水库消落带植被生态重建研究进展

指出了水库消落带是维持水生态健康的重要屏障,由于其生态过渡带的特性,普遍存在水土流失与地质灾害、土壤与水体交叉污染和生物多样性减少等生态环境问题,因此消落带的植被生态重建显得极为重要;目前研究主要集中于消落带的植物适生性、植被生态重建及其效益等方面,今后应加强消落带植物配置模式、生态重建机理和管理方式等研究。     

水分胁迫对三峡库区消落带桑树幼苗生理特性的影响

对消落带和河岸带受损生态系统进行植物生态修复是非常有效的治理途径之一(马利民等,2009;戴方喜等,2006;滕衍行等,2005;Lowrance etal.,2000;Naima,2000;Dennis,1999),而植被恢复首先要解决的问题是适生植物的筛选(马菲等,2010)。按照国内外现有研究方法消落带植被修复树种在三峡库区消落带的治理实践屡屡失败,许多耐干旱的植物不耐水淹,而耐水淹的植物又不耐干     

三峡水库巫山-秭归段典型消落带植被空间分异研究

消落带植被是三峡水库生态系统的重要组成部分,对于确保水库安全和库岸社会经济发展起着重要作用。消落带植被的空间分布及优势植物组成是消落带治理植物材料选择的重要依据。本研究基于三峡水库干流巫山-秭归段典型消落带的植被调查,研究消落带植被的物种多样性、植物生活型、优势植物的空间分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:随着海拔的下降,消落带植被的物种多样性减少;１年生草本植物在群落中所占比例增加,多年生草本植物所占比例因地而异(巫山消落带为增加,秭归消落带为减少),木本植物所占比例减少。淹水较深区段消落带植被的优势植物主要是莎草科的莎草和禾本科的狗牙根、毛马唐、狗尾草及菊科的鬼针草等;淹水较浅区段的优势植物种类有所增加,但处于优势的仍然是莎草科、禾本科和菊科植物。能够在淹水区段存活的植物大多具有发达的通气组织、特殊的繁殖特性及对淹水和干旱环境有较强的适应能力。     

中国水库消落带植被恢复研究进展

综述了中国对消落带植被恢复与重建研究,包括植被的种类组成、结构特征、被测试木本及草本植物生理生态、种子库和种子萌发特性等基础研究,以及植被恢复试验和工程辅助技术等应用研究,取得了阶段性成果;根据研究现状分析,认为今后应该注重研究适生品种、不同造林方法、植被恢复与工程措施相结合技术、种子库和种子萌发特性、种群和群落水平上的生态研究。     

千岛湖消落带生境现状及其不同类型植被重建与保护

恢复和重建受损的消落带成为生态问题的焦点和研究的热点之一。根据千岛湖地质地貌、水文特征、土壤性质、气象与植物等生境因子分析,结合20世纪80年代以来的30余年消落带植被恢复试验,将千岛湖消落带分为湖湾平地湿地型、残积土坡地型、岛屿型、基岩裸露型等4种类型。提出按照千岛湖消落带类型和不同湖区进行管理,把保护优先作为消落带这一敏感生态系统的首选,根据功能需要进行植被生态修复与综合治理,采用多学科多领域多尺度交叉手段长期动态监测消落带,从而提升千岛湖消落带的生态系统服务功能。     

消落带研究进展

结合国内外消落带研究成果,分别对消落带概念、分类、功能进行描述,以及对消落带动态研究进行综述,包括人为活动干扰下所产生的生态环境问题、消落带土地开发利用模式和保护措施、植被恢复与重建等方面,指出现有研究存在的问题和不足。在此基础上对消落带治理的研究前景进行展望,指出消落带研究应注意的方法和重点,对进一步研究水陆交错区域生态治理具有重要的理论意义。     

藤子沟国家湿地公园消落带植物景观概念设计探析

阐述位于重庆市石柱县境内长江一级支流龙河源头的藤子沟湿地消落带的地质地貌、土壤、土地利用类型、坡度、水文、视线等自然条件,以及产生的生态环境、人居环境、景观效果等问题。提出保护优先,科学恢复生态,合理利用湿地资源,构建景观的多样性等景观规划原则,以及自然植被重建、人工植被营造、消浪植生型生态护坡构建、人工湿地护坡构建、保护裸岩现状等消落带治理模式。籍此,对不同高程消落带植被景观及不同功能分区进行了相应的植物配置设计。     

