青海云杉(拟)齿小蠹聚集信息素研究进展

对危害青海云杉的光臀八齿小蠹、香格里拉齿小蠹及东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素系统进行研究,并成功鉴定出3种(拟)齿小蠹的聚集信息素组分。光臀八齿小蠹聚集信息素由2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,74%-(-)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇3种成分组成;香格里拉齿小蠹聚集信息素的有效组分为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,99%-(+)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇,东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素由95%-(-)-小蠹烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇2种成分组成。3种人工合成的小蠹虫聚集信息素已在害虫发生期及种群动态监测中进行野外试验,并取得预期效果。     

云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展(鞘翅目,小蠹科)

本文对云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展进行了综述。云杉八齿小蠹在中欧的大面积爆发激发了广大林业科学工作者对其化学生态学的广泛研究。在寻找寄主的过程中,雄性找到寄主后释放化学信息物质吸引雄性和雌性的聚集。开始发起进攻的小蠹在找寻寄主的过程中能利用寄主树脂作为利己素,并能够在体内解毒后合成可被利用的化学信息物质。在云杉八齿小蠹雄性的中肠中,我们发现9种单萜类化合物,主要是反式马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇,这两种物质被认为是云杉八齿小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。小蠹二烯醇的含量虽然很低但是能显著提高马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇的野外诱集作用。马鞭草烯酮和小蠹烯醇是反聚集信息素,在调节攻击密度和树皮下的种群密度的过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要综述了寄主抗性、信息素成分和小蠹虫行为之间的关系。野外生测的结果证明利用信息素防治云杉八齿小蠹是行之有效的防治方法。     

信息化学物质对黄色梢小蠹野外诱集效果初报

采用从加拿大引进的人工合成的缓释性信息化合物诱芯和国产8漏斗式诱捕器,于2005年5月初至7月中旬在辽宁的千山进行了黄色梢小蠹诱捕试验,结果表明,供试的4种信息化合物所配置的3种诱芯组合2AP（2个α-蒎烯诱芯）、2AP＋NL（壬醛诱芯）＋TV（反式马鞭草烯醇诱芯）、2AP＋NL＋MT（桃金娘烯醇）＋TV平均每天每个诱捕器都能诱到100头左右的黄色梢小蠹,各诱芯组合的效果没有显著差异,其中2AP组合,即2个α-蒎烯诱芯的组合价格成本最低,应该是生产实用的最佳信息化合物诱芯候选;这一结果同时揭示出在引诱黄色梢小蠹的过程中壬醛、反式马鞭草烯醇、桃金娘烯醇这3种成分对α-蒎烯没有增效或抑制作用。     

异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响

【目的】研究寄主、非寄主及近缘种的异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响,探讨不同信息素成分间的交互作用机制,为落叶松八齿小蠹大面积生物防治提供技术支持。【方法】从行为学的角度研究落叶松八齿小蠹对聚集信息素异构体、寄主挥发物、非寄主挥发物和近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分的行为响应差异。【结果】通过野外试验确认落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素成分是S-(-)-小蠹烯醇和S-(+)-小蠹二烯醇,这2种成分复合体在林间生物测试时表现出非常高的引诱活性;电生理测试确认落叶松八齿小蠹雌雄虫触角对这2种成分的检测阈值都是0.1μg,饱和水平是100μg。进一步对具有触角电位活性的寄主、非寄主及近缘种成分进行行为测试研究。寄主单萜烯成分S-β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱能力增效达1.45~1.65倍,而S-α-蒎烯和萜品油烯没有显著的增效作用。非寄主成分顺-3-己烯-1-醇表现出显著的行为抑制活性,能降低聚集信息素引诱力71%,里哪醇具有与顺-3-己烯-1-醇相似的抑制效果。其他非寄主成分如桃金娘烯醇、反-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇、3-辛醇和1-辛烯-3-醇对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素引诱效果没有显著影响。近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分顺式马鞭草烯醇能完全抑制落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱活性,反式马鞭草烯醇也具有相同的作用效果,而马鞭草烯酮成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素活性没有抑制或增效作用。【结论】具有触角电位活性的寄主和非寄主成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素行为活性表现出增效、抑制或无显著影响;对近缘种化学信号响应表现出强烈的行为抑制效果。     

