牡丹优良品种"洛阳红"的促成栽培技术

以牡丹优良品种"洛阳红"为对象,研究了牡丹植株解除休眠的方法和促成栽培与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明用700 mg·kg-1赤霉素涂芽15 d可解除牡丹休眠;促成栽培时间与积温呈显著正相关,与日均温呈负相关;促成栽培适宜的日均光照13 h,空气相对湿度70%～80%,土壤含水率25%～50%,所需时间最短32 d,最长56 d.     

牡丹花期调控概述

该文从牡丹休眠与解除、催花的技术措施等方面论述了牡丹花期调控方面的研究进展,对今后开展牡丹花期调控的研究提供参考。     

牡丹冬季室内催花主要技术

牡丹 (ＰａｅｏｎｉａｓｕｆｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＡｎｄｒ .)是温带的亚灌木 ,自然花期为 4～ 5月份 ,花芽分化主要在夏秋季进行 ,冬季落叶休眠。牡丹冬季室内催花以其自然生长发育规律为基础 ,根据促成栽培学原理 ,人为地创造适宜牡丹生长的条件 ,使牡丹按照人们的意志在寒冷的冬季提前开花。其主要技术措施包括选择适宜的催花种苗、满足种苗低温要求解除休眠、温度调控、湿度调控、人工补光、补施肥水等内容。1　选择适宜的催花种苗牡丹有许多栽培品种 ,仅中原牡丹品种就有近 6 0 0个 ,但并非所有的牡丹品种都适宜冬季室内催花 ,因此选择适…     

洛阳红牡丹抑制栽培技术研究

在低温条件下，对洛阳红牡丹植株延长休眠期：根据不同时期需要，解除植株休眠进行人工栽培，实现非自然花期开花，牡丹植株冷藏时间与失重率呈显著正相关，与开花质量呈负相关，冷藏植株间填充物以鲜苔藓和珍珠岩为宜．     

牡丹深休眠特性和解除方法

牡丹有暂时休眠和深休眠两种休眠类型，以深休眠为主。牡丹休眠有4种特性，深休眠的解除主要有两种方式：低温和外源激素。     

低温解除牡丹芽休眠进程中内源激素的变化

以4～5年生牡丹'胡红'为试材,研究1～7周不同低温处理时间对其开花展叶的影响.根据花芽萌动和开花情况结合激素的变化动态,将低温解除花芽休眠进程划分为:低温累积期、休眠解除启动期、休眠基本解除期、休眠彻底解除期4个时期.分别测定低温处理期内和进入温室后内源GA,,ABA,CTK,IAA及其比值的变化.结果表明:低温期内GA,,ABA,CTK质量分数的增减和GA,/ABA比值的变化可明显地反映低温解除花芽休眠的进程.其中,GA,/ABA比值的变化与休眠的进程直接对应.进入温室后牡丹花芽内各激素的变化进一步证明GA3和CTK是解除休眠的促进物,ABA是解除休眠的抑制物.低温解除牡丹休眠是通过调节休眠解除的促进物和抑制物之间的平衡来实现的,是多因素综合作用的结果.     

草莓冬暖大棚栽培技术要点

冬暖大棚草莓栽培 ,属于促成栽培的技术范畴。这项新兴产业 ,在喀什地区起步较晚 ,实践经验不多 ,缺乏成熟的丰产栽培技术。笔者认为草莓冬暖大棚栽培技术关键环节包括 :选择适宜的良种壮苗 ,建好保温设施 ,合理密度定植 ,适时扣棚保温和保温后科学管理五个方面。1　品种选择目前推广草莓促成栽培的良种有 :春香、丰香、静香和秋香。这 4个良种 ,都具有休眠浅、需冷量低的特点。在 5℃以下低温 2 0～ 50 h可解除休眠 ,半促成栽培品种 ,目前生产上大力推广的良种有 :全明星、因都卡、弗杰尼亚和哈尼等。这些良种 ,都具有休眠浅、易成花、产量…     

牡丹冬季催花后复壮栽培技术

牡丹催花是根据促成栽培学原理使牡丹在非自然花期提前开放，催花过程中生长发育所需养分主要来自植株自身的贮存养分，花后因很难恢复生长而弃之不用。随着牡丹催花业的兴起，越来越多的牡丹种苗成为催花的一次性消费品，这无疑是对牡丹资源的一种巨大耗费。针对这一现状...     

