Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Sterility in Wheat and Response of Field Crops to Applied Boron in the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Summary

Results of field experiments across the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region indicates that soil B deficiency induces sterility in wheat and results in poor crop yields of legumes and cereals. The deficiency of soil B and the response of crops to applied B generally increases from the northwestern to the eastern end of the IGP, this trend being influenced by the distribution of the soil parent material and the variation in the climatic conditions within the IGP. An earlier FAO study rated Nepal as the lowest of thirty countries in its soil B status and showed that a higher soil B deficiency problem exists in the eastern half of the Indian-IGP, therefore crop response to applied B is more likely in these areas. Few studies have made qualitative and quantitative assessment of sterility in wheat in the IGP and the positive response of other crops to B application also suggest B deficiency related sterility problems in these crops. Micronutrient research in the IGP often rates Zn followed by Fe and Mn deficiencies in some instances, as its major soil micronutrient deficiency problems. However, the deficiency of B perhaps is as important if not more, than Fe and Mn deficiency. The awareness of soil B deficiency is not as widespread as its occurrence in the IGP region. This article reviews and discusses the sterility problems in wheat and the response of several field crops to applied B to highlight the growing importance of soil B deficiency in the IGP.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

印度稻米生产与标准研究

印度稻米等级标准源于1937年颁布的农产品分级和商标法。印度的大米标准分成常规稻米标准和巴斯马蒂米标准两大类。常规稻米分等标准相对简单,主要以含碎米率为分级指标,适用于国内贸易。巴斯马蒂米等级标准比较完善,以粒长、长宽比、不完善粒以及膨胀率等指标分等,专门用于出口贸易。总体来说,印度稻米标准起点不高,对碾磨程度、缺陷粒的要求较松,国际贸易中一般采用国际食品法典Codex的农残标准。     

印度稻米生产与标准研究

印度稻米等级标准源于1937年颁布的农产品分级和商标法。印度的大米标准分成常规稻米标准和巴斯马蒂米标准两大类。常规稻米分等标准相对简单,主要以含碎米率为分级指标,适用于国内贸易。巴斯马蒂米等级标准比较完善,以粒长、长宽比、不完善粒以及膨胀率等指标分等,专门用于出口贸易。总体来说,印度稻米标准起点不高,对碾磨程度、缺陷粒的要求较松,国际贸易中一般采用国际食品法典Codex的农残标准。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响。在0～240kg／ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重。小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦。在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251．26～280．24kg／ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281．03～303．02kg／ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高。拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高。本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

Effect of Cultivar, Year Grown, and Cropping System on the Content of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Grains of Hulled and Hulless Barley

In a three-year period (2000–2002) total tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols), content of vitamin E and its isomers (α-, β+γ-, δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) were assessed in grain of 13 barley genotypes. The highest content of tocols (60.3–67.6 mg kg⁻¹) and content of vitamin E (Vitamin E equivalent—18.0–20.1 mg kg⁻¹) were determined in the waxy varieties Wanubet, Wabet, and Washonubet. Standard varieties, i.e. of a malting type (Krona and Kompakt), had statistically significantly lower content of tocols (49.9 and 53.6 mg kg⁻¹) and vitamin E (15.7–16.1 mg kg⁻¹) compared to the waxy varieties. The hulless waxy variety Washonubet had statistically significantly higher total content of tocols (67.6 mg kg⁻¹) and α- tocotrienols isomer (42.1 mg kg⁻¹) versus all other genotypes in the set. Chemical treatment and fertilization statistically significantly increased the content of tocols (by 4.7 mg kg⁻¹), vitamin E (by 1.9 mg kg⁻¹), isomer α-tocopherol (by 0.9 mg kg⁻¹) and isomer α- tocotrienols (by 3.3 mg kg⁻¹). The average values of α-tocopherols and α-tocotrienols in the set were 6.7 mg kg⁻¹ and 29.7 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Some of the reciprocal lines created by us from the malting and waxy varieties are suitable for food use for high contents of all tocopherols and α-tocotrienols.     

江西省冷害发生规律研究及水稻种植制度分析

以江西省81个常规气象观测站1961-2012年的数据为基础,对江西省"倒春寒"及"寒露风"的发生规律进行分析,确定江西省适宜的水稻种植制度。分析结果显示,受全球气候变暖的影响,江西省"倒春寒"灾害气候发生风险总体呈降低趋势;在年平均气温和秋季平均气温升高的背景下,"寒露风"灾害气候发生的风险并没有降低,且有提前出现的趋势。因此,在水稻种植制度上,除了选用耐寒性好的品种外,还应合理扩大"中熟-中熟"的搭配种植模式,同时应尽量避免双季杂交晚稻的直播栽培。     

Rapid Economic Change,the Nutrition Transition and Its Effects on the Structure of Consumption: The Nutrition Transition in China

SUMMARY

Economic, demographic, and technological changes have led to a marked shift in the diet structure and the distribution of body composition in many regions of the world. Such changes include rapid reduction in fertility and aging of the population, urbanization, epidemiological transition, and the uneven distribution of the effect of economic reform. Research presented for China shows that it is undergoing a marked shift in its diet, activity, and nutritional status patterns. This paper presents data on the shifts in the structure of food decision-making and the associated body composition shifts.     