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹聚集信息素研究

通过对云南松纵坑切梢小蠹聚集信息素的研究，证实该虫种的雌雄成虫均能释放聚集同类的信息素，用气相色谱和质谱色谱仪进行性定量分析，从雌雄成虫后肠和虫粪提取物中分析出聚集信息的主要成分是氧化单萜烯醇：反式－马鞭草烯醇、桃金娘烯醇，Δ＾３－皆烯－１０－醇和马鞭草烯酮，另外，嘛松枝韧皮中分析出对松纵坑切梢小蠹具有强烈吸收力的碳氢单萜烯：α－蒎烯和Δ＾３－蒈烯。通过对聚集信息素单组分及混合剂进行室内和林间生物     

蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素研究

经毛细管气谱和质谱比较分析,发现蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus mongolicus Ersch.)雌蛾产卵器及性信息素腺体漂洗液内,主要含有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯和顺-5-14碳烯醇乙酸酯两个化合物,其中只有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯能引起蒙古未蠹蛾雄蛾强烈触角电位反应,且在连续两年的林间诱捕试验中表现出显著引诱效果和防治潜力,由此证明顺-5-12碳烯辞乙酸酯是蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素的主要成分。     

微红梢斑螟引诱剂的林间筛选

为研发和优化引诱剂对微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson的诱捕效果，参考前人研究结果和预试验调整微红梢斑螟性信息素组分顺-11-十六碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16:Ald）、顺-9-反-11-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z9, E11-14:Ac）和顺-9-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z9-14:Ac）的组成与配比，前3个组分配比3∶6∶1为引诱剂A、配比5∶3∶2为引诱剂C，引诱剂A和C分别添加第4个组分Z9-14:Ac，配比3∶6∶1∶1为引诱剂B、配比5∶3∶2∶1为引诱剂D，引诱剂C分别添加2种虫害诱导挥发物苯甲醛和β-石竹烯及组合；选择三角形和桶状诱捕器在北京和河北地区进行林间筛选试验验证引诱效果。结果表明：调整引诱剂A组分配比后的引诱剂C对微红梢斑螟的引诱效果显著提高，添加组分Z9-14:Ac对引诱剂A的引诱效果没有影响，而对引诱剂C的引诱效果有提升趋势；引诱剂D对越冬代雄成虫引诱效果优于引诱剂A，引诱剂A对第一代雄成虫引诱效果优于引诱剂D；苯甲醛和β-石竹烯对引诱剂C的引诱效果无显著影响；三角形诱捕器的诱集数量显著高于桶状诱捕...     

健康和受蠹害云南松及云南切梢小蠹后肠挥发性物质的分析与比较

利用GC—MS联用仪和计算机信息检索法对健康云南松、逍受云南切梢小蠹危害云南松树干的韧皮部及云南切梢小蠹后肠的挥发性物质进行了分析比较。分析结果表明：健康云南松树干和受蠹害树干韧皮部的挥发性物质在组成和含量上存在明显差异。与健康树干相比较，受蠹害树干韧皮部的挥发性物质中的α-蒎烯的含量大大减少，而月桂烯和3-蒈烯的相对含量增加；此外，蠹害木树干韧皮部挥发性物质中还检测出异松油烯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚存在。从云南切梢小蠹雌、雄虫的后肠挥发性物质中，都检测出马鞭草烯醇、桃金娘烯醛、桃金娘烯醇存在；而马鞭革烯酮只存在雄虫的后肠挥发性物质中。根据分析结果，列云南松和云南切梢小蠹互作的机制进行了初步探讨。     

华山松大小蠹对9种植物挥发物的EAG和行为反应

选取5种非寄主挥发性化合物水杨醛、壬醛、三氯乙烯、二氯甲基甲醚和顺-3-己烯-1醇,4种寄主挥发性化合物β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯和(+)-α-蒎烯,应用触角电位仪和Y型嗅觉仪初步研究了华山松大小蠹成虫对这9种化合物的EAG反应和趋向反应。结果表明:雌虫对三氯乙烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和β-石竹烯,雄虫对壬醛、二氯甲基甲醚、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯有明显的EAG反应;β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯对华山松大小蠹雌成虫有较强的引诱作用;三氯乙烯对雄成虫有较高的引诱率,且显著高于对雌成虫的引诱率。试验结果可为华山松大小蠹的行为控制技术研究提供借鉴。     

油松挥发性物质分析及红脂大小蠹的触角电位反应

分布于山西的油松树脂中的挥发性物质主要成份为(R)-( )-α-蒎烯、(S)-(-)-β-蒎烯和(S)-( )-3-蒈烯,占萜烯总量的97%以上,其中(S)-( )-3-蒈烯的比例最大,另外还有香叶烯、( )-柠檬烯、莰烯、孟二烯和水芹烯等成份.触角电位反应中,雄性红脂大小蠹对油松挥发性物质中(S)-(-)-α-蒎烯、柠檬烯和(S)-( )-3-蒈烯的反应较为强烈,而雌性红脂大小蠹对油松挥发性物质中(S)-( )-3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、(S)-(-)-α-蒎烯和香叶烯的反应较为强烈.雌性红脂大小蠹较雄性红脂大小蠹对这些挥发性物质更为敏感.寄生于我国油松的红脂大小蠹对树体挥发物的反应与原产地美国有较大的差异,产生变化可能与寄主挥发物成分和环境变化有关,但其机制还有待于进一步研究.     

