Performance of Polypay, Coopworth, and crossbred ewes: I. Reproduction and lamb production.

Six ewe genotypes, generated by mating Coopworth (C), Polypay (P), and Suffolk (S) rams to Polypay and Coopworth-type (Ct) ewes, were exposed to Hampshire rams for spring lambing from 1986 through 1990. Data from 1,092 exposures and 1,044 resultant lambings were used to analyze reproductive traits and lamb growth rates. Overall conception rate averaged 95% and ranged from 93% for S x Ct ewes to 97% for P x Ct ewes. Mean litter size at birth averaged 1.63 and ranged from 1.45 for C x C ewes to 1.75 for S x P ewes. Ewes from P dams had higher mean litter size (P less than .01) than those from Ct dams (1.73 vs 1.54), but differences between sire breeds were not significant. Incidence of lambing assistance was similar for ewes producing single or multiple lambs. Lamb birth weight influenced the level of assistance rendered to single-bearing but not to multiple-bearing ewes. Lambing assistance was not related to lamb survival, probably because the high surveillance level minimized trauma before assistance was rendered. Incidence of required assistance declined over subsequent parities. Lamb birth weights were affected by ewe genotype and increased with increasing ewe age. Survival of single-born lambs averaged 94% and was not affected by dam genotype. Survival of twins averaged 85%, ranging from 79% for lambs from S x Ct ewes to 89% for lambs from P x P ewes. Suffolk-sired ewes produced the heaviest mean birth and weaning weights for both singles and twins. Coopworth-sired ewes weaned heavier single lambs but lighter twins than P-sired ewes.     

Effects of infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei on different trimesters of pregnancy in ewes.

The effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection during the first, second or third trimesters of pregnancy in 13 ewes were studied. All infected ewes were anaemic with the anaemia being most severe, moderate and least in ewes infected in the second, third and first trimesters, respectively. Weight loss occurred in all infected ewes but was most severe in ewes infected in the third trimester. Three of the four ewes infected in the first trimester died without aborting while one aborted and later died. Of the four ewes infected in the second trimester, three died without aborting while one lambed and later died. In the third trimester ewes, one aborted, two lambed and all three later died while one died without aborting. None of the lambs was viable. The control ewe lambed normally. The infection resulted in 16.7% abortion, 100% death and 33.3% neonatal deaths. This study demonstrates that T. brucei brucei has a devastating effect on pregnancy irrespective of the trimester of infection.     

Relative contribution of colostrum from Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infected ewes to MVV-seroprevalence in lambs

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) seroprevalence associated with consumption of colostrum from seropositive ewes was investigated in 276 housed lambs from birth to 300 days-old. At birth, lambs were allocated to five experimental groups according to the maternal MVV-serological status, source and mode of feeding colostrum (bovine or ovine and bottle fed or suckled from the dam) and type of horizontal MVV-exposure (raised with the dam or separately with other lambs). The risk of being seropositive at 300 days-old was associated with feeding ovine colostrum from seropositive ewes and increased with intake of bottle-fed ovine colostrum and was higher in lambs separated from their dams and raised with other experimental lambs compared to lambs raised with their dams. Approximately 75-87% of ELISA-positive results in lambs that had ovine colostrum was attributable to colostrum itself. However, approximately only 16% of naturally raised and 29-61% of bottle-fed ovine colostrum lambs were ELISA-positive as a result feeding ovine colostrum. These results confirm that ovine colostrum from seropositive ewes can be a major source of MVV but its overall contribution to seroprevalence in natural conditions is relatively low, and shows that horizontal MVV transmission can be an important source of infection in new-born lambs.     

Experimentally induced ovine border disease: extensive hypomyelination with minimal viral antigen in neonatal spinal cord

