蒙古族家具开启结构特征的初步研究

蒙古族家具开启结构是蒙古族家具研究体系中的一部分,其特征有别于中原传统家具。笔者用详尽的实物样本例证了蒙古族家具的开启结构特征,分类绘制了家具结构图,初步分析了蒙古族传统生活方式、居所形式对开启结构形成的影响,揭示了其结构特征和中原家具的区别,为蒙古族家具研究方向做了有益的补充。     

蒙古族传统家具的游牧特征

蒙古族传统家具是蒙古族日常生活的必需品之一。在广袤的蒙古高原上,辽阔的天然牧场及原始森林赋予蒙古族人民游牧为主的经济生活,草原上逐水草而建的蒙古包成为蒙古族的主要居所。以上条件形成了传统蒙古族家具的特有种类及其游牧特征。蒙古族传统家具的种类以箱型结构为常见,蒙古族传统家具的游牧特征体现在以下几个方面:就地取材;为适用于蒙古包而形体矮小;因需在不同的营地放牧,家具需在运输过程中可拆装与折叠;也由于频繁的运输,蒙古族传统家具部件粗大;彩绘与雕花的家具丰富了单一的生活色调。     

“海派”家具本土特征的研究

"海派"家具坚守着传统中式家具的造型原则,大量的本土元素以混搭的形式融入其中,其家具文化意义也因此而被赋予了更多的本土特征。"海派"家具常以西式中作的方式进行生产,在用材和接合方面则传承了传统中式家具的造物特征。无论是整体形态还是构成元素,"海派"家具始终将"中和"的思想作为造物准则。     

浅谈蒙古族传统家具的抢救、保护与传承

蒙古族传统家具是优秀的少数民族文化遗存,但由于民众认识浅、关注度较低,造成了损毁及流失严重的现状。针对这些现象,笔者追溯了蒙古族家具的历史,阐述了蒙古族传统家具的价值,分析了蒙古族传统家具的现状,提出了具体的抢救、保护的建议和措施,并建设性地提出了特色文化产业创新拓展思路。     

蒙古族传统家具的装饰与工艺特征探究

蒙古族传统家具中的图案、色彩的应用各有不同的寓意;不同雕刻和镂空手法的运用,形成了穿花、过梗、翻、转、叠、掖等特有的民族表现形式和制作风格;配以镶嵌、贴金与平面各类图案厚漆彩绘的辅助手法更使家具层次分明、富有韵味,并极大地丰富了整体的造型表现力;同时由于蒙古族生活方式、宗教信仰、生态变化、文化交流的影响,从而形成了蒙古族传统家具的重要特征及用途。     

定向结构麦秸板在家具与室内装饰中的应用

介绍了目前定向结构麦秸板的基本特性,分析了其在家具与饰材市场中的"短板",探讨了如何通过需求空间分析、发展层次定位等突出定向结构麦秸板的优势,按照市场需要确定OSSB家具与饰材的发展策略,通过工艺开发的重点及其价值取向、调整产业结构、提高OSSB家具与饰材的投入等措施打破瓶颈,解决OSSB家具与饰材产业发展的"中梗阻"问题,通过分析定向结构麦秸板家具及装饰市场优势与劣势,提出扬长避短发展这一产业的重点方向及策略。     

探析古典家具与园林建筑室内的关系

指出了家具风格的形成与家具的陈设和园林室内有密不可分的关系，通过分析它们之间的关系，对于深刻理解传统文化在造物方面的影响及对现代装饰的借鉴价值具有重要意义，通过寸明清古典家具放置于园林建筑室内的角度进行研究，旨在更加深刻理解和体会中国传统文化，并指出了其对传承明清家具文化、进行现代室内设计的借鉴意义。     

蒙古族传统文化符号在家具设计中的应用

以区域历史文化发展变化为切入点,通过分析和研究蒙古族传统家具的文化内涵,挖掘蒙古族传统文化符号在当代家具设计中的潜能与表现,同时介绍了蒙古族传统家具造型符号3种具有代表性的表现手法,及传统文化符号应用于家具设计创作中的方法。     

蒙古族传统家具——坐具与卧具北大核心

传统的游牧生活使蒙古族牧民频繁搬迁,居住在蒙古包之中,牧民盘腿而坐,席地而眠的传统使坐卧类家具在蒙古族传统生活中所占比重较小;但是在定居的砖瓦房中,坐、卧家具已在蒙古族的生活中占有重要的地位;在寺庙家具中座的形式与高度具有不同的意义。蒙古族家具中坐具包括高台、宝座、椅、凳、马扎等;卧具包括床、榻。在蒙古族由游牧到定居的生活变迁中,其家具种类与使用形式既传承了北方游牧民族文化,也形成了目前各文化交融的状态。     

蒙古族传统家具——坐具与卧具

传统的游牧生活使蒙古族牧民频繁搬迁,居住在蒙古包之中,牧民盘腿而坐,席地而眠的传统使坐卧类家具在蒙古族传统生活中所占比重较小;但是在定居的砖瓦房中,坐、卧家具已在蒙古族的生活中占有重要的地位;在寺庙家具中座的形式与高度具有不同的意义。蒙古族家具中坐具包括高台、宝座、椅、凳、马扎等;卧具包括床、榻。在蒙古族由游牧到定居的生活变迁中,其家具种类与使用形式既传承了北方游牧民族文化,也形成了目前各文化交融的状态。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.