三熟制模式下冬季作物对早稻返青缓苗期植株生长的抑制作用

设置3种稻田三熟制模式与“冬闲+早稻+晚稻”模式对比,研究了冬季作物对早稻返青缓苗期植株生长的影响。结果表明：三熟制模式下水稻返青期推迟2~3 d、缓苗期推迟1~3 d,期间水稻株高、叶龄、叶绿素含量（SPAD）、根茎叶干物质下降;在移栽至缓苗期内,三熟制模式下水稻植株根冠比比对照的小;移栽至返青期,三熟制模式下水稻生长速率均比对照处理低,在返青至缓苗期表现则相反。本研究结果表明,三熟制模式下冬季作物明显抑制了早稻返青缓苗期植株生长,其抑制作用在水稻返青后变小。     

宁夏引黄灌区麦稻水旱轮作二熟制双免耕的土壤培肥效应

为评价麦稻水旱轮作二熟制双免耕的土壤培肥作用,采用常规测定法、比重计法、Biology-ECO法分别对参试的土壤养分、质地、微生物功能多样性等进行检测.结果表明,与传统耕作相比,连续4年冬小麦水稻全免耕轮作后,0～40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量分别增加11,9％、17.1％、9.2％、26.5％、19.1％,全钾、速效钾含量分别减少0.9％、10.2％,0～20 cm土层的土壤粘粒、砂粒比例明显增加,粉粒比例明显减少.免耕冬小麦成熟期的土壤微生物功能多样性代谢活性显著高于传统耕作.0～20和20～40 cm土壤层次内反映微生物功能多样性的4种指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度和Simpson优势度指数)在冬小麦整个生长季节中的变化趋于一致,即在分蘖期和拔节期传统耕作高于连续4年免耕处理,在灌浆期和成熟期连续4年免耕处理高于传统耕作处理.连续4年免耕0～40 cm土壤肥力明显优于连续3年双免耕的肥力.免耕对提高土壤肥力,尤其是对促进冬小麦中、后期生长有利.     

四川稻麦两熟区中稻田连作秋大豆规范化栽培技术

根据“系统工程最佳模拟配合”原理,运用二次回归正交组合设计方法,研究了在四川生态区条件下稻麦两熟中稻田连作秋大豆高产高交规范化栽培主要可鬼斧神工因子（育苗期、移栽密度、施肥量）的优化组合技术。建立了高产高效两组数学模式;明确了3个可控因素的决策变量顺序及其最高产量、最佳效益的关系;优选了秋大豆100－125kg/667m^2、125kg/667m^2及净产值400元／667m^2以上的技术组合方案。     

江淮稻-麦周年病虫草害绿色防控技术模式及其效果

江淮地区温光水资源丰富,是我国重要的粮食主产区之一.该地区地处南北气候过度地带,病虫草害类型复杂,病虫草害绿色防控是确保粮食安全生产的重要保障措施.江淮地区作物周年种植,模式多样,其中以稻-麦轮作种植模式为主.本研究根据安徽粮丰项目试验示范成果,结合江淮稻-麦周年生产实际,针对稻-麦周年生长不同生育期主要靶标病虫草害发...     

硅肥对干旱胁迫下冬小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统及产量的影响

为从抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的抗氧化角度提示硅元素的抗旱机理,以冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为材料,研究了硅肥对不同干旱胁迫（对照、轻度胁迫、重度胁迫）下小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统中关键基因表达、抗氧化物质含量及产量的影响。结果发现, 在轻度和重度胁迫持续10 d时,施用硅肥与不施用硅肥比较,小麦旗叶抗坏血酸分别提高了16.57%和8.39%,小麦旗叶中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统关键酶基因TaAPX、TaGR、TaGS相对表达量分别提高了60.23%、73.61%、11.35%和87.97%、25.70%、114.64%;在轻度胁迫和重度胁迫持续20 d时,施用硅肥与不施用硅肥比较,小麦旗叶抗坏血酸含量分别提高了18.03%和6.81%,小麦旗叶中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统关键酶基因TaAPX、TaGR、TaGS相对表达量分别提高了124.54%、44.42%、56.80%和118.19%、41.42%、269.21%;小麦籽粒产量分别提高了29.23%和33.31%。以上结果说明,施用硅肥可以增强小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统功能,提高小麦植株的抗旱性,增加籽粒产量。