千岛湖消落带植被重建区野生动物红外相机监测初报

以千岛湖消落带植被重建区为研究区域,利用红外相机对消落带植被区内的主要野生动物进行了初步调查,结果表明:8台红外相机累计738个总有效监测日共拍摄个体独立照片83张,全部为省级一般保护动物其中野猪(Sus scrofa)照片81张,鼬獾(Melogale moschata)2张。千岛湖库区消落带植被重建后为地栖兽类活动增加了栖息空间,与自然针阔混交林相比没有差异,而在无植被的库区消落带则没有拍摄到野生动物,消落带植被重建效果初显。     

汉丰湖消落带湿地植物景观设计研究

重庆汉丰湖消落带周期性淹没与出露形成水生和陆生干湿交替的过渡区域,对生态涵养、水库水质、人文活动、城市融合起着非常重要的作用。因此,汉丰湖消落带植物景观设计是汉丰湖恢复重建方案设计的重中之重。以开县汉丰湖内湖消落带植物景观设计为例,分析汉丰湖消落带现有生态与人文景观特征,探讨汉丰湖消落带湿地植物景观设计原则和目标,探寻在生态景观环境、活动性景观、城市与生态共融景观营造等方面植物景观设计方法。     

千岛湖库区消落带植被重建生态服务价值评价

消落带植被重建是生态修复的重要课题。以2014—2018年千岛湖区消落带43.68 hm~2林地为对象,根据国家林业局LY/T1721-2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,选取涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等5项生态功能进行生态服务价值的评价。结果表明,千岛湖库区消落带平均每年可新增生态服务价值1 387.6万元,消落带植被恢复与重建的生态效益显著。     

池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分水平的光合生理响应

为模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化特征,作者设置了常规生长水分条件(CK)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1)、土壤水饱和(T2)以及水淹(T3)4个不同处理组,研究池杉当年实生幼苗在三峡库区消落带水位变化条件下的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策.研究结果表明,不同水分处理均显著影响池杉幼苗光合色素、叶片气体交换以及表观资源利用效率.池杉幼苗不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有一定程度的耐旱性.在消落带防护林体系建设中,池杉适宜栽植于土壤饱和水或渍水的环境中;在干旱环境条件下应注意浇水抗旱,使池杉保持正常的净光合速率.     

Changes in Contents of N,P,K,pH and Organic Matter of Soil Experiencing Hydro-Fluctuation in Three Gorges Reservoir

Setting monitoring transect in the middle and shallow water area(altitude 156-172 m) in Three Gorges reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt to research the changing characteristics of the contents of N, P,K,pH and organic matter of the soil which experienced the influence of fluctuation the first time. The results showed that by the influence of water level fluctuating,contents of soil N,P,K,pH and organic matter had reduced in different soil layers in hydro-fluctuation belt.The available N decreased by 41.53%-59.87%,available P decreased by 5.26%- 36.76%,available K decreased by 3.55%-45.56%, total N decreased by 9.52%-40.00%,total P had no change generally,total K had decreased a little, content of organic material decreased by 7.62%- 37.83%%,pH value turned to neutral,changed by 1.73%-9.58%.     

三峡库区消落带土壤氮磷钾、pH值和有机质变化

在三峡库区消落带设置固定监测样地,研究消落带首次经历水库水位涨落后土壤氮磷钾含量、pH值和有机质含量的变化特征.结果表明:受三峡水库水位涨落影响,消落带0～10,10～20和20～30cm土层的速效氮含量下降41.53％～59.87％,速效磷含量下降5.26％～36.76％,速效钾含量下降3.55％～45.56％,全氮含量下降9.52％～40.00％,土壤有机质含量下降7.62％～37.83％,全磷和全钾含量基本上没有变化,土壤pH值略有变化,变幅为1.73％～9.58％.     