Border disease (BD) was experimentally induced in 9 lambs by inoculation of their dams with the BD-31 strain of border disease virus (BDV) at 50 days of gestation. These ewes developed serum-neutralizing antibody titers to BDV. The diagnosis of BD in their lambs was confirmed by hairy birthcoats, intrauterine growth retardation, tremors, and hypomyelination. Three clinically healthy age-matched control lambs, whose dams had been given an inoculum containing only BDV-free cell culture supernatant, were studied in parallel. There were significant differences in birth weights and in the lengths of the right tibiae and radii between the affected and the control lambs. There was a gradient in severity of clinical neurologic signs among the affected lambs, which directly correlated with the severity of hypomyelination in their spinal cords. However, the difference in severity of the neurologic deficits did not correlate with differences either in the precolostral serum-neutralizing antibody titers to BDV in these lambs or in the number of BDV antigen-containing cells in their spinal cords. Only approximately 0.01% to 0.3% of spinal cord cells, both in gray matter and white matter, were BDV antigen positive in the affected lambs. These results indicate that extensive infection of CNS cells with their subsequent destruction or functional alteration may not be a critical part of the pathogenesis of the hypomyelination in BD.     

The production and survival of lambs persistently infected with border disease virus.

From 1985 to 1989 lambs persistently infected with border disease virus (BDV) were produced for comparative immunological studies by infecting 57 susceptible pregnant ewes between 50 and 60 days' gestation with Moredun or Oban strains of BDV. Ewes were infected either by injection with virus grown in cell culture or by housing with lambs excreting BDV. There was no significant difference in the outcomes of these different methods of infection. There was a significant difference in the number of viable lambs born to ewes receiving the two viruses. Of 41 ewes infected with Moredun virus 21 produced 32 live lambs of which 17 were reared to 1 month old (53% viability). Of 16 ewes receiving Oban virus 10 gave birth to 17 live lambs of which 15 were reared to 1 month old (88% viability). All the lambs born to ewes infected with Moredun BDV had varying signs of tremor and increased hairiness ("hairy-shakers") while those born to ewes infected with the Oban virus had no obvious clinical signs. Survival of the lambs was poor. Up until February 1991, 14 Moredun and 10 Oban sheep between the ages of 4 months and 5.5 yr had died from a variety of causes. The two commonest causes were a chronic wasting syndrome and a mucosal disease-like syndrome which was associated with the recovery of cytopathic BDV. Mating of unrelated persistently infected sheep was largely unproductive although 2 lambs were reared.     

Postweaning growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition of sheep as affected by prenatal and postnatal testosterone

Data were collected from intact males, castrated males and ewe lambs to investigate the effect of presence or absence of testosterone prenatally and during the postweaning period on postweaning growth, feed intake and carcass chemical composition. Half the lambs from each sex were the progeny of dams that had received five injections of testosterone cyprionate from d 32 through d 87 of gestation. Linear contrasts were used to detect differences. Postweaning daily gain of intact males was greater (P less than .01) than that of male castrates. Ewe lambs from treated dams had approximately 12% greater rate of growth (P less than .04) than ewe lambs from control dams. Ewe lambs from dams that had been treated were 28% more efficient (P less than .01) in the conversion of food to weight than those from untreated dams. Ewe lambs from treated dams had heavier livers (P less than .07). Carcass protein for intact males was greater (P less than .11) than for castrates, and extractable fat was less (P less than .05). Masculinization of growth characteristics of ewe lambs affected the quantity of carcass fat relative to control ewes (7.59 vs 8.92 kg). These ewe lambs also had more water in the carcass than did the control ewes (13.93 vs 12.29 kg). Administration of exogenous testosterone to pregnant ewes over an interval of time approximating time of sexual differentiation in the fetus enhances postweaning growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and chemical composition of genetic females.     

THE INCIDENCE OF DYSTOCIA IN DORSET HORN EWES

The incidence of dystocia was recorded in flocks of Dorset Horn ewes lambing in winter, spring or summer and grazed at 8, 12 or 16 ewes per hectare over a ten-year period. The mean incidence of dystocia was 34% of ewes lambing. Significantly more ewes experience a difficult birth at winter (35%) and spring (39%) than summer (26%) lambings. Neither stocking rates nor pre-lambing ewe bodyweight were related to the incidence of dystocia. The incidence of dystocia was significantly greater in 2-year-old ewes than in any other age group. Foetal size was of major importance in the occurrence of dystocia. Approximately 60% of single and twin born lambs that had birth weights greater than 4.5 kg had a difficult birth whereas in lambs weighing less than 3.2 kg only about 10% were affected. Thirty-six per cent of all perinatal mortality was attributable to dystocia. Approximately 27% of single and 73% of twin presentations in assisted births were abnormal, 31% of all lambs assisted had 1 or both legs retained, 4% had posterior (including breech) presentations and the remaining 8% were of varied forms of malpresentation. Significantly more single male than female lambs experienced a difficult birth and the mean birth weights of single, twin and triplet born lambs that had a difficult birth were greater than the birth weights of singles, twins and triplets born normally.     

