湖南茶园土壤微量元素有效量调查分析

对湖南省194个典型茶园土壤微量元素有效量进行了调查,结果表明：茶园土壤有效态zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量分别为1．94mg／kg、151．23mg／kg、85．95mg／kg、7．07mg／kg;有效铁的含量较丰富,98．5％茶园土壤有效铁含量〉10mg／kg;有效铜、有效锰、有效锌的含量相对偏低,低于临界值的茶园分别占32％、28．4％、12．4％。有效铜、有效锰与pH值呈极显著正相关,有效Zn和有机质呈极显著正相关,与pH值呈极显著负相关。     

Micronutrient concentrations in common and novel forage species and varieties grown on two contrasting soils

We investigated differences between forage species with regard to micronutrients that are essential to sustain livestock health. Five grasses (timothy, perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue and cocksfoot), three legumes (red clover, white clover and birdsfoot trefoil) and four forbs (ribwort plantain, salad burnet, caraway and chicory) were grown on one micronutrient‐poor/low pH soil and one micronutrient‐rich/high pH soil (outdoor pot experiment). In addition, six grasses (timothy, perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, Festulolium hybrid and cocksfoot) and one legume (red clover) were field‐grown on the micronutrient‐poor soil. Of the twelve pot‐grown species, herbage of chicory, red clover and white clover generally had the highest micronutrient concentrations (maximum Co, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations were 0·23, 9·8, 233 and 109 mg kg^?1 DM, respectively), except for Mo, which was highest in the clovers (10·6 mg kg^?1 DM), and Mn, which was highest in cocksfoot (375 mg kg^?1 DM). Soil type had the strongest effect on plant Mo and Mn concentrations. We also investigated differences in micronutrients between varieties, but they were generally few and negligible. The results indicate that choice of forage species is of major importance for micronutrient concentrations in herbage and that soil type exerts a major effect through pH. Forage of chicory, red clover and white clover generally met the requirements of high‐yielding dairy cows with regard to most micronutrients; therefore, diversification of seed mixtures so as to include these species could increase micronutrient concentrations in forage.     

The effect of waterlogging on electrochemical properties and soluble nutrients in paddy soils

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of waterlogging on availability of nutrients in paddy soils. The five soils were incubated under a waterlogged condition at 30 °C for 12 weeks. The EC, Eh, pH, NH₄, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, P, Fe, and Mn of soil solutions were monitored over the waterlogged period. The Eh values generally dropped to the lowest point within 14 days of waterlogging, then increased, and reached equilibrium after 8 weeks of waterlogging. The soil pH decreased in the first 2–4 weeks of waterlogging. The EC values increased partly due to dissolution of soluble salts in the first 2 weeks. The concentrations of soluble NH₄ were significantly increased with waterlogging, reached maximum values at week 4–6, and then declined to the initial level. Waterlogging increased the concentration of soluble K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn ions, the magnitudes of changes were greatly affected by soil properties. Increases in soluble Na, K, Ca, and Mg were attributed to the increase in solubility of insoluble salts and increase in competition for the exchange sites. Increases in soluble Fe and Mn induced by waterlogging were attributed to the dissolution of Fe and Mn oxides under reduced conditions.     

Effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and some micronutrients accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In order to investigation the effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and element contents (Fe, Cu, Mn, N and Zn) in bean plant, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design at greenhouse conditions during 2006. Treatments were included zinc rates in 4 levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) in ZnSO4 source) and 3 application forms (soil application, seed pelleting and foliar spraying). Results showed that Zn rates had significant effect on accumulation of Zn, Cu, Mn and N in bean leaves. Nitrogen accumulation in leaves reduced with increasing of zinc in the soil. Among Zn application forms, spray application had the highest accumulation of Fe, Zn and Mn in leaves (423.17, 282.89 and 88.17 mg kg(-1), respectively). The highest Zn content in seed was observed in 20 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) levels (46.39 and 45.62 mg kg(-1), respectively). Meanwhile, all treatments of Zn (both rate and application) had not significant effects on Cu and Mn accumulation in bean seeds. According to interaction effects between Zn rates and application forms, the highest Fe content in seed was observed when 40 mg kg(-1) soil(-1) of Zn was applied as foliar spraying. The seed protein content nearly was stable while Zn levels was increased from 20 to 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1). Grain yield had significant correlation to zinc and Cu of leaves but, biomass had significant and negative correlation to Zn content of leaves at p < 0.05% probability levels.     

