Model Intercomparison Study of Long Range Transport and Sulfur Deposition in East Asia (MICS-ASIA)

To help improve the use of models in science & policy analysis in Asia it is necessary to have a better understanding of model performance and uncertainties. Towards this goal an intercomparison exercise has been initiated as a collaborative study of scientists interested in long-range transport in East Asia. An overview of this study is presented in this paper. The study consists of a set of prescribed test calculations with carefully controlled experiments. Models used the same domain, emission inventory, model parameters, meteorological conditions, etc. Two periods (January and May 1993) were selected to reflect long-range transport conditions under two distinct seasons. During these periods measurements of sulfur concentrations and deposition were made throughout the study region using identical sampling and analysis protocols. The intercomparison activity consists of four tasks (Blind Test, Fixed Parameter Test, Source Receptor test, and Tuning Test). All participants were asked to do Task A, and as many of the other tasks as possible. To date seven different models have participated in this study. Results and key findings are presented.     

基于MaxEnt模型的怒江大峡谷泥石流易发性评价和成因

为进行泥石流易发性分区及环境因子的敏感性评价,选取降水、高程、坡度、坡向、径流量、岩性、断层、归一化植被指数、土壤侵蚀模数等9个环境因子,基于最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对187个泥石流沟道进行易发性评价。结果表明：导致泥石流易发的主导因素依次是径流量、高程、降水、岩性、断层、坡度、归一化植被指数、土壤侵蚀模数、坡向。依据泥石流灾害易发概率进行易发性分区发现,贡山—福贡段泥石流易发性最强,模型AUC值为0.974,标准差为0.010,模型分析结果与实际结果一致。与研究区山洪沟道9个环境因子进行对比评价发现,泥石流对环境因子的敏感性要比山洪复杂。通过能量分析的方法证明泥石流环境因子的敏感性复杂的原因,表明流域汇水能量对灾害的形成贡献率最大。     

Weathering of gneiss in Calabria,Southern Italy

The effects of weathering in a Mediterranean climate on the mineralogy and microfabric of Paleozoic gneiss of the Sila Massif, Calabria, southern Italy, have been studied. Field observations show highly weathered rock forms a residual soil. Micromorphological and mineralogical properties of bedrock and saprolite show that the weathering process is characterized by at least two major stages, having two distinct rock microfabrics. In the first stage, the morphological features of the original rock are preserved and weathering is manifested mainly by microfracturing, and large portions of the rock remain unaltered. The second stage of weathering involves further development of microcracks and progressive chemical attack on the minerals. This latter stage occurs along both compositional and microstructural discontinuities, with etch pitting of feldspar, and neoformation of clay minerals and ferruginous products replacing feldspar, biotite, and iron-bearing garnet. The determination of quantitative petrographic indices provides a measure of the various stages of weathering.     

A note on the nutritional status of the rice plant in Italy,Portugal, and Spain

In the rice area around Velcelli, grain yields are reasonably high due to good management, and a situation similar to that of the “Akiochi” area in the western part of Japan is prevailing.

In coastal areas of Spain and Portugal, rice yields are frequently very high due to the abundance of solar radiation. In these areas, however, if soil management is inadequate, rice suffers from NaCl injury, zinc deficiency, iron toxicity, or boron toxicity due to the nature of the soils and the influence of brackish water.     

Collection of plant genetic resources in Italy, 1987

Summary After finishing a six years' program for exploring and collecting plant genetic resources in South Italy in 1986, these activities were extended to central parts of the country in September 1987 jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. A major part of the Abruzzi area has been covered. 165 samples, mainly of cereals, grain legumes and vegetables, could be collected. This material represents variable land-races. Two accessions ofTriticum dicoccon are especially worth mentioning.

---

Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen in Italien 1987

Zusammenfassung Nach Beendigung eines sechsjährigen Programms zum Studium und zur Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen in Süditalien im Jahre 1986, wurden diese Aktivitäten im September 1987 gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstitus für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in mittleren Landesteilen fortgesetzt. Ein großer Teil des Abruzzi-Gebietes wurde erfaßt. 165 Proben, vor allem von Getreiden, Körnerleguminosen und Gemüsen, konnten gesammelt werden. Dieses Material setzt sich aus variablen Landsorten zusammen. Zwei Proben vonTriticum dicoccon sind besonders erwähnenswert.