A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP

A condition resembling border disease has been transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. Forty-nine merino ewes, mated to merino rams 7 to 87 days previously, were inoculated with an homogenate of brain, spinal cord and spleen from affected lambs. Mummified foetuses, abortions and stillbirths were observed, and lambs with hairy birth coats were born to ewes inoculated between days 12 to 70 of gestation. A mucosal disease virus (MDV), present in the original material, was recovered from the aborted foetuses and lambs. Attempts to induce passive protection using bovine anti-serum to the C24V strain of MDV were not successful. The condition was also transmitted by inoculation of pregnant ewes with a cell culture supernatant prepared from tissue cultures that had been inoculated with an organ homogenate pool. MDV was present in the supernatant and was recovered from aborted foetuses and lambs. It is suggested that a condition in sheep in Australia resembling border disease is due to the infection of the pregnant ewe by a mucosal disease virus.     

Induction of diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, in domestic ruminants with cultures of indigenous and exotic isolates of Diplodia maydis

Diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, principally of cattle, which is characterized by ataxia, paresis and paralysis, was induced in 13 cattle, 16 sheep and 3 goats, by dosing them with Diplodia maydis [= D. zeae (Schw.) Lév.] cultured on sterilized maize seeds. The results of these experiments confirmed the findings of earlier workers that diplodiosis is a mycotoxicosis caused by D. maydis. The intoxication was induced with cultures of South African isolates of D. maydis obtained from local maize, one of which was associated with a suspected field outbreak, and with cultures of isolates from maize imported from the United States of America and Argentina. Other findings emerging from the experiments were, inter alia, that cultures incubated for less than 8 weeks were seemingly non-toxic, that there was little individual variation in response of cattle to cultures of the different toxic isolates or batches of the isolates, that apparent relapses of clinical signs can occur several weeks after dosing had ceased and that a small percentage of animals can show permanent locomotory disturbance. Light microscopical examination revealed no lesions in acutely affected animals, but an extensive laminar subcortical status spongiosis was evident in the cerebrum and cerebellum of a sheep that had been long paralysed and a steer that had permanent locomotory disturbance.     

Pathology in the ovine foetus caused by an ovine pestivirus

Homogenised tissues or tissue culture supernatant fluid containing a noncytopathic pestivirus obtained from a lamb with a neurologic form of border disease, were inoculated into ewes at different stages of pregnancy. Foetal death occurred in 9 ewes of those inoculated between 19 and 47 days of pregnancy while 3 ewes did not lamb. Eight of the foetuses were aborted between 77 and 132 days of pregnancy; of these 6 were autolysed or mummified and one had arthrogryposis. The one full-term dead lamb had a hairy birth coat and lissencephalic micrencephaly. Foetal death occurred in only 7 of 14 ewes inoculated between 57 and 72 days of pregnancy. Four of these ewes aborted between 77 and 108 days of pregnancy and 3 gave birth to full-term, dead, hairy lambs. The remaining 7 ewes gave birth to live hairy lambs with severe inco-ordination. All lambs carried to term and aborted foetuses or lambs that could be examined had a range of intracranial malformations including focal leucomalacia, micrencephaly, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. Some lambs also had skeletal abnormalities including arthrogryposis, scoliosis and brachygnathia inferior. The pestivirus isolate used in these trials produced more severe effects on the ovine foetus than previously observed in similar inoculation trials using pestivirus isolates from border disease lambs without nervous signs.     