定安县耕地土壤微量元素含量及影响因素研究

采集耕地土壤198份样品，分析土壤有机质、pH和4种微量元素含量，并进行了相关性分析。结果表明：有机质含量较为丰富，全县平均含量达27.66 g/kg，各镇之间的差异较大；全县土壤呈酸性或强酸性反应，pH平均值为5.10；土壤有效铜含量符合正态分布，土壤有效铁和锰稍缺乏，铜和锌较丰富；有机质与锰、铜和锌呈正相关，与锰相关关系达极显著水平；pH同4种土壤微量元素均表现为正相关关系，与铁的相关性达到极显著水平。近期在进行农业生产时，应注重微量元素肥料的施用，避免缺素症状的发生，注意调节土壤酸碱度。     

云南橡胶园微量元素含量分析初报

通过对云南橡胶园植胶土壤和橡胶树叶片微量元素含量进行测定和分析，初步拟出云南橡胶树叶片微量元素养分含量的适宜范围，其中铜12．00～13．50mg／kg，锌30．00～40．00mg／kg，铁110．00～170．00mg／kg，锰350．00～600．00mg／kg，硼18．00～35.00mg／kg和钼0．05～0．20mg／kg；同时根据云南胶因微量元素营养水平，建议对不同土壤类型的胶园开展施用钼肥和硼肥的试验研究。     

微量元素对大豆种子发芽及其保护酶表达的影响

在砂培条件下,研究了6种微量元素对大豆种子发芽及其幼苗保护酶的影响.结果表明:在适宜的浓度范围内,6种不同的处理均能提高大豆种子的发芽率、主根长度和侧根数量,其作用大小顺序分别是:Mo>Cu、B>Zn>Fe、Mn;B>Zn>Cu、Mo>Fe>Mn,和Fe>Mo>Cu、B>Zn、Mn;B和Mo处理对大豆胚轴伸长和Mo、F...     

微量元素对籽粒中大豆异黄酮积累的影响

对两个大豆品种(高异黄酮品种中豆27和普通品种九农20)进行盆栽试验,施用七种微量元素(镁、硼、锰、锌、铜、铁和钼),利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量。结果显示,不同微量元素对大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量影响差异显著,其中五种微量元素(镁、硼、锰、铜和铁)使大豆异黄酮含量增高,但到一定浓度时,则含量下降;锌元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈下降趋势;钼元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈增高趋势。微量元素的含量对异黄酮含量的积累影响很大,镁、硼、锰、铜和铁五种微量元素的含量在0.5mmol/L～1.0mmol/L之间异黄酮含量最高。     

Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

酸橘砧和枳砧沙糖橘果园土壤、叶片、果实养分比较与相关性分析

为了解广东省清远市沙糖橘园土壤养分丰缺状况,分析结果树不同砧穗组合叶片、果实养分丰缺状况,为沙糖橘营养科学管理、果园合理施肥及产业提质增效提供科学依据。采集清远市27个10~15年生枳砧和酸橘砧沙糖橘果园的土壤、叶片及果实,分析土壤、叶片及果实矿质养分含量,分析土壤、叶片及果实养分含量间的相关性。结果表明,清远沙糖橘果园土壤pH整体偏酸性,土壤有机质较丰富,有机质含量适量及以上果园占比70.4%。速效N含量缺乏果园为51.8%,81.5%的果园土壤速效P超量,有效K超量的占比48.1%,多数果园土壤有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Mo含量较适宜,但有效Ca、有效Mg、有效B缺乏占比分别达到81.5%、88.9%、77.8%。枳砧、酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片矿质养分丰缺程度存在差异,枳砧沙糖橘叶片N、B、Ca含量较少缺乏,而酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片3种元素含量存在严重缺乏的现象,2种砧木沙糖橘叶片中Cu、Mg均相对缺乏,Mo含量均严重缺乏。枳砧和酸橘砧沙糖橘果实矿质养分的大量元素中N、K含量高于P,中量元素Mg含量低于Ca含量,微量元素中Fe含量最高。枳砧沙糖橘果实单果重、果形指数、可食率、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、Vc含量等指标均低于酸橘砧。2种砧木的沙糖橘果园土壤矿质养分与叶片矿质养分间,枳砧Mg、Fe分别呈极显著、显著正相关,酸橘砧B、Fe均呈显著负相关,枳砧沙糖橘叶片与果实中Mo含量显著正相关,酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片、果实、土壤三者间Mo含量均为极显著正相关。清远市沙糖橘果园管理应注重改良土壤酸碱度,施用适当配比的N、P、K肥,深施有机肥的同时适量添加或叶面喷施Zn、Mg、B、Ca、Mo,合理控制含Mn农药的使用次数。     