---

1987

1986 , . . 165 , , — , . . Triticum dicoccon .

     

Atmospheric pollution in Venice,Italy, as indicated by isotopic analyses

Rainwater samples collected in Venice over a period of about 1 yr were studied along with stone samples collected from buildings and monuments. Isotopic measurements of O, S, and C were carried out on rainwater, rainwater dissolved sulfate, carbonate in stone, and sulfate present in altered limestone, with the purpose of proving that atmospheric pollution is mainly responsible for the deterioration of monuments and buildings. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that, in spite of the geographic position of the city, atmospheric sulfate in Venice is basically tied to the emission of anthropogenic SO₂ and that only minor contribution can be expected from seawater spray and aerosols. The measurements carried out on stone samples clearly indicate that stonework is damaged by the interaction between limestone and S-bearing atmospheric pollutants.     

贵州岩溶峡谷地表覆盖变化的地形分异特征

岩溶峡谷是典型的喀斯特生态脆弱区,研究其地表覆盖变化对山区生态保护和国土资源空间优化具有重要意义。以贵州境内岩溶峡谷为研究区,选取2000—2020年地表覆盖数据,提取海拔、坡度、坡向三种地形因子,探究其地表覆盖变化及地形分异特征。得出以下结论:(1)2000—2020年研究区各类地表覆盖面积变化差异明显,林地、草地、水域、建设用地面积增加,耕地面积减少;(2)研究时段内随着海拔上升,研究区耕地面积呈现上升-下降-上升-下降的变化趋势;林地面积总体呈现先上升后下降趋势,峰值大致在1800～2200 m;草地和建设用地面积均存在两个相对高值区,分别出现在1200～1400 m和2200～2400 m、1200～1400 m和1800～2000 m;水域面积在小于800 m、2000～2200 m相对较高;(3)随着坡度上升,研究区耕地、林地和草地面积呈现先上升后下降趋势,分别在10°～15°、15°～20°、10°～15°出现最高值;建设用地面积随坡度增加总体呈现下降趋势;(4)在随着坡向变化中,研究区耕地、林地、草地、建设用地面积在无坡向地区分布较少;2020年建设用地面积在西南坡分布...     

Testing the Modified Sediment Delivery Model (MOSEDD) at SPA2 Experimental Basin,Sicily (Italy)

A new version of a spatially distributed sediment delivery model taking into account the hillslope sediment transport efficiency, named MOSEDD, is presented. This model gives estimates of basin sediment yield at event scale, which are more reliable than those obtained by the original SEDD. For SPA2 basin discretized into morphological units, four different calculation schemes of MOSEDD, including the original SEDD version, were applied. All parameterization schemes of the model were calibrated using 15 events measured at the outlet of the experimental basin in the period February 2005–February 2010. The model calibration was used to determine a relationship between the coefficient β _e of the model and the erosivity factor. For the model validation, other six measured events, collected in the period March 2010–February 2014, were used. At event scale, the comparison between measured sediment yield values and calculated ones showed that the three calculation schemes of MOSEDD using a rainfall–runoff erosivity factor (MODB, MODC and MODD) have the best performance in estimating sediment yield with respect to the original version of SEDD. The analysis was also developed at annual scale, for the period 2005–2014, and a relationship between the annual value of the coefficient, β _a , of the model and the corresponding erosivity factor was established. This last analysis showed that the sediment delivery distributed approach has also a good predictive ability at annual scale. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A sequence of marine terraces near Latina (Agro Pontino, central Italy)

