苏鲁两省杨木灰变、蓝变和黑变的变色病害研究

为了研究苏鲁两省杨树木材变色、变色真菌和造成的损失,于2005—2010年分别对9个县市杨木加工厂进行了调查和定点观察。结果表明,在杨树砍伐后,在露天存放22～80天杨原木和单板存在不同程度边材变色,其变色程度与在露天存放时间有密切关系。春夏之交砍伐的杨木比冬季砍伐的杨木更易变色;3～5年生杨木比8—9年生杨木更易变色;剥皮杨木比带皮杨木更易变色;单板变色比原木更明显,致使单板的经济价值可降低25％～30％。鉴定出引起杨木变色的真菌有23属32种,其中危害最严重的变色菌主要有可可球二孢、交链孢、球孢枝孢。其中不高双孢菌、红紫球二孢、青琐龙孢球二孢在杨木上属于首次报道。     

大兴安岭阿木尔林业局火烧木保管技术的试验研究

1988年7－9月期间在大兴安岭地区阿木林业局长缨贮木场对火攻木的虫害和菌害进行了防治试验。试验采用硫酰氟熏蒸和林丹乳剂及了防腐剂6781配方喷雾的方法。施药量分别为每立方米木材用硫酰氟70克；林丹乳剂（以林丹计）0．1－0．15公斤。防府剂“6781”干剂0．7公斤，均获得了满意的结果。天牛幼虫的死亡率：硫酰氟熏蒸法为100％，林丹乳剂喷雾法为95％以上。防腐剂“6781”配方对防霉、防变色有明显，喷药后的原木端面材色较新鲜。     

新型BXP1814/5型原木剥皮找圆机的设计与应用

介绍了原木剥皮找圆机的工作原理，其利用三辊自动定心、锯齿形辊齿强力带动原木转动，通过操纵手动阀可将有节疤及不规则的原木自动剥皮和找圆。使用该机可大量减少人工剥皮作业，提高加工效率，保证旋切单板质量，是旋切板厂的理想设备。     

原木剥皮机

我厂胶合板车间原木剥皮,几年来都用人工铲掉树皮,劳动强度大,工作效率低,不安全。原木树皮剥不净或带皮旋切,经常损坏旋切机的刀具,影响单板质量。为了改变原木剥皮的落后面貌,遵照毛主席关于“自力更生”、“艰苦奋斗”的伟大教导,在党的领导下,经过半年多的努力,试制成功了一台机械原木剥皮机。一、主要结构及性能本机由运输(进料)往复运动小车,龙门刀架和剥皮刀具所组成。机架均用型钢焊接,原木从与水平倾斜成10度,线速为12.3米/分     

哈尔滨木器厂引进剥皮机投产使用

哈尔滨木器厂在制材技术改造的新车间,引进日本FA—35型环式和FB106DS型多用式剥皮机各1台,1987年投入使用。环式剥皮机置于原木运输链主干线,速度23米/分,剥皮原木自动定中心,每班(7小时)可剥4米长原木1300根;万能剥皮机能剥弯曲、有节子和树瘤的原木,每班可剥4米长原木106     

我国应推行原木剥皮制材

原木剥皮是现代制材生产不可缺少的重要工序。我国多年来制材生产一直是原木带皮锯剖,约占原木材积6—10%的树皮都混在制材剩余物板皮、边条、木截头和碎材中。由于树皮有其不同的物理和化学性质,这样不但影响制材剩余物的质量,而且将影响制材剩余物的使用价值。因此,在木材加工中要尽可能减少剩余物的树皮含量。为了改善制材剩余物的质量,在制材企业里要实行锯材原木剥皮锯割。一、原木剥皮锯割的好处1、原木剥皮时,附在树皮上的泥砂和混杂物可以同时被剥掉,减少锯条的磨损,延长锯条使用时间,减少锯解的动力消耗,提高锯材质量和锯机的生产效率。据调查统     

用石料代替原木做楞腿提高木材贮存效果

用石料代替原木做楞腿提高木材贮存效果林安土福建省贺村贮木场在闽浙赣三省交界地段，是闽北木材集散地，年到材量达１５万立方米，木材市场开放后到材量为６万立方米。为加强楞场科学管理和木材物理防腐措施，防止木材降等变质，我们自１９６４年以来实行以石块代替原木...     