Performance of Djallonké Sheep under an Extensive System of Production in Faranah,Guinea

A total of 147 ewes, 4 rams and 188 lambs of their progeny of the Djallonké breed of sheep were used to study the factors affecting reproductive and growth traits and the causes of lamb mortality. Data on ewes were collected during a 12-month period, while those on the lambs born to 123 of the ewes were collected until they were 12 months of age. The average fertility and abortion rates were 0.84 and 0.09. The fertility rate increased and the abortion rate decreased with increasing age of the ewes (p<0.05). The number of lambs born per ewe joined, litter weight at birth per ewe joined and litter weight at weaning per ewe joined were 1.28, 3.5 kg and 17 kg, respectively. The average numbers of lambs born per ewe, lambs born alive per ewe, lambs born dead per ewe and lambs per ewe that died between birth and weaning were 1.53, 1.43, 0.03 and 0.3, respectively. The age of the ewes significantly (p<0.05) affected all these traits except the number of dead lambs and the index of fertility (94%). The age of the ewes significantly (p<0.05) affected the birth weight and the weight at 6 and 12 months of age, whereas the lambing season significantly (p<0.05) affected all the growth traits studied. The type of birth was the most important source of variation in body weights of lambs. Sex had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the growth traits studied. The complex `starvation–bad management–light body weight at birth' caused 48% of the lamb mortality between birth and weaning, while diarrhoea, pneumonia and internal and external parasites caused approximately 52% of the lamb mortality over the same period. The seasonal raw mortality rate of the lambs before weaning was highest in the humid season.     

Selective breeding for rearing ability as an aid to improving lamb survival

Lamb mortality to weaning age was compared in Merino flocks selectively bred from maternal ancestors with high or low lifetime rearing ability. The High Efficiency (HE) flock comprised the descendants of ewes that had reared lambs on 3 or all occasions from 4 rearing opportunities. The Low Efficiency (LE) flock comprised descendants of ewes that had failed to rear any progeny on 2, 3 or all occasions from 4 rearing opportunities. During the first 3 years of testing the response to selection the mean mortality to weaning among HE single lambs was 19.5% of lambs born compared with 32.3% in the LE flock (p less than 0.001). Mean mortality of twin lambs in the HE flock was 21.5% compared to 36.3% in the LE flock (p less than 0.01). In the HE flock significantly fewer single lambs died during and within 3h of birth and significantly fewer twins died during birth and shortly thereafter, and between 3h and 2 days of age. The viability of LE singles and twins may have been lower overall as the mortality rate in most periods was higher than that of their HE counterparts. The results highlighted the major impact of intrinsic maternal and, or foetal defects on lamb survival. It was concluded that rearing ability was heritable, and that selection for rearing ability offers excellent prospects for alleviating the hitherto intractable problem of high perinatal lamb mortality.     

Comparison of Booroola Merino and Finnsheep: effects on productivity of mates and performance of crossbred lambs

Booroola Merino (BM) and Finnsheep (FS) rams were mated to FS and crossbred (CO) ewes to compare their effects on the productivity of their mates and the performance of their progeny. Effects of breed of ram and the interaction of breed of ram X breed of ewe were no significant for fertility, total number born, number born alive, litter birth weight, or number of lambs weaned by the ewe or in the nursery. Birth weights of FS- and BM-sired lambs were equal, but FS-sired lambs were heavier at weaning and 147 d of age. Compared with BM-sired lambs, survival from birth to weaning of dam-reared lambs was greater for FS-sired lambs produced by CO dams than for FS-sired lambs produced by FS dams. At a constant live weight, FS-sired lambs had a heavier carcass with less external fat thickness than BM-sired lambs. Percentage of ewe lambs reaching puberty was lowest and age at puberty was highest for the BM X CO cross; relatively small differences existed between the other three genotypes for these traits. Ewe lambs sired by BM had a greater ovulation rate than FS-sired ewe lambs. Embryo mortality was greater in BM X CO ewe lambs than in ewe lambs of the other three genotypes; the difference was larger for ewes with three ovulations than for ewes with two ovulations. The net result was that BM X CO ewe lambs averaged slightly fewer lambs born than FS X CO ewes. The BM X FS ewe lambs had larger litters than the FS ewes due to a substantially higher ovulation rate and only a slightly lower overall embryo survival rate. With the exception of ovulation rate and litter size, FS rams produced lambs with a more desirable level of performance than did BM rams.     