A detailed physiographic soil survey has been carried out in the NW part of the Agro Pontino, near Latina. Four marine terraces and extensive eolian sand covers were found. The oldest marine terrace, the Latina complex, largely consists of augitic fine sands of marine-lagoonal origin. Towards the end of the transgression (of uncertain age) some minor sea level fluctuations occurred. The next marine terrace, the Minturno complex, is thought to date from the Tyrrhenian II transgression and was preceded by a major regression. This has the characteristics of a normal transgressive system, including late minor sea level fluctuations. The beachridge and lagoonal deposits are slightly tilted to the SW and are underlain by littoral gravels, most probably derived from the adjacent Latina complex through strong abrasion. Following a minor regression another marine terrace was formed (the Borgo Ermada complex). This terrace is considered to date from the Tyrrhenian III transgression, but has a regressive character, a phenomenon which can be explained by assuming a synformational tectonic tilting, some evidence for which is found. During a subsequent major regression (Würmian) eolian sands were repeatedly deposited, particularly on the Borgo Ermada complex. This was followed by the formation of a simple beachridge-lagoon system during the Holocene (the Terracina complex). The datings are based on correlation with sequences elsewhere, the two marine faunas studied give no clue as to their ages.Soil formation depends strongly on the texture of the parent materials and these relationships are indicated schematically. Soils in sands form a clear chronosequence, exhibiting an increased rubefaction and illuvial concentration of clay with age (Regosols - Arenosols - Luvisols). The distinction between the Borgo Ermada and Minturno complex is partly based on this chronosequence. Soils with a sandy albic E horizon, more or less abruptly overlying a stagnative clayey B horizon (Planosols and related soils) abound in intermediate materials of the Pleistocene terraces. The characteristically abrupt textural change was found to be due to the heterogenity of the parent material (eolian sand over loam to clay) rather than to soil formation.Some attention is paid to prehistoric artefacts, in particular Pontinian type tools and observations of BLANC on the famous site of Gniff-Gnaff are reinterpreted.     

Collection of plant genetic resources in South Italy, 1988

Summary Exploration and collection of plant genetic resources were continued in South Italy in 1988. Parts of the regions Campania, Basilicata and Apulia were covered in September jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. 164 samples, mainly of vegetables and grain legumes, have been collected. Worth mentioning are land-races of tomatoes,Brassica spp. andVigna unguiculata. As a part of the collecting area has been explored for the second time after eight years, the effects of genetic erosion could be observed. A map summarizes the itineraries of the ten joint collecting missions in South Italy.

---

Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen in Süditalien 1988

Zusammenfassung Die Exploration und Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen wurden 1988 in Süditalien fortgesetzt. Im September wurden Teile der Regionen Campania, Basilicata und Apulia gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, erfaßt. 164 Proben, besonders von Gemüsen und Körnerleguminosen, wurden gesammelt. Erwähnenswert sind Landsorten von Tomaten, Kohlarten undVigna unguiculata. Da ein Teil des Sammelgebietes im Abstand von acht Jahren ein zweites Mal in die Exploration einbezogen wurde, konnte das Wirken der Generosion verfolgt werden.Die Reiserouten der zehn gemeinsamen Sammelreisen in Süditalien werden zusammenfassend in einer Karte dargestellt.

---

1988

1988. . . () (). 164 . . , Vigna unguiculata. 8 . .

     

Collection of plant genetic resources in South Italy, 1986

Summary In continuation of collecting activities in the last six years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September 1986 for exploring and collecting plant genetic resources. In this year South-eastern parts of Calabria and the Ìsole Ègadi have been covered. 90 samples, mainly of vegetables, grain legumes and some cereals, could be collected. The material represents variable land-races and wild relatives of crop plants. From the last groupBrassica, Beta and some wild cereals, asSecale, Aegilops andDasypyrum, should be mentioned. With this mission the exploration of South Italy is nearly completed. Further activities will concentrate to some selected regions.

---

Sammlung pflanzlicher und genetischer Ressourcen in Süditalien 1986

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammlungsaktivitäten der letzten sechs Jahre, wurde im September 1986 eine weitere Sammelreise, gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen diente. In diesem Jahr wurden südöstliche Teile Kalabriens und die Ìsole Ègadi erfaßt. 90 Proben, besonders von Gemüsen, Körnerleguminosen und einigen Getreiden, konnten gesammelt werden. Das Material besteht aus variablen Landsorten und wildwachsenden Verwandten der Kulturpflanzen. Aus der letztgenannten Gruppe sindBrassica, Beta und einige Wildgetreide, wieSecale, Aegilops undDasypyrum, zu nennen. Mit dieser Sammelreise ist die Exploration Süditaliens im wesentlichen abgeschlossen. Weitere Aktivitäten werden sich auf einige ausgewählte Gebiete beschränken.