消落带研究现状与建设展望

指出了消落带是水库季节性水位涨落而使周边被淹没土地周期性地出露水面的一段特殊区域。结合国内外消落带研究成果,分析了其中存在的不足与发展趋势,提出了开展风化基岩消落带的湿地植被重建方向。     

三峡库区消落带香根草水土保持功能研究

三峡库区消落带水土流失是制约库区可持续发展的重要生态问题,通过试验小区对库区消落带香根草水土保持效应进行研究,结果表明:1)栽植有香根草的试验小区土壤物理性质要好于裸地,而2 a生香根草试验小区的土壤涵养水源功能要好于1 a生香根草;2)裸地存在严重的水土流失,土壤流失量为0.3383 t,随着植被覆盖的增加,土壤侵蚀深度和土壤侵蚀量都有显著的下降;3)2 a生香根草过滤、沉积土壤流失量0.1986 t;4)香根草具有较强的固土能力,2 a生单株香根草固土量为3.12 kg,其固土量与地下生物量关系可用Y(固土量)=-23.139X2+25.85X-3.1344方程拟合。     

Photosynthetic physio-response of Taxodium ascendens seedlings to different soil water gradients

Four different kinds of water treatments were applied to study the photosynthetic eco-physiological characteristics of Taxodium ascendens seedlings in the environment of the Three Gorges hydro-fluctuation belt. The four kinds of water treatments were: normal growth water condition (CK), light drought stress (T1), soil water saturation (T2), and soil submersion (T3). The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the content of the photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency of T. ascendens seedlings. It was also demonstrated that the T. ascendens seedlings could not only tolerate water submersion and wet conditions but also endure a certain degree of drought. To establish a protection forest system in the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the species T. ascendens is suitable for planting in conditions of root submersion or water-saturated soil. In case it is planted in drought conditions, this tree species should be watered appropriately in order to keep its normal net photosynthetic rate. Translated from Forest Research, 2006, 19(1): 54–60 [译自: 林业科学研究]     

Effect of soil water changes on photosynthetic characteristics of Taxodium distichum seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Four different kinds of water treatment were applied to examine the photosynthetic characteristics of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The aim was to shed light on the physio-ecological adaptation of this species to changing water levels for revegetation purposes. The water treatments were normal growth water condition (CK), light drought water stress (T1), growth under soil water saturation (T2) and growth with soil submersion (T3). T3 had the lowest content of photosynthetic pigment; T1 and T2 did not differ from CK in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in the four groups ranged from 2.04 to 2.69 and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid from 3.08 to 4.51. In group T1, the seedling of baldcypres had lower apparent light use efficiency, lower apparent CO₂ use efficiency and a lower net photosynthetic rate, with the net photosynthetic rate 24.9% lower than that of group CK. However, T2 and T3 did not differ from CK in apparent light use efficiency, apparent CO₂ use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency of the four treatments consistently increased as treatment was prolonged; the average water use efficiency of T3 was the lowest while that of CK was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate of baldcypress seedlings was positively related to transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, apparent light use efficiency and apparent CO₂ use efficiency, but highly negatively related to the ratio of chlorophyll a to b. Net photosynthetic rate was not significantly related to the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid, relative air humidity and intercellular CO₂ concentration. The transpiration rate was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and negatively related to water use efficiency. The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the baldcypress seedlings’ content of photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency. The results verified that the species T. distichum takes on the features of a water-tolerant and hydrophilic plant, which can be considered as one of the species for the building of a forest protection system for the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Baldcypress should not be planted in drought-stricken soils. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8) [译自:生态学报, 2005, 25(8)]     

三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对镉胁迫的光合响应

镉是一种植物非必需元素,以毒性强、在土壤-植物系统中移动性大等特点受到广泛关注,它在生物圈中通常给生物带来有害的生态效应。土壤中过量的镉会引起植物的许多胁迫症状,研究表明:叶镉浓度超过5～10mg·kg-1(干质量)时对大多数植物都是有害的(Whiteetal.,2010);镉能抑制叶绿素的生物合成并导致叶绿素含量的下降和不同色素     

官厅水库库滨带生物治理措施初探

官厅水库是北京重要的供水水源地，如何治理库区水土流失，提高水质，改善水库生态环境是当前面临的一个重要课题。文章从库滨带的组成和功能出发，介绍了生物工程措施中植物选取的原则，以此为基础，选取了垂柳、柽柳、酸枣和白榆四种乔灌木；并详细阐述了生物治理措施中植物措施和工程措施的设计模式，以期为官厅水库库岸整治提供理论和实践基础。