槟榔间作香草兰种植园土壤养分变化趋势研究

对海南万宁、琼海、定安和屯昌4个主要槟榔间作香草兰种植区0～20 cm土层的60个土壤样品进行分析。结果表明,pH值呈酸化的趋势,低于临界值;有机质含量适中,呈上升的趋势;碱解N含量适中,呈下降的趋势;速效P和速效K含量呈下降的趋势,且低于临界值;交换性Ca含量呈上升趋势,但低于临界值;交换性Mg含量低于临界值,呈下降趋势;有效B含量高于临界值,呈上升趋势;有效Fe、有效Mn、有效Cu和有效Zn含量均高于临界值,呈下降趋势,其中有效Mn含量超标。     

Biotic and abiotic causes of yield failure in tropical aerobic rice

Aerobic rice is a new production system for water-short environments. Adapted varieties are usually direct dry seeded and the crop grown under aerobic soil conditions with supplementary irrigation as necessary. Occasionally, yield failures occur which may be related to soil health problems. In the dry season of 2006 and 2007, we conducted a field experiment in the Philippines, to identify the major causes of such yield failure. Four treatments were implemented: (i) Control of direct dry-seeded rice (improved upland variety Apo), (ii) Biocide application, (iii) transplanting into aerobic soil, and (iv) 1 year fallow. Yield in the Biocide treatment was 2 t ha⁻¹ in both years. In all other treatments, yield was 0–0.3 t ha⁻¹. Plants grown in the Biocide treatment showed a reduced degree of galling of roots caused by root-knot nematodes (RKN) and better general root health than the Control treatment. Potentially pathogenic fungi were isolated from root samples (Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., and a Rhizoctonia-like species). Abiotic effects of the Biocide treatment were an increase in KCl-extractable N (initial season 2007) and a decrease in initial soil pH. In the Control treatment, soil pH increased from 6.5 to 8.0 over the two seasons. In 2007, plant tissue analysis indicated Mn deficiency in the Control treatment. Plants that were subjected to foliar micronutrient sprays reacted positively to Fe and Mn sprays in the Control treatment, and Mn spray in the Biocide treatment. We concluded that the Biocide application led to favorable soil conditions by reducing biotic stresses such as RKN and improving nutrient availability. In the other treatments, an interaction of RKN and micronutrient deficiencies with increasing soil pH led to yield failure.     

Preparation nutritional value and acceptability of barleyrabadi — an indigenous fermented food of India

Rabadi fermentation of barley flour-buttermilk mixture (fresh and autoclaved) at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h lowered pH, enhanced titratable acidity and did not change fat and total mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P) content. Protein content of fermented fresh as well as autoclaved barley flour-buttermilk mixture either decreased or remained unchanged.Rabadi prepared from both types of barley flour at different temperatures and time periods was acceptable; but that which was fermented at 40°C for 48 h was less acceptable in terms of taste.     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents

Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.     

Growth,Yield and Quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Cultivated on Dark-red Soil,Gray Soil and Red Soil in Okinawa,Japan

Abstract

We evaluated growth, yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated in pots with dark-red soil (pH 5.2), gray soil (pH 7.4) and red soil (pH 4.4) in Okinawa, Japan. The soils were collected from the 50-cm deep layer of the fields. We did not use any chemicals or organic fertilizers. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red soil had the highest plant height, root biomass and shoot biomass as compared with that cultivated on other soil types. Turmeric on dark-red soil had the highest yield with favorable color of the deep yellow and high curcumin content (0.20%). Protein content of turmeric in dark-red soil was 5.2%, which was around 40% higher than that in other soil types. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red and gray soils had a fat content 71% higher than that in red soil. The content of Ca, K and Mg was the highest when turmeric was cultivated on gray soil, and Fe was the highest when cultivated on dark-red soil. To gain a high yield and high contents of curcumin, fat, protein and Fe, we should cultivate turmeric in dark-red soil in Okinawa. We could not recognize the specific soil factor(s) required for high yielding and high quality of turmeric; however, it seems that a proper combination of soil factors, nutrients and/or pH level may be necessary to gain a high yield and high quality.     

