增强小麦种子萌发期抗旱性的植物生长调节物质的筛选与评价

为筛选能增强小麦萌发期抗旱性的植物生长调节物质,以绵麦228为材料,选用21种植物生长调节物质浸种24h,以清水浸种为对照,在20%PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,测定各处理的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及苗高、胚芽鞘长度、根长、根数、根冠比、种子贮藏物质转运率等性状,并通过加权隶属函数法评价21种生长调节物质增强小麦萌发期抗旱性的综合效果。结果表明,在PEG6000胁迫下,供试的大部分植物生长调节物质均能在一定程度上增强小麦种子萌发期的抗旱能力,表现为种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数提高,苗高、胚芽鞘长度、根长和根数增加,根冠比、贮藏物质转运速率增大;不同植物生长调节物质对小麦萌发期抗旱能力的调控程度存在一定差异。通过加权隶属函数法分析,综合评价值(D值)排在前5位的植物生长调节物质分别为乙烯利、黄腐酸、氯化胆碱、赤霉素、吲哚丁酸·萘乙酸。除根长、根冠比外,其他鉴定指标与D值均呈显著或极显著正相关,其中苗高的相关系数最大(0.80),因此种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、苗高、胚芽鞘长度、根数、种子贮藏物质转运率等指标可作为植物生长调节物质浸种调控小麦萌发期抗旱性的评价指标。     

山药化感物质对山药和玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本研究以山药零余子和玉米种子为受体材料,采用生物测试方法,以发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根长、茎长和干重为种子萌发和幼苗生长参数,研究山药植株腐解液、根系分泌物和根际土浸提液对受体材料的化感效应,旨在探明山药化感物质的释放途径,探索山药化感物质对不同受体材料的化感作用,为揭示山药连作障碍的机理奠定基础。结果表明：山药植株腐解液和根系分泌物对山药和玉米均有强烈的化感抑制作用,根际土浸提液的化感作用较微弱,化感作用强度为根系分泌物˃植株腐解液˃根际土浸提液,山药根系分泌物和植株腐解液含有丰富的化感物质,可能是山药自毒物质的主要来源之一,是山药化感物质研究的可靠基础材料;在试验设置的浓度范围内,山药化感物质对受体材料的抑制作用与其质量浓度呈正比,3种浸提液对受试材料的化感作用存在低促高抑的浓度效应,低于100 mg/mL时有微弱的促进作用,大于等于100 mg/mL就会产生强烈的抑制作用,随着浓度升高,化感抑制作用强度越大;山药的化感物质对玉米幼苗生长抑制强度大于种子萌发期,山药则相反;结合种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感效应指数,2种受试作物对山药化感作用的敏感程度为自毒作用强于他感作用。     

胶茶间作的他感作用现象

研究了橡胶叶片水浸出液对茶树种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，橡胶叶片水浸出液含有对茶树生长有他感作用的物质，其抑制作用效果与抑制物的浓度有直接关系，即高浓度时，抑制茶子萌发及幼苗生长；低浓度时则有促进作用。     

Effects of Application of Alfalfa Pellet on Germination and Growth of Weeds

Summary

Allelopathy is well known as an interaction among plants (including microbes) through chemicals produced by plants. Recently, many investigations have evaluated the possibility of the use of allelo-pathic substances as a natural herbicide. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is reported to contain allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of weeds. Experiments were conducted in Laboratory of Crop Science, Experimental Farm of Miyazaki University and Kobayashi city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan to determine the allelopathic impact of alfalfa pellet (commercial forage fodder) on germination and growth of lowland weeds, and its potential as a natural herbicide in paddy field. The results indicated that alfalfa pellet significantly inhibited germination and growth of 4 weed species, viz., Echinochloa orygicola, Digitaria ciliaris, Cyperus difformis and Monocholia vaginalis in rice paddies. Among the 4 tested weeds, the maximum inhibitory effect of alfalfa pellet was seen against Cyperus difformis. The degree of inhibition of weed growth by alfalfa pellet became stronger as the application of concentration increased. The results showed that alfalfa pellet might be used as a natural herbicide in rice paddies and might reduce the amount of herbicide used in paddy fields.     

高粱不同组织浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用

为了给小麦合理轮作倒茬提供参考依据,研究了高粱不同组织的水浸提液对小麦幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明,高粱秆、穗、叶的水浸提液对小麦幼苗的苗高和根长均有极强的化感作用,浸提液在低浓度时促进小麦生长,高浓度抑制小麦生长,且对根的化感作用大于对地上部的化感作用.高浓度高粱浸提液降低了小麦的根系活力和叶片可溶性蛋白含量,提高了小麦叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量;小麦叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等酶活性均显著下降.综合来看,高粱不同组织水浸提液对小麦的化感作用表现为秆＞穗＞叶.     

