆盖的增产效果不明显,产量构成因子与对照相比差异不显著。     

不同供氮模式对水稻根系形态及生理特征的影响

【目的】为明确氮素优化管理模式(OPTs)下水稻根系形态和生理特征及其与氮素吸收和产量形成的关系。【方法】以镇稻11为材料,采用营养液培养,通过三种氮素供应模式分别模拟农民习惯施肥(FFP)、高效施肥(HE)及高产高效施肥(HEHY),研究了不同供氮模式对水稻主要生育期生物量和氮素累积、根系形态和生理特征以及产量形成的影响。【结果】与FFP相比,HE和HEHY(OPTs)通过提高每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重而使水稻籽粒产量分别增加5.7%和16.0%。与FFP相比,OPTs增加了生育期内水稻根系生物量、根系长度、根系总表面积、根系体积以及单个分蘖不定根数目,并提高了灌浆期根系活力、根系氮素同化能力以及叶片光合速率。相关分析表明,开花期根系生物量、总表面积、根体积、单个分蘖平均不定根数目、伤流液流速和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均与总氮素累积量及产量显著正相关。【结论】因此,OPTs通过养分调控,可促进水稻根系的生长、优化根系形态结构,并能维持水稻生育后期较高的根系活力,从而促进了水稻对氮素的累积以及产量的形成。     

基于鄂北区域的两种水稻缓控释肥用量研究

采用田间试验,研究了两种缓控释肥料施用对鄂北水稻产量和产量构成因子、养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响,比较了两种缓控释肥料不同用量施用效果的差异,以期为鄂北水稻生产中缓控释肥的合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明,施用缓控释肥料可显著提高水稻产量。与不施肥处理相比,施用掺混包膜型控释复合肥料处理水稻增产6.6%～17.3%,施用腐殖酸缓释型复合肥料处理水稻增产0.7%～11.9%;与习惯施肥处理相比,施用掺混包膜型控释复合肥料和腐殖酸缓释型复合肥料处理水稻分别增产8.4%、2.5%;各施肥处理水稻产量提高的主要原因是增加了有效穗数;与腐殖酸缓释型复合肥料相比,掺混包膜型控释复合肥料对水稻增产效果更明显。水稻产量与两种缓控释肥施用量均呈线性加平台关系。相同肥料用量条件下,掺混包膜型控释复合肥料处理水稻地上部N、P₂O₅和K₂O养分积累量明显高于腐殖酸缓释型复合肥料处理。随着施肥量的增加,两种缓控释肥的肥料回收利用率、肥料生理利用率、农学利用率和肥料贡献率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,肥料偏生产力呈逐渐降低的趋势。综合考虑产量和肥料利用效率...     

盐胁迫下外源功能微生物调控水稻生长特征研究

以高产水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,设置2个盐胁迫处理(S0,正常生长条件;S1,盐逆境,3g NaCl/kg干土)和2个微生物处理(M0,对照;MM,荧光假单胞菌与巴西固氮螺菌共同接种水稻根际环境),研究了盐胁迫下外源功能微生物对水稻生长特征的影响。结果表明,与S0处理相比,S1处理下水稻植株生育期严重滞后,干物质积累量以及产量构成因子显著降低;与S1M0处理相比,S1MM处理可显著提高水稻剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质量以及产量构成因子。可见,荧光假单胞菌与巴西固氮螺菌进入稻田土壤可缓解盐逆境对水稻生长的抑制作用,提升水稻叶片光合能力、耐盐性能,并显著提高水稻分蘖能力和结实率,增加千粒重,进而增加水稻产量。     

稻草还田对免耕水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了稻草还田对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响.结果表明,稻草还田可显著提高免耕水稻产量,显著或极显著提高单株根系干重、单株生物鼍、根半径、单株根表面积、单株根长、单条根长、根长密度、根系活力及超氧化物歧化酶活性,但是对单株总根数的影响不大.与3 t/hm<'2>稻草还田量相比,6 t/hm2稻草还田量的增产效果和对根系生长的促进作用更大.     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。