铜与锌对茶树生育特性及生理代谢的影响Ⅲ．施铜对茶树体内铜及其他矿质元素吸收的影响

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Partition of geogenic nickel in paddy soils derived from serpentinites

Serpentinitic soils contain high concentrations of geogenic Ni. During serpentinitic mineral weathering, the Ni released from soils into ecosystems could be a source of non-anthropogenic metal contamination. In this study, soil samples were collected from two pedons in paddy fields in Taiwan and Japan; these samples were used to explore the profile distribution of total and labile Ni, demonstrating the contribution of Ni-bearing Fe and Mn oxides to the Ni partition in these soils. Serpentine and chlorite were the dominant primary minerals; thus, the soils reflected serpentinitic characteristics and exhibited high background concentrations of Ni. The total Ni content ranged from 240 to 520 mg kg^?1. Repeated redox and leaching cycles caused the redistribution of Ni in the paddy soils. The diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA)-extractable Ni, an availability index of Ni, increased as the soil depth decreased in the two pedons. An additional pool of labile Ni was present in the soils because the Ni concentration determined using a 0.1 N HCl extraction was much higher than was that determined using the DTPA extraction. Fe and Mn oxides were closely related to the labile Ni in these paddy soils. However, Ni was predominantly retained by amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides rather than Mn oxides. Shortening the flooded duration of paddy field is required to reduce the solubility of Ni because that the labile Ni and redox-sensitive Fe oxides can affect both the paddy soils and environment when Ni is released into the soil solution and becomes bioavailable under reducing conditions.     

微量元素缺乏与过量对脱毒马铃薯苗生长的影响

采用不完全营养液法研究了微量元素的缺乏与过量对脱毒马铃薯苗生长的影响。采用营养液栽培时,脱毒马铃薯苗对微量元素吸收很少,但营养液中缺乏Fe和Mn会表现出明显的缺素症状,缺乏Cu、Zn、B、Mo无明显的表现;Cu、Mn、Zn、B、Mo等元素过量植株会出现明显的中毒症状,MS营养液中Mn元素需适当降低才能适应脱毒马铃薯苗的液体培养。     

海南典型胡椒园土壤化学肥力现状分析与评价

对海南各市县30个胡椒园中O～20 cm土层的土壤样品进行了测试分析.结果表明,有一半的土壤样品pH≤4.5;13.33%的土壤样品有机质含量偏低;土壤全N、碱解N丰富;23.33%的土壤样品缺少有效P;30.00%的土壤样品缺少有效K;交换性Ca、Mg严重缺乏;有效Fe、Zn、S丰富,有效B严重缺乏,10.00%的土壤样品均缺乏有效Mn、Cu.     

Phosphorus and micronutrient sources for potato

Potatoes(Solarium tuberosum L.) were grown on two sites of St. Johns’ fine sandy soil (sandy, siliceous hyperthermic Typic Haplaquod) during 1980 and 1981, to evaluate the effects of four P sources and four micronutrient sources on crop production. Mehlich-I (0.05 M HC1 + 0.025 M H₂S0₄) extractable Cu (0.1 to 0.2 ppm), Mn (1.0 to 1.4 ppm), and P (8 to 15 ppm) were considered low. In both seasons, tuber yields were increased with an application of P. Yields were significantly lower with diammonium phosphate (DAP) than with liquid poly-P, liquid ortho-P or triple superphosphate (TSP) P sources. In both seasons, application of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Mo did not increase yield over treatment without micronutrients added. Plant-leaf and shoot-tissue P concentrations were increased by the application of P and were higher with DAP than with the other P sources. Micronutrient applications decreased leaf and shoot P concentrations and increased Zn concentrations in one of the two years. Applications of P increased the soil Mehlich-I extractable P and Zn and micronutrient applications increased Cu, Zn, and Mn. Increases in extractable P and Zn were greater with DAP and TSP than with liquid poly-P and ortho-P. Soil Cu increases were greater with frit and sulfate than with chelates and oxide micronutrient sources, Zn was lower with chelates than with the other three sources, and Mn concentrations were highest with sulfate, lowest with frit, and intermediate with chelate and sulfate micronutrient sources.