牡丹‘洛阳红’芽休眠低温解除中需冷量和生理生化动态变化

以4年生牡丹‘洛阳红’为试验材料,经历0～42 d低温处理观测其芽萌动成花情况,探讨上海地区牡丹花芽低温休眠解除过程中需冷量和生理生化指标的动态变化规律.结果表明:处理7d为低温累积期,处理14 d即可启动休眠解除但萌动率(52.8％)和成花率(27.8％)均较低;基本解除休眠需要21 d低温处理,萌动率可达90.3％,但成花率为51.6％;而彻底解除休眠则需要至少低温处理28 d,成花率急剧增加至71.8％.花芽中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的变化趋势类似:休眠完全解除前随着低温累积量的增加急速增加,彻底解除后随着需冷量的增加变化趋缓.花芽内源激素及其比值的动态变化表明,GA3和ABA的含量变化与花芽体眠解除的进程分别呈显著的正、负相关;在基本与彻底解除休眠区间内二者含量急剧变化,GA3/ABA的值可以直接显示花芽休眠的程度.进一步证明GA3是最为重要的促进休眠解除激素,而ABA则是休眠解除的主要拮抗物.     

牡丹花期调控技术研究综述

从牡丹的花芽分化、开花生理、影响花期的因子、栽培管理技术以及其他因素等方面对花期调控技术进行了综述,并针对当前牡丹花期调控研究中存在的问题,提出了建议,为今后牡丹花期调控研究提供了理论指导和技术帮助。     

Climatic control of bud burst in young seedlings of nine provenances of Norway spruce

Detailed knowledge of temperature effects on the timing of dormancy development and bud burst will help evaluate the impacts of climate change on forest trees. We tested the effects of temperature applied during short-day treatment, duration of short-day treatment, duration of chilling and light regime applied during forcing on the timing of bud burst in 1- and 2-year-old seedlings of nine provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). High temperature during dormancy induction, little or no chilling and low temperature during forcing all delayed dormancy release but did not prevent bud burst or growth onset provided the seedlings were forced under long-day conditions. Without chilling, bud burst occurred in about 20% of seedlings kept in short days at 12 degrees C, indicating that young Norway spruce seedlings do not exhibit true bud dormancy. Chilling hastened bud burst and removed the long photoperiod requirement, but the effect of high temperature applied during dormancy induction was observed even after prolonged chilling. Extension of the short-day treatment from 4 to 8 or 12 weeks hastened bud burst. The effect of treatments applied during dormancy development was larger than that of provenance; in some cases no provenance effect was detected, but in 1-year-old seedlings, time to bud burst decreased linearly with increasing latitude of origin. Differences among provenances were complicated by different responses of some origins to light conditions under long-day forcing. In conclusion, timing of bud burst in Norway spruce seedlings is significantly affected by temperature during bud set, and these effects are modified by chilling and environmental conditions during forcing.     

The minimum temperature for budburst in Betula depends on the state of dormancy

Vegis has put forward the theory that the range of growth-promoting temperatures changes during the induction and the release of dormancy. We have tested the response of buds of Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth. on temperature during the induction and release of dormancy. Betula seedlings were exposed to dormancy-inducing high-temperature and short-day conditions and subsequently to dormancy-releasing chilling conditions in darkness. To monitor the dormancy status of the seedlings, subsets of them were transferred to five forcing temperatures and their budburst was observed. The results show that the expression of dormancy was temperature dependent, so that the minimum temperature for 100% budburst rose during the induction and dropped during the release of dormancy. These responses may explain previous contradictions between experimental and modelling studies, but that needs to be verified with more extensive experiments, some of which are identified in this study. The results provide further evidence for the concept of gradual change in bud dormancy. They also suggest that global change studies modelling budburst phenology should address the changing expression of bud dormancy.     

芽休眠的类型及影响因素研究进展

本文从芽休眠的分类、影响休眠的因素、休眠的研究进展、休眠的调控等方面来综述了国内外在芽休眠研究方面的进展,并讨论了芽休眠研究中存在的问题,最后对今后的研究工作提出了一些建议。     

High autumn temperature delays spring bud burst in boreal trees, counterbalancing the effect of climatic warming

The effect of temperature during short-day (SD) dormancy induction was examined in three boreal tree species in a controlled environment. Saplings of Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh. and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Moench. were exposed to 5 weeks of 10-h SD induction at 9, 15 and 21 degrees C followed by chilling at 5 degrees C for 40, 70, 100 and 130 days and subsequent forcing at 15 degrees C in a 24-h photoperiod for 60 days. In all species and with all chilling periods, high temperature during SD dormancy induction significantly delayed bud burst during subsequent flushing at 15 degrees C. In A. glutinosa, high temperature during SD dormancy induction also significantly increased the chilling requirement for dormancy release. Field experiments at 60 degrees N with a range of latitudinal birch populations revealed a highly significant correlation between autumn temperature and days to bud burst in the subsequent spring. September temperature alone explained 20% of the variation between years in time of bud burst. In birch populations from 69 and 71 degrees N, which ceased growing and shed their leaves in August when the mean temperature was 15 degrees C, bud burst occurred later than expected compared with lower latitude populations (56 degrees N) in which dormancy induction took place more than 2 months later at a mean temperature of about 6 degrees C. It is concluded that this autumn temperature response may be important for counterbalancing the potentially adverse effects of higher winter temperatures on dormancy stability of boreal trees during climate warming.     