生物技术用于木材加工业

生物技术用于木材加工业原木剥皮：芬兰技术研究中心利用果胶酶、半纤维毒酶、纤维毒酶或蛋白酶处理原木以分解成层组织，从而使树皮和木材之间的结合变得疏松，、然后用机械剥皮，可以降低能耗，木材纤维损失少，能完全除去树皮和得到较洁净的木材纤维。由于采用流动的酶...     

木材堆垛技术要点

木材贮存期间,采取科学合理的堆垛(归楞)保管措施,以保证木材质量,防止或减少降等、变质情况的发生。一、实楞1.完全实楞。原木紧密地堆放在楞腿上。优点是楞堆中原木间空隙小,干燥缓慢,适于原木湿存法;楞中原木径级不受限制;适于机械化作业,归楞方便。这种楞堆结构的缺点是人力编捆困难;楞头楞尾不放垫木时易散堆,作业不安全。2.垫木实楞。楞首和楞尾的每层原木间加垫木,楞堆中间部分密实堆放,不设垫木。楞首楞尾的高度一般是堆内原木长度的1.5倍。3.分层实楞。楞堆横向用垫木隔成若干层、每层间的高度等于3~5根原木的直径。二、捆楞1.平捆…     

薄木饰面工艺简介

薄木饰面工艺如下：锯剖木方→木方水热软化→木方刨切→薄木干燥→薄木剪切→薄木选拼→组坯→热压→锯边→成品检验入库↑基材涂胶１原木锯剖木方原木锯剖木方和普通制材有相似之处，但又有自己的特点。经过剥皮的原木要根据刨切机规格及木材缺陷分布截成一定的木段，然...     

Proportion of above-ground biomass in commercial logs and residues following the harvest of five commercial forest species in Australia

A significant factor influencing the contribution of wood products to carbon (C) storage is the proportion of above-ground tree biomass (AGB) recovered in commercial logs at harvest. This study examined the proportion of AGB in logs and residues at the harvest of radiata pine, cypress pine, blackbutt, spotted gum and messmate. Messmate and spotted gum had the highest variation in stem diameter and height. The average AGB ranged from 2000 to 3000 kg for the hardwoods and 220–1000 kg for the softwoods. Blackbutt had the overall lowest proportion of AGB recovered in commercial logs (45.5%) and radiata pine the highest (65%). The proportion of AGB in the bark of the hardwoods was significantly lower than in the softwoods. The proportion of the AGB in forest residues following harvest ranged from 30 to 55% depending on the species.The proportion of AGB recovered in high quality commercial logs ranged from 15% for spotted gum to 63% for radiata pine. The differences were due to the natural characteristics of the selected species and variations in regional market availability. The highest retention rates of AGB in high quality hardwood commercial logs were obtained for trees with DBH between 500 and 600 mm (messmate and blackbutt) and greater than 600 mm for spotted gum.The mean moisture content of the wood of the different species ranged from 35 to 50%. Messmate and radiata pine logs had the highest moisture content (48 and 50%, respectively).The C concentration of blackbutt, radiata pine and cypress pine was slightly higher than 50%. The softwoods had significantly higher C concentration than the hardwoods. The C concentration between positions (cross-section, sapwood and heartwood) also varied for the different species.The highest proportion of the above-ground C was in the debarked log for all species with the exception of blackbutt.The cellulose concentration of the wood ranged from 56 to 64% for hardwoods and 40–52% for the two softwoods. The lignin concentration of the wood ranged from 16 to 19% for the hardwoods and 25–35% for the two softwoods. The hardwood species could not be distinguished from one another based on the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentration, but within the softwood species, cypress pine and radiata pine formed separate clusters.     