---

1986

, () (), 1986 , . - . 90 , , , . . Brassica, Beta , Secale, Aegilops Dasypyrum. . .

     

Intercomparison study on the determination of single administration toxicity in rats.

In 1977, the Commission of the European Communities initiated an intercomparison study to determine the single administration oral LD50 value in rats of each of 5 chemicals with the aims of comparing experimentation technologies, determining the degree of variation in the results and the various parameters used to establish the LD50 value, and establishing a common protocol for the determination of the LD50 value. Sixty-five laboratories in 8 countries took part in the first study. The significant variation in protocol may have led to the large interlaboratory variation observed in the results. Therefore, participating laboratories carried out a second study using a common protocol, preceded by a pilot study. A total of 100 laboratories in 13 countries participated. A majority of results of the second study are currently being analyzed, and the indications are that the interlaboratory variation has been significantly reduced.     

典型泥石流流域蒋家沟的降雨-径流模拟

应用密切值法,对湖南省14个设(区)市的水资源利用现状进行分区评价,并利用各设(区)市密切值的散点图,将其开发利用发展水平分成3类:开发利用低度区、中度区和高度区,绘出了分区等级图。结果表明,湖南省水资源开发利用低度区有5个,开发利用中度区有6个,开发利用高度区有3个,其中开发利用低度区占35.7%,开发利用中度区、高度区共占64.3%。整体而言,湖南省的水资源利用非常不均衡,需要在不同的地区采取合适的开发利用措施。     

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy, 1984

Summary In continuation of collecting missions in the last four years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September 1984 for studying and collecting indigenous forms of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. 185 samples, mainly of cereals, vegetables and grain legumes have been collected. The material represents highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for wheat, oats, maize,Brassica spp., french beans and faba beans. In Sicily wildBrassica spp. have been collected and in some places introgression from wild into cultivatedBrassica races could be observed. The results of this mission increase our knowledge concerning the flora of cultivated plants of South Italy considerably and stress the necessity for continuing the exploration of plant genetic resources in this region.

---

Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Süditalien 1984

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen der letzten vier Jahre wurde eine weitere Reise in Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, im September 1984 unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung indigener Formen von Kulturpflanzen und ihrer verwandten Wildsippen diente. 185 Proben, vor allem von Getreiden, Gemüsen und Körnerleguminosen, wurden gesammelt. Das Material besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Weizen, Hafer, Mais, Kohlsippen, Gartenbohnen und Ackerbohnen. In Sizilien wurden Wildkohle gesammelt, und an einigen Stellen konnten Introgressionen von Wildin Kultursippen beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise, die unsere Kenntnisse der Kulturpflanzenflora Süditaliens beträchtlich erweitern, unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit zur Fortführung der Exploration pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen dieses Gebietes.

---

1984

. 1984 . . 185 , , , ; ; , , , , , . , . , , .

     

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy, 1985

Summary In continuation of collecting missions in the last five years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September/October 1985 for studying and collecting plant genetic resources. In this year the activities have been concentrated on Sicily. 225 samples, mainly of vegetables, grain legumes and some cereals have been collected. A good part of the material is represented by highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for oats, barley, maize, french beans, faba beans,Brassica spp. and many other vegetables. Whereas genetic erosion is rather advanced in cereals, especially in wheat, land-races of many species of vegetables are grown on a large scale. The results of this mission increase our knowledge concerning the flora of cultivated plants of South Italy considerably.

---

Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Süditalien 1985

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen der letzten fünf Jahre wurde im September/Oktober 1985 eine weitere Reise nach Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinistituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen diente. In diesem Jahr konzentrierten sich die Aktivitäten auf Sizilien. 225 Proben, besonders von Gemüsen, Körnerleguminosen und einigen Getrieiden wurden gesammelt. Ein beachtlicher Teil des Materials besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Hafer, Gerste, Mais, Gartenbohnen, Ackerbohnen,Brassica-Arten und vielen anderen Gemüsen. Während die Generosion bei den Getreiden und besonders beim Weizen schon weit fortgeschritten ist, werden Gemüselandsorten noch in großem Umfang angebaut. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise erweitern unsere Kenntnisse zur Kulturpflanzenflora Süditaliens beträchtlich.