圆叶牵牛对小麦种子的化感作用研究

为了给入侵杂草圆叶牵牛的综合治理提供参考依据,采用生物测定法研究了圆叶牵牛水浸提液对三个小麦品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,圆叶牵牛内存在化感物质,浸提液处理降低了三个供试小麦品种的发芽率、根长、苗高、活力指数,抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强。小麦幼苗生长对浸提液反应更为敏感,浸提液对幼苗生长的抑制作用大于对种子萌发的抑制作用。相同浓度的浸提液对三个小麦品种的影响程度存在差异,石麦18抗性较强。     

The influence of tall fescue on the germination, seedling growth and yield of birdsfoot trefoil

The influence of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on germination and seedling growth of birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.) was evaluated during 1983-85 at Manhattan, Kansas. Studies were designed to evaluate tall fescue cv. Kentucky-31 for possible allelopathic compounds, determine the effects of tall fescue on the germination, seedling growth and yield of birdsfoot trefoil, and to characterize the chemical properties of tall fescue. Fescue produced allelopathic compounds, particularly during the spring and autumn months when it was actively growing. The greatest trefoil inhibition occurred with fescue plant extracts prepared during the autumn (September and October). The concentration of fescue extracts influenced trefoil germination, with greater inhibition as fescue concentration increased. In a sand medium under greenhouse conditions, fescue extracts prepared in spring and autumn reduced trefoil growth by 50 and 56%, respectively, with no inhibition during the summer months. Under field conditions, full strength fescue extracts reduced trefoil plant populations by 14 and 57% with spring and autumn prepared extracts, respectively. Fescue competition reduced sod-seeded trefoil plants per unit area by 17 and 31% for spring and autumn seeding, respectively. Full strength fescue extracts reduced trefoil seedling growth by an average of 37%, and trefoil dry matter yields by 53%.     

Allelopathic Research in Permanent Improved Pastures of Inland Temperate Australia

Summary

Agricultural productivity is very dependent upon the successful establishment of crops and pastures. High populations of vigorous seedlings enable the crop or pasture to withstand competition from weeds and infection from diseases as well as providing good utilisation of nutrient inputs and water. Residues of weed and pasture species can interfere with crop establishment and pasture regeneration. Research at Charles Sturt University (CSU) and elsewhere in Australia has focused on a better understanding of these relationships and the management of each situation to advantage the pasture and to minimise the impact of the allelopathic effects. Such effects include poor germination and early seedling growth and are influenced by the variety and species of agricultural plants being grown.     

Growth Stage of Cyperus esculentus Influences Its Allelopathic Effect on Ectomycorrhizal and Higher Plant Species

Summary

Live plants and plant material in various forms have important roles in ecological processes. Weeds may be involved in interactions with desirable species at different trophic levels through the production and release of allelochemicals. The allelopathic potential of the weed Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) was assessed by preparing aqueous extracts from tubers and foliage from immature or mature plants, and testing their effects on an ectomycorrhiza and two higher plant species. The extracts from tubers and both foliage types significantly reduced the colony diameter of the ectomycorrhiza Boletus maxaria, which was isolated from roots of the forestry species Pinus patula, on agar medium. Extracts (2% m/v) from C. esculentus tubers and the foliage of immature plants inhibited the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds significantly. At 5% concentration, the extracts from foliage of immature weed plants completely inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds at the end of the 7-day trial period. The emergence of corn (Zea mays) was retarded in soil where C. esculentus tubers were planted 28 days before planting the crop, irrespective of whether the weeds continued to grow or were physically removed at the time the corn was sown. In contrast, where weed tubers and corn seeds were planted at the same time, emergence of corn was not affected. It is suggested that the growth stage of weeds be considered in the assessment of their direct and indirect allelopathic effects, and in predictions for their impacts on crop development and yield.     

酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的化感效应

通过采用不同浓度的酢浆草植株水浸提液处理萝卜和生菜种子与幼苗,测定其对不同受体材料种子发芽、幼苗生长和植株保护酶系统的影响,探讨酢浆草植株水浸提液对部分模式蔬菜植物的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：酢浆草植株水浸提液对萝卜和生菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出较为明显的化感抑制。酢浆草植株水浸提液处理后,萝卜和生菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长均被抑制,抑制程度随处理浓度增加而增强,对胚根的抑制强度大于胚轴。酢浆草植株水浸提液对幼苗各种保护酶活性的影响表现出不同的变化规律,POD和CAT的活性均随处理浓度的增加     