PEROSOMUS ELUMBIS IN SHEEP

Eight lambs affected with perosomus elumbis were examined during a 3-year investigation; one died during birth, six died soon after birth without rising, and one died at two days. Typically, the affected lambs had an infantile pelvis, thinner and smaller femurs, tibias and metatarsal bones, muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis involving most joints of the hindlimbs, and five had tail malformations. Associated malformations were multiple and included atresia ani (5), unilateral renal agenesis (4), cryptorchidism (4), perineal and diaphragmatic hernias (1), synophthalmia (1), high septal defect (1), cerebellar hypoplasis (1), and hydrocephalus (1). Five of the affected lambs were males and three were females. The incidence of 0.18% in 4,417 lambs examined from a large sheep population over a 3-year period suggests that perosomus elumbis is not an uncommon congenital defect of sheep.     

Abortion in sheep caused by a nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacterium

Twenty-eight pregnant ewes were inoculated IV with approximately 6 X 10(8) nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacteria (NAFB) that had been isolated from an aborted lamb. Abortion occurred in 3 of the ewes and 1 ewe gave birth to a weak lamb. The remaining 24 ewes and 3 other ewes inoculated orally with NAFB did not develop clinical signs of illness. Suppuration and vasculitis were seen in the placentas of the 3 aborted lambs, 1 of which had necropurulent hepatitis indistinguishable from that usually attributed to Campylobacter fetus infection. The NAFB was isolated from fetal placenta, abomasal content, or internal organs of 2 aborted lambs and the weak lamb. A morphologically similar organism was seen in the abomasal content of the other aborted lamb, but the organism did not grow on bacteriologic culture medium. Therefore, in susceptible pregnant ewes, NAFB can cause fetal placentitis and hepatitis and subsequent birth of weak lambs or abortion.     

A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION, HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP

A condition in Australian sheep resembling border disease was transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. This material contained mucosal disease virus (MDV). Twenty-two lambs comprising 6 from uninoculated control ewes, together with 11 with hairy coats and 5 with normal coats from inoculated ewes, were observed from 7 to 182 days after birth. Nine of the lambs from inoculated ewes died during the experiment from a variety of causes. Glial cell abnormalities were observed in control and affected lambs, but only 4 of the 11 hairy lambs were judged to have abnormal glial cells. There were no consistent histopathological findings indicative of MDV infection. MDV was recovered from tissues of all 11 hairy lambs, but not from any of the lambs with normal coats. The hairy lambs appeared to be immunologically tolerant to the virus. Susceptible sheep in contact with the hairy lambs were infected with MDV. It is suggested that a condition in Australian lambs characterised by hairiness of the birth coat and poor viability is due to foetal infection with a mucosal disease virus.     

Clinical, biochemical and pathological study of perinatal lambs in a commercial flock

The birth and fate of 818 lambs born to 571 ewes on a low-ground farm in the Scottish Borders with a history of substantial perinatal mortality were monitored with a range of physiological, biochemical and pathological measurements. In lambs which survived, the rectal temperature, birthweight and plasma concentrations of fructose, insulin, thyroxine and the third component of complement at birth, and the weight at four months of age, decreased with litter size. One hundred and thirty-seven lambs were stillborn or died within four days and seven others died later. The mothers of 77 per cent of these lambs had low condition scores, but the lamb deaths did not correlate significantly with the condition scores. From data relating to birthweight, temperature, packed cell volume and plasma composition it was deduced that placental insufficiency was involved in 24 per cent of these deaths; acute hypoxaemia at birth accounted for 35 per cent, inadequate thermogenesis for 12 per cent and starvation for 13 per cent. The remaining 16 per cent of dead lambs could not be assigned to any of these categories. Using only clinicopathological criteria, 37 per cent of the lamb deaths were attributed to antenatal influences which included immaturity, developmental anomalies, and degenerative or inflammatory changes. Thirty-three per cent of the deaths were due to post natal factors which included, in declining order of frequency, starvation, enteritis, misadventure, pneumonia, navel infections and septicaemia. No conclusions could be drawn from the pathological examinations alone in the remaining 30 per cent, although almost half of these had low rectal temperatures after birth, death being attributed to hypothermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

An investigation of the possible effects of subclinical iodine deficiency on ewe fertility and perinatal lamb mortality

A controlled supplementation trial was performed in an assumed iodine-deficient Romney ewe flock in the Manawatu. Significantly more twin litters were born to iodine-supplemented ewes than to control ewes. Furthermore, the perinatal mortality rate in lambs born to iodine-supplemented dams was significantly lower than in lambs born to control dams. Ewe age and the use of different lambing paddocks for iodine-supplemented and control ewes may have been confounding factors. In both iodine-supplemented and control ewes, serum T3, and T4, concentration values remained above the currently used normal range throughout the trial period.     