---

1985

, , — 1985 () () . . 225 , , . , , , , , , , Brassica . , , , .

     

Abandonment of traditional terraced landscape: A change detection approach (a case study in Costa Viola,Calabria, Italy)

This paper presents the results of a change‐detection study of the historical agricultural terraced landscape in “Costa Viola” (Calabria, South Italy). During the last century, because of the loss of economic competitiveness, it has undergone progressive abandonment, followed by landscape degradation. Taking into consideration the very steep slopes of Costa Viola and the need to analyse with high precision the historical evolution of the terraced landscape, research methods were implemented coupling advanced geomatic techniques with in situ detailed surveys. Based on historical aerial photographs, orthophotos, and numeric cartography, we analysed the land use/land cover change in the period 1955–2014 using photogrammetric and geoprocessing techniques, focusing particularly on trajectories in agricultural terraces. Area covered by active terraces decreased dramatically between 1955 and 2014, from 813.25 to 118.79 ha (−85.4%). The implemented spatial database was built in a free open‐source software taking into consideration spatial accuracies and completeness. Spatial comparison among land use/land cover maps was carried out using a postclassification comparison technique that can provide complete cross‐tabulation matrices. These data were compared with socio‐economic statistics concerning demography and trends of farms with vineyards. The evolutionary dynamics of the active agricultural terraces were also analysed trough the definition of 6 types of spatio‐temporal patterns recognised in the analysed period. These methods allowed to highlight the ongoing dynamics of abandonment of agricultural terraces in relation to their main causes and effects. Although tailored for the specific case study, they can be applied to many other terraced agricultural landscapes presenting similar characteristics and problems.     

A population-based case-control study of diet and melanoma risk in northern Italy

OBJECTIVE: We aimed at examining the association between dietary constituents and risk of cutaneous melanoma. DESIGN: In an area of northern Italy we recruited 59 newly diagnosed melanoma patients and 59 age- and sex-matched population controls, to whom we administered a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: We found an excess risk of melanoma in subjects with a higher energy-adjusted intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, of linoleic acid (relative risk = 2.16 for intake in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile, P for linear trend = 0.061). Conversely, disease risk was inversely associated with the consumption of soluble carbohydrates (relative risk = 0.34 for intake in the upper vs. the lowest tertile adjusting for total energy intake, P for linear trend = 0.046). No other dietary factors, including alcohol, vitamins and trace elements, correlated with melanoma risk. The association of melanoma risk with linoleic acid and soluble carbohydrates intakes was further strengthened in multivariate analysis, and when analysis was limited to females. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that an excess energy-adjusted intake of linoleic acid and a lower consumption of soluble carbohydrates may increase melanoma risk.     

Comparison of methods for measuring gap size distribution and canopy nonrandomness at Järvselja RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) test sites

Methods for analyzing foliage nonrandomness by means of the TRAC instrument, digital hemispheric photography, and a gap fraction model are assessed at two RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) mature stands in Järvselja, Estonia. The six different methods involve calculation of the canopy element clumping index, at scales coarser than that of a shoot. The major aim was to define the merits and limitations of the various methods. We conclude the gap size distribution and beyond-shoot clumping is very stable across the stands for the solar zenith angle range from 30° to 60°. Estimates based on the gap size distribution and the combination of gap size and logarithm methods performed the best while compared with an independent gap fraction model. We clarify the effect of the assumed leaf inclination angle distribution on gap size distribution and differences between estimates of beyond-shoot clumping. We show that the modified, gap-size distribution based method of Chen and Cihlar can provide reliable beyond-shoot clumping estimates without any a priori assumptions about the total gap fraction, segment length or the leaf inclination angle distribution. We also illustrate the changes in element clumping with measurement height. The compiled data extend the original parameter dataset to be used in the next phase of RAMI for different benchmark tests and reflectance modeling experiments, and contribute toward systematic validation efforts of radiative transfer models, operational algorithms, and field instruments, as promoted by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS).