Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields

Influence of application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus megatherium var. Phosphaticum, at 10 kg ha⁻¹ of lignite based culture with and without varying amounts of P fertilizer was studied on soil available P changes and sugarcane growth and yield. The PSB application increased the PSB population in the rhizosphere and the plant available P status in the soil. It also enhanced tillering, stalk population and stalk weight, and led to a cane yield increase of 12.6% over no application. When used in conjunction with P fertilizers, PSB reduced the required P dosage by 25%. In addition, it was found that 50% of the costly super phosphate could be replaced by rock phosphate (RP), a cheap source of P, when applied in conjunction with PSB. The PSB improved juice quality and sugar yields. The influence of PSB was greatest when RP constituted a part of the P fertilizers applied.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

Phosphorus Balance and Soil Phosphorus Status in Paddy Rice Fields with Various Fertilizer Practices

Abstract

Excess phosphorus (P) has accumulated in Japanese paddy soils, due to fertilizer P inputs over crop requirement for several decades, and improvement of the excess of P is necessary in view of environmental conservation. This study aimed to evaluate the input/output balance of P related to soil P status in paddy rice systems, and to obtain a practical indication. Irrigated rice (Oryza sative L.) was cultivated on a gley soil from 1997 to 2006. Six field plots fertilized with commercial fertilizer, animal waste composts, green manure and none were included. Phosphorus input varied among plots from 0 to 73 kg ha-¹ yr-¹. Rice P uptake was approximately 20 kg ha-¹, indicating no response to the P input. This was attributed to a large amount of plant-available Bray- and Truog-P in our soils. In our fields, paddy rice could be cultivated with no P-containing fertilizer or amendment. As a result, increase in the P input led to an increase in partial P balance (PPB). Cumulative increase in PPB resulted in the increase in soil total P, whereas cumulative decrease of PPB tended to decrease it. Excess accumulation of the soil P results in a loss of P into the environment. We concluded that P fertilization should be restricted to 20 kg ha-¹ yr-¹ (corresponding to 46 kg ha-¹ yr-¹ as P₂O₅), based on evenly balanced P input with the rice P uptake. It is also important to include all of the P-containing fertilizers and amendments when determining the amount of application.     

新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米施肥现状与减施对策

对新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米生产施肥现状进行3年的农户调研,分析玉米施肥中存在的主要问题,提出相应解决途径.调研结果表明,化肥平均施用量为N 378 kg/hm2,P2O5189 kg/hm2,K20 56 kg/hm2,氮磷投入明显高于全国平均水平;氮肥偏生产力44.2 kg/kg,低于全国平均水平;磷肥基施农户平均占比5...     

陕南秦巴山区油菜施肥现状评价

在陕南秦巴山区测土配方施肥项目(2006—2009年)11个县2 576户调查数据基础上,对该地区油菜施肥现状及农户养分资源投入进行了系统分析和评价。结果表明,陕南秦巴山区油菜平均产量为 2 355kg/hm2,产量中等的农户占60.68%。总氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为179、80、54kg/hm2,其中化肥氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为145、62、34kg/hm2。整体化肥氮磷钾施用量与产量都有显著的相关性,且各养分投入均表现出报酬递减趋势。根据养分分级等级,农户化肥氮磷钾肥投入合理比例分别为38.55%、27.60%和25.89%,过量的比例分别为15.22%、26.24%和10.33%,不足比例分别为46.23%、46.16%和63.78%。将化肥养分投入不足的农户施肥量增加到合理水平,陕南秦巴山区油菜可增产5.61万吨。另外,施用有机肥和硼肥的农户比例分别只有45.26%和41.73%;施用硼肥平均增产101kg/hm2,说明通过合理施肥,该区油菜产量仍有较大增产潜力。该区域油菜施肥存在的问题是：氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥、硼肥和有机肥投入不足比较普遍。今后该区域油菜施肥的重点是平衡氮肥和磷肥用量;增加钾肥、硼肥和有机肥用量;增加追肥的施用,尤其是钾肥。       

Integrated Nitrogen Fertilization for Intensive and Sustainable Agriculture

Summary

Increased efficiency of land use and resource-use are critical for agriculture to feed the ever increasing population and yet remain sustainable for the future generations. Mineral fertilizers, particularly, nitrogen (N) fertilizer has played a very important role in meeting the increased food demand and in saving millions of hectares of marginal and wildlife reserves from coming under cultivation. Apart from higher yields per unit land, N application also results in higher protein content. Improper use of N fertilizers due to high application rates, incorrect source and method of application, and poor timing of application have led to air and water pollution and economic losses. Integrated and balanced N fertilization results in a win-win situation with intensive and sustainable agriculture that feed the world without harming the environment. Since multitude of management, soil, crop, and weather-related factors control soil and plant N dynamics, N management recommendations based on field trials alone are too costly and time-consuming. Dynamic N management recommendations that are both site— and season-specific combine field trials with decision support systems (DSS) that simulate crop growth and N transformations as a function of above-mentioned factors. Innovative N fertilizer products and N efficient plant types will further improve N use efficiency.     

Effects of Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer and its Application Stage on Cadmium Concentrations in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain

Abstract

Chloride (Cl) in saline soil increases the cadmium (Cd) concentration in crops. Here, we conducted a field experiment to investigate changes in Cd concentrations in wheat grain after the application of the Cl-containing fertilizer ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), with the aim of reducing its potential health risk. Effects of the application stage of NH₄Cl fertilizer and leaching treatment (i.e., heavy rainfall) were also investigated in field and pot experiments. Both field and pot experiments showed that the Cd concentration of wheat grain was higher with NH₄Cl fertilizer than with ammonium sulfate or urea fertilizers. Grain Cd concentration in wheat fertilized with NH₄Cl at the tillering–jointing and flowering stages in the field experiment was 0.223 mg kg^–1, which was about 1.5 times higher than that fertilized with urea. This finding is important because, in Japan, compound fertilizers containing NH₄Cl are commonly used in fields for wheat cultivation. NH₄Cl fertilizer application at the tillering–jointing and flowering stages had nearly equal effects on the Cd concentration in wheat grain. Basal dressing with NH₄Cl fertilizer increased Cd concentrations in wheat grain to a greater extent than topdressing (at thetillering–jointing and flowering stage applications) in a pot experiment that was protected from rain. Leaching treatment (assuming two lots of 100 mm rainfall) negated the effect of NH₄Cl fertilizer application on Cd concentration in wheat grain. We recommend the use of ammonium sulfate or urea preferentially as the nitrogen fertilizer because heavy rainfall rarely occurs during this period in Japan.     

Reducing rice field algae and cyanobacteria abundance by altering phosphorus fertilizer applications

In California’s water-seeded rice systems, algal/cyanobacterial biomass can be a problem during rice establishment and can lead to yield reductions. Laboratory, enclosure, and field-scale experiments were established to evaluate the effects of fertilizer P management on algal/cyanobacterial growth. Two field-scale experiments evaluated the response of algal/cyanobacterial growth to three P management strategies: conventional surface applied, incorporated into the soil, and delaying P applications by 30 days. Results from these experiments indicated rice fields that received conventional surface-applied P fertilizer had 4–8 times more algal/cyanobacterial biomass and 3–11 times higher concentrations of soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) than those in which P fertilizer was incorporated or delayed. Laboratory experiments evaluated the ability of field water to support growth of Nostoc spongiaeforme. Results indicate that water from the incorporated or delayed P application fields was P limited for N. spongiaeforme growth. Water from the surface-applied fields was not P limited. Enclosure experiments evaluated the effects of delayed P applications on algal/cyanobacterial biomass and rice yields. Algal/cyanobacterial cover and biomass increased in enclosures which received added P. Soluble reactive phosphate concentrations were also significantly greater in these enclosures. Delaying the application by up to 28 days did not reduce rice yields in the enclosures. One management implication is that reducing SRP concentrations early in the season in rice field water will result in reduced algal/cyanobacterial biomass. Strategies to reduce water SRP include incorporating fertilizer P or delaying the P application by up to 30 days.     

宁南山区春玉米施肥现状及减施潜力

在宁南山区的固原市原州区和彭阳县调查65个春玉米种植户的产量、施肥量及肥料种类等.结果 表明,该区域春玉米平均产量为9.4 t/hm2,80％的调查农户春玉米产量处在适中及偏低以下水平(＜10.5 t/hm2).春玉米生产中N、P2O5、K2O养分的平均用量分别为353、253、370 kg/hm2,其中,化肥N、P2...     

磷硒配施对郑麦9023硒吸收及土壤硒形态转化的影响

为给通过合理施用磷肥来提高冬小麦籽粒硒含量提供参考依据,以冬小麦品种郑麦9023为供试材料进行盆栽试验,设置3个磷水平(0、80、160mg·kg~(-1),分别表示为P_0、P_(80)和P_(160))和2个硒水平(0和1mg·kg~(-1),分别表示为Se_0和Se_1),共6个处理。结果表明,在Se_0水平下,籽粒产量随着施磷量的增加而逐渐提高,而在Se_1水平下,籽粒产量随着施磷量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P_(80)处理下籽粒产量最高。在Se_1水平下,施磷显著增加了小麦各器官以及整株硒累积量,但是施磷降低了硒从颖壳向籽粒中的迁移系数,显著降低了各器官的硒含量。施硒可提高土壤各形态硒的含量,提高水溶态和可交换态硒的比例。在Se_0水平下施磷可以提高土壤水溶态硒、可交换态硒、铁锰氧化物结合态硒所占总硒的比例;而在Se_1水平下,施磷增加了土壤水溶态硒、有机物硫化物结合态硒、残渣态硒的含量及比例,但是降低了可交换态硒、铁锰氧化物结合态硒的含量及比例。因此,适宜的磷硒配施可通过影响土壤中各种形态硒的转化过程,促进土壤硒向水溶态硒的转化,提高土壤硒的有效性,进而促进郑麦9023对土壤硒的吸收累积,达到增产的效果。     

穗期喷施叶面肥对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过在水稻穗期喷施不同种类的叶面肥来研究不同叶面肥对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期筛选出效果好、性价比高的叶面肥用于水稻生产。结果表明,磷酸二氢钾、含氨基酸水溶肥料、生化素植物多糖等7种叶面肥在水稻穗期喷施,可以通过提高结实率和千粒质量来增加产量,其中,含氨基酸水溶肥料处理增产22.10 kg/667 m^2,润垦磷酸二氢钾处理增产19.91 kg/667 m^2,生化素植物多糖处理增产16.32 kg/667 m^2;同时,穗期喷施叶面肥可以提高精米率和整精米率,提高稻米的加工品质,其中生化素植物多糖、高效腐植酸和微量元素水溶肥处理还可降低垩白粒率。从产量和效益方面综合考虑,水稻穗期喷施叶面肥增产增效最多的是润垦磷酸二氢钾,然后依次为含氨基酸水溶肥、禾丰磷酸二氢钾、14-16-12硫酸钾型水溶性化成肥料、高效腐植酸、生化素植物多糖、微量元素水溶肥。     

溶磷生物肥料在玉米上的施用效果及其对土壤、植株磷素效率的影响

通过田间试验、示范研究溶磷生物肥料在玉米上的施用效果及其对土壤、植株磷素效率的影响。结果表明,施入溶磷菌液玉米整个生育期磷肥利用率达21.75%～37.98%,植株从土壤吸收磷素养分的效率达10.94%。从植株磷素吸收效率分析,磷肥减量1/3处理与全量磷肥处理吸磷量无明显差异,随着磷肥施用量的增加植株吸收效率明显降低。溶磷生物肥在吉林省不同生态区域示范应用,可使化学磷肥用量减少1/3而产量均有所增加,在吉林省中部半湿润半干旱地区增产幅度为8.2%～11.7%,在西部干旱地区幅度为4.1%～8.3%,在东部湿润冷凉区增产幅度为5.6%～13.0%。溶磷生物肥料对不同生态区域的不同土壤类型有一定的环境适应性。     

室内干湿培养对磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性的影响

对海南岛６种类型土壤不同施磷量的室内干湿培养和应用土壤无机磷分极方法，研究水溶性磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性。结果表明；施磷处理经室内干湿培养８ａ，磷在土壤中的转化速率低于盆栽作物条件，特别是土壤Ｏ－ｐ在培养前后变化很微。其中土壤有效Ｐ以年均４．５％的幅度下降，Ａｌ－ｐ和Ｆｅ－ｐ分别年均２．１％和１．７％的幅度下降，而Ｃａ－ｐ则分别以年均１．２％和０．２％的幅度增长。土壤有效磷的变化趋势与Ａｌ－     

减施氮磷条件下微生物肥料对东北黑土区玉米生长和产量的影响

在吉林黑土地区,在减氮肥50％、减磷肥100％条件下,评价15种商业微生物肥料对玉米生长和产量的影响.与常规施肥相比,减氮肥50％处理减产3.6％～5.5％;不施磷肥减产0.6％～4.1％.在减氮条件下,33.3％的微生物肥料稳定增产,增产率为15.7％～35.5％(平均增产25.6％);在不施磷条件下,26.7％的微...     