假臭草根系分泌物化感作用初步研究

利用直接树脂吸收法来收集假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)根系分泌物,并对飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、热研2号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Reyan No.2)和水稻(Oryza sativa)6种受体植物种子进行发芽试验和幼苗生长试验的测定。结果表明,假臭草根系分泌物对这6种受体植物均具有化感作用,但受体植物之间的作用表现差异显著。其中,胜红蓟发芽和水稻幼苗生长对假臭草根系分泌物最敏感。     

刚果12号桉对4种豆科植物的化感作用

采用室内生物检测的方法研究了刚果12号桉叶片自然释放的挥发性物质、叶片水抽提物、叶片经水蒸气蒸馏所得的桉油、含挥发性水溶性物质的冷凝水和含水溶性非挥发性物质的渣汁3个组分以及桉树根际土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆、柱花草与大翼豆4种受体植物的化感活性。结果表明：刚果12号桉叶片释放的挥发性物质对4种受体植物种子的萌发有强烈的抑制作用：桉叶水抽提物与根际土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆、柱花草与大翼豆4种受体植物种子萌发与幼苗生长不但有一定抑制作用，而且土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆和柱花草幼苗的根生长还有不同程度的促进作用，处理分别比对照高出13％、2％、23％。从桉油、冷凝水与渣汁3个组分的化感活性来看，渣汁的最强，桉油次之，冷凝水最低，即单位叶片中水溶性物质的化感活性比挥发性的高。这表明水溶性化感活性物质可能是刚果12号桉的主要化感作用物质。     

The heterotoxicity of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts in four growth stages on germination and seedlings growth of Avena ludoviciana

Phytotoxicity of barley extracts (Hordeum vulgare L.) on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) was investigated. Water extracts five varieties of barley were bioassayed on germination and seedling growth of wild-oat to test the heterotoxicity of barley on wild-oat, study the dynamics of allelopathic potential over four growth stages and identify the most allelopathic plant part of barley in each stage. Whole barley plants were extracted at growth stage 4 (stems not developed enough), whilst for the following growth stages roots, stems, panicles and leaves were extracted separately. Seedling growth bioassays demonstrated that the wild-oat responded differently to the allelopathic potential of barley. For wild-oat radical growth and coleoptile growth were more depressed than germination, though. The allelopathic potential of barley plant parts was not stable over its life cycle for wild-oat. Leaves and stems were the most phytotoxic barley plant parts for wild-oat in the all stages. Among the varieties Eizeh appeared as the best one showing toxicity to seed germination of wild oat at its stage 4 and 8. Results suggested that the response by wild-oat varied depending on the source of allelochemicals (plant part) and the growth stage of the barley plant and kind of variety. The results leaded to conclude that Eizeh variety of barley was good to grow as it has good check on seed germination of wild oat plants as well as it also retarded the growth of root and shoot length of oat.     

南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用研究

以黄瓜、西瓜作受体材料,研究南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液的化感作用。结果表明,南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对受体种子萌发率、萌发指数、幼苗根长、苗高和苗干重存在化感促进或抑制效应。对指标进行综合效应分析,发现南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用呈现浓度效应及受体差异性,一定浓度水浸液处理对受体种子萌发阶段、幼苗生长阶段及整体生长有促进作用,但西瓜较黄瓜对浓度敏感,0.02 g/mL南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对黄瓜化感促进强度最大,0.04 g/mL处理下,表现为化感促进强度降低或微弱抑制作用;0.02和0.04 g/mL南瓜根系水浸液及0.04 g/mL根部土壤水浸液对西瓜则表现为强烈抑制现象。     

Effects of alfalfa leaf extracts and phenolic allelochemicals on early seedling growth and root morphology of alfalfa and barnyard grass

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants contain water-soluble substances that are autotoxic as well as allelopathic to other plants. Laboratory experimentation through a petri dish assay with imbibed seeds was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of alfalfa cv. “Vernal” leaf extracts, coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, o-coumaric acid, and hydro-cinnamic acid on the seedling growth and anatomical responses of 6 day-old alfalfa and barnyard grass. With increasing concentration, the alfalfa leaf extracts significantly reduced root lengths of alfalfa and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli, Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi). Coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, o-coumaric acid, and hydro-cinnamic acid at 10⁻⁴ M significantly reduced root lengths of alfalfa and barnyard grass. The root systems, especially root tips of alfalfa, were stunted and swollen by the aqueous alfalfa leaf extracts at 30 g l⁻¹ and coumarin at 10⁻³ M. This research suggests that alfalfa plant extracts significantly affected root growth and morphological differentiation of susceptible plants, resulting in reduction of their biomass in the presence of either autotoxic or allelopathic compounds. The results may have value in enabling weed control based on natural plant extracts.     

