高产、抗病、适应性广的红麻新品种“中红麻10号”的选育

中红麻10号（原名“KB2”）系利用国外优良红麻种质“EV41”与国内抗病材料“72－44”有性杂交选育而成的不早花裂叶型红麻新品种。在1993－1994年湖南省区域试验中平均亩产纤维303．85kg比对照湘红麻1号（7804）248．20kg增产22．4％（春播）；在1994－1995年广西区试中比当地适应性强的“系选青皮三号”平均增产13．2％；在1997－1998年全国红麻区试中平均亩产纤维248．58kg，比新对照粤74－3增产15．8％；干茎产量比对照青皮三号平均增产25．4％，其增产幅度均达极显著水平，KB2的平均增产幅度在参试新品种中居首位，韧皮含量和硫酸盐纸浆得率比对照青皮三号提高3．6和1．42个百分点，也高于粤74－3；束纤维品质、单纤维长度和抗炭疽病性亦优于对照品种、抗全性明显强于对照，表明“KB2”是一个集高产、抗病、抗体、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻优良新品种。     

高产、抗病、适应性广的红麻新品种 “中红麻10号”的选育

中红麻10号（原名“KB2”）系利用国外优良红麻种质“EV41”与国内抗病材料“72-44”有性杂交选育而成的不早花裂叶型红麻新品种。在1993～1994年湖南省区域试验中平均亩产纤维303.85kg比对照湘红麻1号(7804)248.20kg增产22.4%(春播)；在1994-1995年广西区试中比当地适应性强的“系选青皮三号”平均增产13.2%；在1997-1998年全国红麻区试中平均亩产纤维248.58kg，比新对照粤74-3增产15.8%；干茎产量比对照青皮三号平均增产25.4%，其增产幅度均达极显著水平，KB2的平均增产幅度在参试新品种中居首位，韧皮含量和硫酸盐纸浆得率比对照青皮三号提高3.6和1.42个百分点，也高于粤74-3；束纤维品质、单纤维长度和抗炭疽病性亦优于对照品种，抗倒性明显强于对照，表明“KB2”是一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻优良新品种。     

高产、抗病、适应性广的红麻新品种“中红麻10号”的选育

中红麻 1 0号 (原名“KB2”)系利用国外优良红麻种质“EV41”与国内抗病材料“72- 4 4”有性杂交选育而成的不早花裂叶型红麻新品种。在 1 993～ 1 994年湖南省区域试验中平均亩产纤维 30 3.85 kg比对照湘红麻 1号 (780 4) 2 48.2 0 kg增产 2 2 .4% (春播 ) ;在1 994- 1 995年广西区试中比当地适应性强的“系选青皮三号”平均增产 1 3.2 % ;在 1 997- 1 998年全国红麻区试中平均亩产纤维 2 48.5 8kg,比新对照粤 74- 3增产 1 5 .8% ;干茎产量比对照青皮三号平均增产 2 5 .4% ,其增产幅度均达极显著水平 ,KB2的平均增产幅度在参试新品种中居首位 ,韧皮含量和硫酸盐纸浆得率比对照青皮三号提高 3.6和 1 .42个百分点 ,也高于粤 74- 3;束纤维品质、单纤维长度和抗炭疽病性亦优于对照品种 ,抗倒性明显强于对照 ,表明“KB2”是一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻优良新品种。     

高产、抗病、适应性广的红麻新品种"中红麻11号"的选育

中红麻11号(原名"KB11")系利用国外优良红麻种质"EV41"与国内抗病材料"72-3"有性杂交选育而成的不早花裂叶型红麻新品种.在1993-1994年湖南省区域试验中平均纤维产量4332.75kg/hm2,比对照湘红麻1号(7804)3723.00kg/hm2增产16.4%(春播);在1997-1998年全国红麻区试中平均纤维产量3732.75kg/hm2,比新对照粤74-3增产15.9%,居首位;干茎产量比对照青皮三号平均增产23.6%,其增产幅度均达极显著水平.KB11的韧皮含量和硫酸盐纸浆得率比对照青皮三号提高3.3和0.22个百分点,也高于74-3;束纤维品质、单纤维长度和抗炭疽病性亦优于对照品种,抗倒性明显强于对照,表明"KB11"是一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻优良新品种,经在全国示范试种,深受麻农欢迎.     