Effect of (+)-limonene and 1-methoxy-2-propanol on Ips typographus response to pheromone blends

We compared two different strategies to increase the catches of Ips typographus (L.), particularly males, in pheromone-baited traps. The first of these strategies, the barrier approach, used alternating pheromone blends, targeting males and females respectively, in closely-spaced traps forming a barrier around forest stands. The second strategy, the single trap approach, used widely-spaced traps that were all baited with the same lure and intended to trap the highest possible numbers of males without compromising trapping of females. In the blend used for the barrier traps targeting primarily males, with a lower percentage of (4S)-cis-verbenol (cV), the (−)-α-pinene was replaced step wise with (+)-limonene at rates of 0%, 1%, 10%, 35%, 60% and 90%. This replacement had no significant effect on the numbers of responding I. typographus males, but there was a slight effect on the percentage of males caught. In the attractant blend for the barrier traps targeting females, with a higher percentage of cV, the 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) was replaced with 1-methoxy-2-propanol (MP) in a similar fashion as for the male-specific blends. The replacement did not significantly affect the catch of females. Thus, it is possible to use the MP in the blend with cV and ipsdienol without significant change in catch efficacy. In the blends for single traps, the (−)-α- pinene was replaced with (+)-limonene and MB with MP. The replacement of (−)-α-pinene had only a slight effect on the percentage of males, but the results suggest that replacing MB with MP in the blend will not significantly reduce trapping efficacy. Foundation project: The research was supported by Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-51-P06005 and APVV-27-P05205) and by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (2/6153/26)     

A review： chemical ecology of Ips typographus （Coleoptera, Scolytidae）

Chemical ecology of the spruce bark beetle lps typographus （L.） was reviewed. The outbreak of 1.typographus in central Europe triggered extensive research on chemical ecology, Males initiate host location and produce semiochemicals which attract both males and females, A successful mass attack must first overcome the resistance of the host tree. Pioneer I. typographus evolved to use the resin flow of host trees as kairomones in host location, and synthesized semiochemicals initially to detoxify the resin. If small bark beetle populations infest healthy trees, mass attack is prevented by host resistance, Nine monoterpene alcohols were found in male hind-guts, including cis-verbenol （cV） and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol （MB） which are regarded as primary aggregation pheromones, and a low proportion of lpsdienol （ld） which increases attractiveness of cV and MB, Verbenone （Vn） and Ipsenol （le） are anti-aggregation pheromones, that play important roles in adjusting attack density and insect density under the bark. Non-host volatiles are repellent to L typographus, so that beetles do not waste energy boring into non-host trees. The relationship between host resistance, pheromone compounds and behavior, non-host volatiles, bioassays and mass trapping are reviewed, Results of field bioassays stressed that traps baited with specific pheromones could be used as a reasonable protection measure.     

Toxicity of monoterpenes from Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin to Diplodia pinea spores1

The effect on spore germmation and germ tube growth of Diplodia pinea produced by (+)- α-pinene, (?)-β-pinene, (+)-Δ³-carene, (?)-limonene, β-phellandrene, and terpinolene was determined over a range of vapour concentrations. Spore germination was most inhibited by A³-carene; germ tube growth was inhibited by all these monoterpenes except (?)-limonenc and ß-phellandrene. In contrast to the low toxicity of (?)-limonene, (+)-limonene (not known to be present in Pinus radiata cortical oleoresin) was extremely toxic to both spore germination and germ tube growth. The results arc discussed in rotation to an earlier observation that trees free of dieback in the field had high levels of certain monoterpenes.     