Uterine environment as a regulator of birth weight and body dimensions of newborn lambs

Pure-bred embryos were transferred within and reciprocally between large (Suffolk) and small (Cheviot) breeds of sheep to establish 4 treatment groups: SinS (Suffolk embryos in Suffolk dams), SinC (Suffolk embryos in Cheviot dams), CinS (Cheviot embryos in Suffolk dams), and CinC (Cheviot embryos in Cheviot dams). The recipient ewes carried single fetuses to term. The maternal plasma concentrations of ovine placental lactogen (oPL), progesterone, IGF-1, FFA, and glucose were measured on d 50, 90, 120, and 140 of pregnancy. Birth weight, body dimensions, and placental characteristics of lambs were recorded at birth. There was a recipient ewe breed × lamb breed × time interaction for the concentration of oPL (P = 0.03), but no such interaction was observed for progesterone (P = 0.42), IGF-1 (P = 0.57), glucose (P = 0.36), or FFA (P = 0.72). There were no differences in oPL (P = 0.28) and progesterone (P = 0.34) concentrations between SinC and SinS ewes. The concentrations of FFA on d 140 (P = 0.008), and those of glucose on d 50 (P = 0.02) and 120 (P = 0.01), were greater in SinC ewes than in SinS ewes. The ewes in CinS had less FFA concentration (P = 0.002) at all time points than CinC ewes. The concentrations of IGF-1 on d 90 were greater (P = 0.004) in CinS ewes than CinC ewes, but did not differ (P = 0.16) on d 50, 120, and 140. The concentrations of glucose on d 50 (P = 0.001), 90 (P = 0.03), and 140 (P = 0.03) were less in CinS ewes compared with CinC ewes. The birth weight of SinC lambs (5.04 ± 0.20 kg) was lighter (P = 0.001) than SinS lambs (5.94 ± 0.19 kg), and body dimensions of SinC lambs were smaller (P = 0.01) than SinS lambs. Neither birth weight nor the body dimensions of CinS lambs differed (P = 0.24) from CinC lambs. Cotyledon number was reduced (P = 0.04) in the CinS (57.5 ± 6.3) compared with the SinS group (74.2 ± 5.9), whereas mean cotyledon weight in CinS (2.42 ± 0.20 g) was greater (P = 0.02) than SinS (1.74 ± 0.21 g). It was concluded that the large genotype lambs were lighter and smaller when born to small genotype dams; however, the birth weight or body dimensions of small genotype lambs did not differ when born to large genotype dams. This study suggests that plasma oPL, progesterone, IGF-1, FFA, and glucose concentrations at different times throughout pregnancy reflect the regulatory effect of the uterine environment on the development of the fetus.     

Effect on the ewe and lamb of low zinc intake throughout pregnancy

Throughout pregnancy, 30 primiparous Finn cross ewes were given a low Zn (less than or equal to 1 ppm) semi-purified diet. A 100-g hay supplement was fed three to seven times/week. Supplemental Zn (20 ppm) was provided in the drinking water of 14 ewes. At parturition, lambs were removed from ewes before suckling. Viable lambs not taken for tissue analysis were given 200 ml cow colostrum and raised on an artificial feeder. Throughout gestation, unsupplemented (-Zn) ewes gained less weight and had lower plasma Zn levels than Zn-supplemented (+Zn) ewes. One -Zn ewe was not pregnant, three aborted, one resorbed, one delivered mummified twins at term and two delivered malformed lambs. Average weight of lambs born to -Zn ewes d 136 or later (excluding mummified twins and one weighing less than 20% as much as its twin) was 1.8 +/- .6 (SE) kg. Only three lambs born to -Zn ewes were vigorous enough to put on the artificial feeder; none survived. One +Zn ewe was not pregnant. Of 23 lambs born to the remaining +Zn ewes, five were used for tissue analysis, two lambs of triplets were born dead, twins born d 138 died at birth. One twin died 6 d after birth. The 14 remaining lambs were weaned in good health. Average birth weight of +Zn lambs was 3.3 +/- 1.0 kg. Increased salivation was seen in -Zn ewes after 6 wk of low Zn intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)