Low Temperature Emergence in Crop Plants

Summary

In Canada, seeding of agronomically important crops takes place during the early months of spring when temperatures are well below the optimum. Low temperature reduces the rate and success of germination. This in turn can result in slow asynchronous emergence from the soil and poor stand establishment. As emergence is a function of both germination and early seedling growth, the effect of low temperature on these developmental processes is of great interest. This review examines how low temperature affects germination and early seedling growth in relation to biochemical and molecular processes. As Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, canola, does not exhibit primary or secondary dormancy, it serves as an ideal species in which to study low temperature emergence. First, emergence is reviewed by independent sections covering germination and early seedling growth. Germination is dissected into the three phases of germination. Early seedling growth is broken into sections covering storage reserve mobilization, the expression of gene sets related to developmental stages, and the role of ABA. Next, comparisons between chilling injury in seeds and chilling injury in plants, oxidative stress, and seed priming are discussed. Finally, the current state of experimental evidence and results are used to resynthesize low temperature emergence in Brassica napus with final thoughts on future directions.     

NADPH Oxidases Act as Key Enzyme on Germination and Seedling Growth in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in seed germination. Although hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a type of ROS, enhances the germination rate of various plant seeds, little is known about the mechanism. NADPH oxidases catalyze the production of superoxide anion (O₂^-) that is one of the ROS and the enzymes regulate plant development. We, therefore, investigated the role of NADPH oxidases in seed germination and seedling growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The production of O₂^- was observed both in embryo and aleurone layers in barley seeds treated with distilled water (DW). However, it was suppressed in seeds treated with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) chloride, NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, DPI markedly delayed germination and remarkably suppressed α-amylase activity in barley seeds, indicating the importance of NADPH oxidases in germination of barley seeds. The gene expression and the enzyme activity of NADPH oxidases gradually increased after imbibition, and the enzyme activities were closely correlated with seedling growth after imbibition. Besides, DPI markedly suppressed the seedling growth. These results indicated that NADPH oxidases perform a crucial function in germination and seedling growth in barley. These facts clearly reveal that O₂^- produced by NADPH oxidases after imbibition regulates seed germination and seedling growth in barley.     

Allelopathic potential of Lolium rigidum Gaud. on the early growth of three associated pasture species

In Mediterranean areas, the establishment of multi‐species pastures for extensive livestock use is an alternative to the growing of traditional cereal crops. Lolium rigidum Gaud. is one of the most valuable forage grasses adapted to semiarid environments but its performance in mixtures is not fully understood. Field observations suggest that the species exerts allelopathic effects, although there is no evidence in the literature to support this assumption. The objective of the study was to determine whether L. rigidum affects the germination and seedling growth of common forage species by allelopathic means. Two bioassays were conducted to test for the allelopathic potential of seeds and adult (shoot and root) tissues of L. rigidum on two grasses, Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Dactylis glomerata L., and a legume, Medicago sativa L. The three species showed different degrees of sensitivity to L. rigidum with L. multiflorum being particularly sensitive to allelopathy. Positive and negative effects of L. rigidum on seedling development were noted. Shoot extracts of L. rigidum displayed the most consistent negative effects by inhibiting elongation of the radicle of the three target species. The significance of the results is that in drought‐prone environments and where water resources are scarce poor root development decreases the ability of the plants to grow and survive.     

Does Allelopathy Play a Role in Suppression of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) by Alfalfa?

Abstract

Alfalfa suppresses mugwort growth in the field. In the present study, the allelopathic effect of alfalfa on mugwort was examined using the above-ground (AGAB) and under-ground alfalfa biomasses (UGAB), and their water extracts. The sprouting of mugwort rhizomes or seed germination, growth of seedlings and leaf color changes in mugwort seedlings were evaluated in pot experiments. AGAB mixed into soil highly inhibited sprouting of mugwort rhizome fragments and growth of seedlings. The inhibitory effect was increased, and gradual leaf discoloration (yellowing) was observed in response to a higher dose of AGAB. However, UGAB affected neither sprouting of mugwort rhizome fragments nor growth of seedlings. The growth of mugwort seedlings was not significantly affected by water extracts of either AGAB or UGAB applied after emergence. The seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced by water extracts of AGAB and UGAB in the petri dishes experiments. These results indicated that the allelopathic effect of alfalfa along with the competitive ability and harvesting regime may play an important role in suppressing mugwort growth.     

巨尾桉挥发物化感作用初步研究

在实验室条件下进行巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)新鲜桉叶和桉油的挥发物对4种受试植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响试验.结果表明:巨尾桉挥发物对受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且抑制作用强度,桉油挥发物均显著或极显著大于桉叶自然挥发物.桉油挥发物的作用强度有明显的浓度效应,浓度增大,抑制作用增强.不同受体植物对巨尾桉挥发物化感作用的敏感性差异明显,其中甜菜心和白萝卜敏感性较强,水稻和热研2号柱花草敏感性则较弱.