The importance of debarking in mitigating the leaching of pollutants from common Swedish tree species submerged in water

Sprinkling wood with water is a common method for protecting wood during storage, yet the polluted runoff generated by the log yard is a major drawback. To study bark’s ability to leach pollutants from logs, the Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Betula pubescens wood species were submerged with and without bark for 6?weeks. The water was analysed during the study for total organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, colour, pH, and distillable phenols. The results showed that the leaching from carefully debarked wood is lower than that of both gently debarked wood and intact wood. Storing carefully debarked logs is a viable method for reducing pollutants in log yard runoff.     

Influence of Log Characteristics on Drum Debarking of Pulpwood

Properties of 200 poorly debarked softwood logs were studied in order to examine how different log characteristics affect drum debarking of mixed pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] pulpwood during the summer. The definition of a poorly debarked log and the sampling criterion was that >10 dm² bark remained on the log surface. The average share of poorly debarked logs was 8% and the most frequent log type was breakage logs. The main species among the poorly debarked logs was spruce and the mean wood moisture content was considerably lower than for the pulpwood chips. Many logs were affected by root rot or were damaged by harvesting equipment, resulting in reduced moisture content and, consequently, in increased bark/wood shear strength. Bark from the poorly debarked logs contributed to approximately 68% of the bark content in the chips. By avoiding air-drying of pulpwood, or by sorting pulpwood prior to debarking, the bark content in chips might be substantially reduced, which would improve the purity of the pulp and decrease production costs.     

The impact of log surface damage caused by harvester Eucalyptus debarking on pulp value recovery

Mechanised harvesting operations are growing in popularity in South Africa, as motor-manual and manual harvesting operations pose significant health and safety risks to workers. Potential damage inflicted by single-grip harvester feed rollers and delimbing knives on the log surface during debranching and debarking of eucalypts may affect chip size distributions during chip production. Chip size is important as it influences pulp quality and recovery in the kraft pulping process. The study investigated the influence of two mechanised debarking treatments in eucalypts (three feed roller passes and five feed roller passes along the stem surface) with feed-roller-induced log surface damage on pulp value recovery. The two mechanised treatments were compared against chips produced from manually debarked logs with no surface damage. In addition, the effect of two log drying periods (one week and two weeks) and three log classes (base, middle and top logs) on chip quality were also analysed. An economic evaluation was conducted to quantify potential recoverable pulp value losses associated with debarking treatments and log drying periods. Logs subject to manual debarking produced significantly less undesired sized chips than both three-pass and five-pass mechanically debarked logs and therefore had significantly greater pulp value recovery. Mechanically debarked logs had a projected pulp value recovery of R62, R86 and R123 less per bone dry tonne of chips produced from base, middle and top logs, respectively, when compared with manually debarked logs with no log surface damage after a one-week log drying period. Mechanically debarked logs also had a projected pulp value recovery of R77, R40 and R59 less per bone dry tonne of chips produced from base, middle and top logs, respectively, when compared with manually debarked logs with no log surface damage after a two-week log drying period. Logs dried for two weeks also produced significantly less under-sized chips than chips produced from one-week-dried logs and therefore had greater pulp value recovery. However, two-week-dried logs produced wood chips with significantly more over-thick chips than logs dried for one week. The volume of undesirable-sized chips produced during chipping increased with decreasing log size.     

Fibre losses during debranching and debarking of Eucalyptus pulp logs using a single-grip harvester