蟹爪兰短日照促成栽培试验初报

对蟹爪兰2个品种进行不同起止时间的短日照促成栽培试验表明，以着蕾，如期开花率及如期开花朵数比较，7月30日开始给予短日照的处理优于7月20日开始给予短日照的处理；并且70-78d就能开花，比自然花期提早一个月；7月下旬进行的蟹爪兰短日照促成栽培，短日照处理时间以40d为好。     

Modeling the effects of winter environment on dormancy release of Douglas-fir

Most temperate woody plants have a winter chilling requirement to prevent budburst during mid-winter periods of warm weather. The date of spring budburst is dependent on both chilling and forcing; modeling this date is an important part of predicting potential effects of global warming on trees. There is no clear evidence from the literature that the curves of chilling or forcing effectiveness differ by species so we combined our data and published information to develop new curves on the effectiveness of temperature for chilling and forcing. The new curves predict effectiveness over a wide range of temperatures and we suggest both functions may be operating at the same time. We present experimental data from 13 winter environments for 5 genotypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) and use them to test various assumptions of starting and stopping dates for accumulating chilling and forcing units and the relationship between budburst and the accumulation of chilling and forcing units. Chilling started too early to be effective in one treatment but the other 12 environments resulted in budburst from many combinations of chilling and forcing. Previous reports have suggested benefits or cancellations of effects from alternating day/night or periodic temperatures. Our simple models do not include these effects but nevertheless were effective in predicting relationships between chilling and forcing for treatments with a wide range of conditions. Overall, the date of budburst changed only slightly (+1 to ?11 days) across a wide range of treatments in our colder test environment (Olympia, WA, USA) but was substantially later (+29 days) in the warmest treatment in our warmer environment (Corvallis, OR, USA). An analysis of historical climate data for both environments predicted a wide range in date to budburst could result from the same mean temperature due to the relative weightings of specific temperatures in the chilling and forcing functions. In the absence of improved understanding of the basic physiological mechanisms involved in dormancy induction and release, we suggest that simple, universal functions be considered for modeling the effectiveness of temperature for chilling and forcing. Future research should be designed to determine the exact shape of the curves; data are particularly lacking at the temperature extremes. We discuss the implications of our data and proposed functions for predicting effects of climate change. Both suggest that the trend toward earlier budburst will be reversed if winter temperatures rise substantially.     

层积和激素处理对山楂种子生理生化的影响

为了研究山楂种子的体眠机理,以野生山楂种子为试材,经1个冬季的层积后,用200 mg/L GA3和ABA处理种子,测定层积与激素处理对种子生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,野生山楂种子层积1个冬天不能解除休眠,其休眠程度较深,经GA3处理后,少量种子萌发,但只长子叶,胚芽和胚根没有萌动.层积后山楂种子的细胞膜透性增加,呼吸加强,总糖、还原糖和游离氨基酸含量降低,可溶性蛋白质含量增加.CAT和SOD活性增加.POD和PAL活性降低.GA3处理使种子CAT、SOD、POD和PAL活性均有所降低,而ABA处理除了使SOD活性降低外,对其余各酶的影响与GA3的作用相反.     

核桃组织培养中外植体材料的初代培养研究

以3个核桃品种为试材，对初代培养中外植体的消毒方法、取材时间、培养基和外植体类型等因子对离体培养的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明：二次升汞消毒法可以提高休眠芽的消毒效果：以嫩枝茎段为外植体时适宜的取材暑期为6月，以腋芽饱满半木质化的培养效果较好；适宜的培养基类型是DKW和1/2MS，嫩枝茎段的培养效果要好于休眠芽；3个品种间离体培养特性存在差异。     

濒危植物白桂木组培育苗技术研究

以白桂木种子、半年生植株的幼嫩枝条为材料,通过多种方法的消毒灭菌,激素打破种子体眠、促进嫩枝萌芽,获得无菌培养材料,进行组培育苗技术研究,掌握了濒危植物白桂木组培育苗的技术:培养材料的消毒方法,初代培养的抗氧化褐变培养技术,丛芽诱导及继代增殖培养技术,生根诱导培养技术及生根苗炼苗移栽技术.     

林木种子休眠研究评述

种子休眠,是指在充分满足各种发芽条件时,有生命力的种子一时不能发芽或发芽困难的自然现象。处于休眠的种子,种皮坚硬、含水量低,细胞内养分处于难溶态,代谢活动较低。一般将种子休眠划分为三个类型:即强迫休眠、生理休眠和综合休眠。种子生理休眠的机理包括:种果皮的抑制;植物激素的作用;种子的二次休眠;综合因素造成的休眠;分子变化等方面。