中晚熟红麻新品种福红4号的选育

福红4号是福建农林大学以湘红1号与粤红1号杂交，采用混合系谱法与穿梭育种相结合的育种新技术，于1990年育成的高产抗病红麻新品种。在福建省红麻新品种联合区域试验中，其原麻平均产量5．328t／hm^2，比对照种粤743增产13．17％，差异达显著水平。且在丰产性、适应性和炭疽病抗性等方面也优于对照，是一个高产抗病红麻新品种。     

高产抗病强适应性红麻新品种福红3号的选育

福红3号系福建农业大学1982年以非洲裂叶与722杂交，采用混合系谱法和穿梭育种法相结合的育种新技术，于1990年育成的红麻优良新品种，1991～1992年通过了福建省红麻区试鉴定，平均比对照粤743增产16．12％；1991～1994年福红3号在全国多年多点对比试验鉴定，分别比青皮3号增产20．6％，比粤743增产15．6％。其表现丰产性高、稳定性好、适应性广，并且纤维品质及抗病性也明显优于对照种。     

高产优质抗病强适应性广红麻新品种“中红麻13号”的选育

中红麻13号（原名＂LC0301＂）系利用优良红麻材料（KB2×KB11）F1与KB11回交选育而成的一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、多用途的红麻新品种,不早花、红茎、裂叶型。在2004-2006年全国红麻区域试验中,平均纤维产量4251.31公斤/公顷,比对照中红麻10号3653.33公斤/公顷增产16.37%,居第二位,在常规品种中居首位。在生产试验中平均纤维产量4541.61公斤/公顷,较对照3855.2公斤/公顷增产17.8%。表现出植株高大,皮厚,有效株数多,干茎产量和出麻率均高,抗病性强,纤维品质好。经农业部麻类纤维检测中心检测,纤维支数267支,强力316牛顿,优于对照品种。人工接菌炭疽病鉴定,病情指数为12.1,烂头率为0.8%,属于高抗类型。     

高产优质抗病强适应性广红麻新品种"中红麻13号"的选育

中红麻13号(原名"LC0301")系利用优良红麻材料(KB2×KB11)F1与KB11回交选育而成的一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、多用途的红麻新品种,不早花、红茎、裂叶型.在2004-2006年全国红麻区域试验中,平均纤维产量4251.31公斤/公项,比对照中红麻10号3653.33公斤/公项增产16.37%,居第二位,在常规品种中居首位.在生产试验中平均纤维产量4541.61公斤/公项,较对照3855.2公斤/公顷增产17.8%.表现出植株高大,皮厚,有效株数多,干茎产量和出麻率均高,抗病性强,纤维品质好.经农业部麻类纤维检测中心检测,纤维支数267支,强力316牛顿,优于对照品种.人工接菌炭疽病鉴定,病情指数为12.1,烂头率为0.8%,属于高抗类型.     

超高产型杂交红麻中杂红305的选育

中杂红305（原名“H305”）系利用外观性状茎色、叶型相似、经济性状互补性强的红麻良种为亲本,从数十个组合中筛选出杂种F1、F2代均可利用的超高产型抗病优质杂交组合。在入选的杂交红麻杂优组合F1、F2代的杂种组合比较中,杂优组合的一、二代的优势是显著的。在比较试验中,其中超高产型杂优组合H305F2分别比KB2、74—3增产23．97％、33．47％,达极显著水平,居首位。在1999—2000年全国红麻区域试验中,H305（F2）平均纤维产量3691．5kg／hm^2,比对照红引135平均增产22．1％,居首位,较对照和其它参试新品种增产显著。平均干茎产量20289kg／hm^2,较对照增产26．5％,表现出植株高大,皮较厚,有效株数多,干茎产量和出麻率均高,抗病性强,纤维品质好,纤维品质经农业部麻类产品质量监督检验测试中心检测,纤维支数289支,强力474牛顿,优于对照品种。采用硫酸盐法制浆,H305的平均干茎纸浆得率为47．9％,高于对照。人工接茵炭疽病鉴定,病情指数为23．5,烂头率为1．8％,属于高抗类型。表明中杂红H305是高产、优质、多抗、适应性广的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻新组合。红麻超高产型杂种二代的利用可大大降低种子成本,不仅红麻杂种优势的利用在生产上大面积推广应用成为可能,而且可显著提高麻农的经济效益和社会效益,其前景非常广阔。     

专用型中熟红麻新品种"ZH-01"选育报告

"ZH-01"是浙江省萧山棉麻研究所从中熟红麻"浙萧麻1号"中选择植株大小中等,茎杆上下粗细均匀、茎色清秀无斑点,中熟偏早,结果集中的优良单株,多次选优、南繁加代、多点品比于2003年育成的专用型中熟红麻新品种.浙江省多点品比平均纤维产量3533.25kg/hm2,比青皮3号增产12.95%.2004-2006年全国红麻新品种区域试验,三年平均纤维产量3262.75kg/hm2,2006年全国红麻新品种生产试验平均纤维产量3604.25kg/hm2.除株高与对照相仿外,其它主要经济性状均优于对照.纤维品质和抗病性居参试8个品种的前三位.是一个优质、抗病、丰产性较好,符合墙纸等工艺品生产要求的专用型中熟红麻新品种.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.