Mechanised harvesting operations are becoming more prevalent in South Africa, with the realisation that motor- manual and manual harvesting operations pose significant health and safety risks to workers. However, the potential damage caused by single-grip harvester feed rollers and delimbing knives on the log surface during debranching and debarking of eucalypts pulp logs may negatively affect fibre recovery as opposed to manually debarked logs, which show little or no log surface damage. Compared with manual debarking, this study investi- gated the influence of two mechanised debarking treatments on wood fibre loss on eucalypt log assortments debarked by harvester head feed rollers and delimbing knives. The two mechanised debarking treatments consisted of three and five feed roller passes along the stem surface. In addition to quantifying the magnitude of this fibre loss, a financial evaluation was done to calculate the value of these losses. The three- and five-pass debarking treatments caused significant fibre losses of 1.425 green tonnes per hectare (gt ha?1) and 2.275 gt ha?1, respec- tively, as opposed to manually debarked logs, which produced no fibre losses. Wood fibre losses in terms of total potential (or available) wood mass for three- and five-pass mechanically debarked trees were 1.06% and 1.70%, respectively. These represent a fibre value loss of R441.75 ha?1 and R705.25 ha?1 for three- and five-pass operations, respectively. For the 6.48 million gt y?1 currently mechanically debarked for the South African pulp and paper industry, this equates to fibre value losses of R21.36 million and R34.10 million annually for three- and five-pass operations, respectively.     

改善硼类木材防腐剂流失性的方法及建议

硼类木材防腐剂是环保型防腐剂,但其易流失的缺点使其在户外的应用领域受限。通过总结和归纳防腐处理方法、助剂的应用与特殊硼化物的应用,及提高硼类防腐剂抗流失性的研究进展,为硼类防腐剂扩大应用及今后进一步研究和推广方向提出建议。     

Biomass conversion factors (density and carbon concentration) by decay classes for dead wood of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula spp. in boreal forests of Sweden

For estimating the amount of carbon (C) in dead wood, conversion factors from raw volume per decay class to dry weight were developed using three different classification systems for the species Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh) in Sweden. Also the C concentration in dead wood (dry weight) was studied. About 2500 discs were collected from logs in managed forests located on 289 temporary National Forest Inventory (NFI) sample plots and in 11 strips located in preserved forests. The conversion factors were based on an extensive data compilation with a wide representation of different site-, stand-, species- and dead wood properties and were assumed to represent the population of fallen dead wood in Sweden. The density decreased significantly by decay class and the range in density for decay classes was widest for the NFI decay classification system, suggesting this to be the most suitable. The C concentration in dead wood biomass increased with increasing decay class and in average Norway spruce (P. abies) showed a lower C concentration than Scots pine (P. sylvestris). The average dead wood C store of Swedish forests was estimated to 0.85 Mg C/ha.     

Legacies from natural forest dynamics: Different effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi in pine and spruce forests

The species composition of wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) was investigated on 1138 spruce logs and 992 pine logs in 90 managed and 34 natural or near-natural spruce and pine forests in SE Norway.Altogether, the study included 290 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. Comparisons of logs with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay class, dimension class) in natural and managed forests showed a significant reduction in species number per log in managed spruce forests, but not in managed pine forests. The species number per log in managed spruce forests was 10-55% lower than on logs from natural spruce forests. The reduction was strongest on logs of large dimensions. A comparison of 200-400 spruce logs from natural and managed forests showed a 25% reduction in species richness corresponding to a conservative loss of ca. 40 species on a regional scale.A closer inspection revealed that species confined to medium and very decayed spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests, whereas species on early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected. Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had strongest impact on low-frequent species in the spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas common species were modestly affected. Corticoid fungi were more adversely affected than polypore fungi.These results indicate that wood-decaying fungi in pine forests are more adapted to forest disturbances than spruce-associated species. Management measures securing a continuous supply of dead wood are more important in spruce forests than in pine forests.     

Adhesive performance of woods treated with alternative preservatives

The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions.     

硼防腐剂与涂料复配处理木材的抗流失性能研究

文章研究了SGB硼防腐剂处理的马尾松试材经环保型水溶性涂料（WAQ）、天然植物油涂料（TRQ）及木材用户外涂料（KJQ）分别处理后的硼流失性能。结果表明硼防腐处理材经涂料再次处理后试件的抗流失性能均有改善,其中效果最好的是TRQ涂料,它与SGB共同处理的试件比单用SGB防腐剂处理的试件硼的抗流失率平均提高了36.5个百分点。