测土配方施肥对黑龙江省讷河市大豆生产的影响

本试验针对我市多数农民大豆生产施肥存在重氮、轻磷忽视钾的现状，结合测土配方项目工程进行大豆测土配方施肥研究。结果表明：与当地习惯施肥相比，应用测土配方施肥技术具有改善大豆主要经济性状、促进大豆健康生长、提高大豆产量和产值。扣除投入成本，测土配方施肥比当地习惯施肥净增产值76．8-118元／667m^2，平均98．65元／667m^2；较对照净增产值91．3-137．9元／667m^2，平均112．3元／667m^2。     

化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响

为了解化肥减量和有机培肥配施对冬小麦田土壤微生物的影响,以单施常量化肥(表示为NPK,分别施尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾251.8、255.7和375.2kg.km-2)为对照,设置不同化肥(不减量、减量30%、减量50%和减量70%)和有机肥(18 000、25 500和34 500kg.km-2,分别用LM、MM和HM表示)配施处理,采用系列稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸培养法分别测定了不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物区系分布的差异。结果表明,有机无机肥配施显著增加了麦田土壤微生物量碳、氮以及细菌、固氮菌、放线菌等微生物数量,但不影响土壤真菌数量。施肥效果在化肥不减量时随有机肥施用量增加呈上升趋势,在化肥减量时以50%NPK+MM处理最佳。说明化肥适度减量和配施有机肥能够改善土壤微生物量,有利于提高土壤肥力。     

The response of manured forage maize to starter phosphorus fertilizer on chalkland soils in southern England

The impact of various starter phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the growth, nutrient uptake and dry‐matter (DM) yield of forage maize (Zea mais) continuously cropped on the same area and receiving annual, pre‐sowing, broadcast dressings of liquid and semi‐solid dairy manures was investigated in two replicated plot experiments and in whole‐field comparisons in the UK. In Experiment 1 on a shallow calcareous soil (27 mg l^?1 Olsen‐extractable P) in 1996, placement of starter P fertilizer (17 or 32 kg ha^?1) did not benefit crop growth or significantly (P > 0·05) increase DM yield at harvest. However, in Experiment 2 on a deeper non‐calcareous soil (41 mg l^?1 Olsen‐extractable P) in 1997, placement of starter P fertilizer (19 or 41 kg P ha^?1), either applied alone or in combination with starter N fertilizer (10 or 25 kg N ha^?1), significantly increased early crop growth (P < 0·01) and DM yield at harvest by 1·3 t ha^?1 (P < 0·05) compared with a control without starter N or P fertilizer. Placement of starter N fertilizer alone did not benefit early crop growth, but gave similar yields as P, or N and P, fertilizer treatments at harvest. Large treatment differences in N and P uptake by mid‐August had disappeared by harvest. In field comparisons over the 4‐year period 1994–97, the addition of starter P fertilizer increased field cumulative surplus P by over 70%, but without significantly (P > 0·05) increasing DM yield, or nutrient (N and P) uptake, compared with fields that did not receive starter P fertilizer. The results emphasized the extremely low efficiency with which starter P fertilizers are utilized by forage maize and the need to budget manure and fertilizer P inputs more precisely in order to avoid excessive soil P accumulation and the consequent increased risk of P transfer to water causing eutrophication.     

北方春玉米施肥现状及节肥潜力

依据文献资料以及农户调研数据,对北方玉米种植区的施肥现状和节肥潜力进行分析.调研数据表明,在当前北方玉米区平均玉米产量为9894 kg/hm2水平下,养分投入总量平均为512 kg/hm2,纯氮(N)投入总量为307 kg/hm2,纯磷(P2O5)投入总量为137 kg/hm2,纯钾(K2O)投入总量为68 kg/hm...     

Wheat grain yield,phosphorus uptake and soil phosphorus fraction after 23 years of annual fertilizer application to an Andosol

A field experiment was conducted on an Andosol to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, P and N uptake and soil P fraction after long-term fertilization (no fertilizer, NPK, NP, NK and PK treatments). Application rates of N, P and K fertilizers were 100, 65 and 83 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ by ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization was critical for grain yield since the NK treatment did not increase yield compared with no fertilizer treatment. Agronomic efficiency of P was greater than agronomic efficiency of N, although apparent recovery of P and N were 17 and 53%, respectively. Combination application of fertilizer P and N resulted in the greatest grain yield over 23-year cultivation. Interaction impact on grain yield between P and N ranged from 71 to 109%, and was greater than the values for cereals in the earlier works. The N/P ratios of wheat decreased by P application and increased by N application. The N/P ratios in NPK and NP treatments were higher than the values attaining maximum yield for cereal crops reported by other works.     

尿素及磷酸二铵对黑土区甜菜生长发育的影响

选用生产上广泛应用的尿素、磷酸二铵为试材,探讨肥料对黑土区甜菜株高、出叶速度、叶面积、根重、含糖率、净光合生产率的影响,为指导合理施肥提供理论依据。试验结果表明,尿素对甜菜株高、叶片数、叶面积、根重等影响较大,磷酸二铵对其影响较小;尿素对根产量的增产作用约是磷酸二铵的2 倍;尿素、磷酸二铵配合施用效果最好。