Field attraction of Cerambyx welensii to fermentation odors and host monoterpenes

Cerambyx welensii Küster is one of the greatest threats to Quercus suber L. and Quercus ilex L. in Spain. Efficient control methods for this species are currently being tested, and the use of traps baited with food-related products for their monitoring and control has been proposed. Cerambyx welensii adults prefer to colonize old or decayed trees, in which cortical exudates frequently release fermentation odors. Fermentation-related compounds, such as ethanol, have been cited as attractants to various hardwood woodborers (as Cerambyx cerdo L.), used either alone or sometimes in combination with other host odors. In this work, we conducted field experiments to ascertain whether chemical blends mimicking fermentation odors were attractive for C. welensii. To this end, we used three types of traps (multiple funnel, cross-vane and single-funnel) baited with six synthetic blends including one or more fermentation-related chemicals (ethanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol), various food-related products (beer, melon and red wine mixed with peach juice) and host monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, α-phellandrene and camphene). At high release rates (5–11 g/day), various synthetic blends proved attractive irrespective of trap type. Our results contribute to understand the impact of volatile organic compounds in host selection by woodborers infesting deciduous trees. The results hold promise for optimizing trapping strategies to control C. welensii within an integrated pest management framework.     

Electroantennogram responses of Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) to six volatiles of Larix gmelinii

Dendrolimus superans is one of the important pests feeding on the needles of Larix gmelinii. Six standard compounds, (1R)-(−)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-α-pinene, ocimene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, R(−)-α-phellandrene and camphene, the main volatiles of L. gmelinii were used to test the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of moths. The results show that the order of the EAG responses of moths to seven concentrations of these six compounds were as follows: mated females > virgin females > unmated males, except for 0.1 μL/μL R(−)-α-phellandrene, where the order was: virgin females > mated females > unmated males. There are statistically significant differences between the EAG responses of virgin females and unmated males (p < 0.05), and also between mated females with virgin females and mated females and unmated males (p < 0.01), which suggests that the mated females are more sensitive to the volatiles of host plant. The results of EAG responses of the mated females, virgin females and unmated males indicate that they are more sensitive to R(−)-α-phellandrene than to the other volatile components. The active time for the EAG responses of both mated females and unmated males occurs during the night, i.e., from 20:00 to 04:00 hours. This is consistent with their eclosion, mating and oviposition periods. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 55–60 [译自:林业科学]     

Effectiveness of different types of pheromone traps used against Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) in Sweden

No effects of different surface textures on cylinder traps were found, except for traps with a very smooth surface which caught fewer beetles. The addition of a large exterior funnel, collecting beetles falling down on the outside of the cylinders, resulted in a doubling of trap catches. Two types of barrier traps, which turn with the wind, are described. The best of these traps had a catch efficiency approaching that of the most efficient cylinder traps.     

The use of water traps and presence of spermatophores to evaluate mating disruption in the almond moth, Ephestia cautella, during exposure to synthetic sex pheromone

The purpose of the study was to verify the efficacy of a mating-disruption system (MD) applied in a confectionary factory infested by almond moths, Ephestia (Cadra) cautella (Walker), using pheromone traps and the presence of spermatophores in females caught with water traps. Results obtained confirmed that water is a considerable attractant for E. cautella, as a great number of males and females were caught. The presence of spermatophores in females allowed determination of mating status: most captured females were mated; in the area where MD was applied to the percentage of unmated females was lower as compared to the control area (the proportion of unmated females was much higher in the control area). In an integrated pest management programme, the combined use of MD and water traps eliminates large numbers of male and female almond moths. This information will be useful in developing strategies for suppressing E. cautella infestation.     

Geographic variation in pheromone component ratio and antennal responses,but not in attraction,to sex pheromones among fall armyworm populations infesting corn in Mexico

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of corn in Latin America. This insect presents two strains with behavioural and genetic differences. In Mexico, both strains are present, and at least two different FAW populations have been reported within the corn-strain. The objective of this study was to gather evidence of whether pheromonal communication varies among different S. frugiperda populations infesting corn in Mexico. First, we investigated any qualitative or quantitative difference in the composition of sex pheromones among populations; second, we studied whether male antennal responses to pheromone components vary among populations; and, finally, we investigated whether males from a region can discriminate between a synthetic pheromone blend characteristic of their region and blends formulated with the ratio of pheromone compounds emitted by females from other populations. Sex pheromone components were sampled by solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Females from all populations consistently released three compounds: (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc). Our results showed that Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc evoked the highest and most variable antennal responses among the populations studied compared to Z11-16:OAc. However, males did not discriminate between local pheromone blends and those formulated from other populations in a field test. These results show that although there is geographic variation in the ratio of pheromone components and in the peripheral reception of them, males were not differentially attracted to different pheromone blends in the field.     

-蒎烯经二溴莰烷合成冰片二烯

以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯。α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24 h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6%,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8%)。提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0%,得率为45.6%。以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5 h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂。2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12%,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0%,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5%。采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定。