酶活化处理条件及其对松木纤维胶合性能的影响初探

通过测定漆酶处理纤维压制纤维板的内结合强度 ,观察到漆酶对云南思茅松木纤维的活化作用及漆酶处理对木纤维自身胶合的贡献。不同pH值条件下漆酶处理木纤维的内结合强度显著高于水处理纤维压制的板材强度。失活后的酶液与水等效 ,说明对实现木材自身胶合起作用的主要是漆酶本身。初步探索了pH值、酶剂量、底物浓度、活化处理时间等因素对胶合效果的影响。采用试验得到的较好活化条件压制的板材内结合强度可达1 0MPa以上     

漆酶活化处理对木材自由基变化的影响

漆酶是一种氧化还原酶,能催化许多有机化合物和少数无机离子进行反应,具有降解木素,可与有毒的酚类物质作用,使苯氧基类除草剂、石油工业废水去除毒性等作用,近年来在造纸、饮料加工、环保等方面得到广泛的研究与应用(Yaropolov et al.,1994),其中可以利用漆酶活化处理,使木材中的木质素活化,产生胶合作用,用来黏结木纤维或木刨花,生产人造板.国外对漆酶活化处理木材已经进行了较多的研究,并取得了一定进展(曹永建等,2005).     

漆酶活化木材产生活性氧类自由基的处理条件研究

自由基对漆酶活化木材产生胶合力起着关键性的作用。通过试验分析反应体系pH值、处理温度、酶用量、处理时间及树种等因子，对漆酶处理木粉产生的活性氧类自由基的相对浓度的影响。研究结果表明：5个因子均对活性氧类自由基相对浓度有极显著影响。当采用思茅松心材木粉、处理4h、反应体系pH值为4、酶用量为1．5u／g木粉、处理温度为60℃时，漆酶活化木材产生的活性氧类自由基的相对浓度最高。     

漆酶活化木素磺酸盐条件对胶合板强度的影响

采用漆酶活化木素或其磺酸盐制备胶黏剂用于人造板生产,可以消除游离甲醛的污染问题。以漆酶、工业木素及其磺酸盐、杨木为原料,在处理时间分别为30、45、60min,pH值分别为3．5、4．5、5．5,温度20℃条件下,分别以漆酶处理工业木素、木素磺酸钠和木素磺酸铵三种底物制备胶黏剂,然后在热压时间30min,压力4．5～5MPa,热压温度150℃条件下生产杨木胶合板。结果表明,除漆酶木素磺酸钠胶合体系外,漆酶木素和漆酶木素磺酸铵的胶合体系的胶合板胶合强度均达到并超过国家Ⅲ类胶合板的要求。     

碱木素-大豆蛋白胶黏剂在胶合板中的应用研究

探讨了一种新型木素基无醛胶黏剂在三层杨木胶合板中的应用。为了探究经活化还原处理后的碱木素与大豆蛋白共混制备生物质胶黏剂的工艺,以胶合板的胶合强度为性能指标.采用单因素实验,对漆酶加入量、碱木素,大豆蛋白共混比例、热压温度和热压时间等因素对其影响进行了研究。结果表明.最优工艺参数为:漆酶加入量为木质素的3/5,碱木素一大豆蛋白共混比例1:1,热压温度130℃,热压时间10 min,且此碱木素一大豆蛋白胶合体系的胶合强度达到并超过国家Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

酶在木材胶合中的应用

介绍了酶用于木材胶合的研究及进展。利用酶可直接活化木纤维或木刨花中的木素使其自身胶合，也可使酶与制浆过程中分离出来的木素反应，得到与酚类化合物类似的胶粘剂，用以胶合木纤维或木刨花。利用酶催化氧化木素的途径生产人造板，无污染且安全可靠。     

半纤维素酶/漆酶协同预处理工艺对竹刨花自生胶合性能的影响

研究半纤维素酶和漆酶的酶用量、缓冲溶液pH值、处理温度和时间对竹材自生胶合刨花板内结合强度的影响,结果表明:半纤维素酶/漆酶预处理主要参数对竹刨花自生胶合性能有不同程度影响,酶用量影响最显著。优化预处理参数为:处理温度60～70℃,半纤维素酶用量约500IU/g,缓冲溶液pH为9,处理时间45min,漆酶用量约30IU/g,缓冲溶液pH=3～4,处理时间120min。该结论可为半纤维素酶/漆酶协同预处理竹刨花制造自生胶合刨花板提供理论指导。     

纸浆基木材胶黏剂的合成及其性能

以桉木纸浆为原料制备木材胶黏剂,研究了合成路线、化学结构、胶合性能和胶合界面行为,为纤维素基木材胶黏剂研发和纸浆多元化应用提供理论依据和技术路线。纸浆经高碘酸钠选择性氧化处理,形成高反应活性双醛化纸浆纤维(DAP),利用醛基与支化多胺的氨基之间的反应构建交联网络,获得可固化的纸浆基木材胶黏剂(PWA)。使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析PWA化学结构,利用热重分析仪(TGA)分析其热性能,通过压制胶合板评估胶合性能。实验结果初步证明,双醛化纸浆纤维上的醛基能与支化多胺的末端氨基发生希夫碱反应并形成新的化学键;胶合性能分析结果表明,使用纸浆纤维基木材胶黏剂(PWA)制备杨木胶合板,干状胶合强度1.54 MPa,沸水浸泡3 h胶合强度0.85 MPa,杨木表面经界面活化处理后干强度提升到1.99 MPa,沸水3 h胶合强度提升至1.80 MPa,且与多胺末端氨基数量密切相关。纸浆纤维双醛化后再与支化多胺反应可制备性能优异的木材胶黏剂,界面活化处理可显著提高PWA的胶合性能和耐水性能以及热稳定性,末端氨基数量越多,性能提高越显著。     

漆酶在生物造纸中的应用

利用生物酶（如漆酶）预处理可以降低化学浆的残余木素量,减少制浆中的能源消耗,提高纸浆强度特性和光泽度等。在介体参与下,漆酶能够降解木素,使残余木素的摩尔质量减少、木素中的酚羟基减少、羰基和羧基增加,对后续的漂白过程起到活化木素的作用。漆酶等酶活系统能将漂白废水中的有机氯化物转变成无机氯和CO2,破坏发色基团组织和结构,降低漂白废水中的TOCl、BOD、COD和色度。漆酶在氧气和介体存在下能使木素产生自由基的缩合,提高纤维间的粘合性,改善高木素含量和纸浆的性能。漆酶作为一种非专一型聚酚酶,在一定程度上可与树脂反应,可以催化好氧污染物的酚羟基基固,生成苯氧自由基和水。     

纤维素/半纤维素酶处理对杨木表面胶合性能的影响研究

研究了速生杨木单元经过纤维素酶和半纤维素酶处理后的表面润湿性能、化学基团和胶合强度的变化。结果表明:随着纤维素酶和半纤维素酶用量的增加,杨木的表面自由能和胶合强度逐渐上升。在试验区间内,酶处理时间越长,杨木的胶合性能改善效果越明显。     

Effects of Metal Ions and EDTA on Free Radical Reaction Intermediates of Laccase-catalyzed Oxidation of Wood Powder from Szemao Pine

INTRODUCTIONLaccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is multicopper oxidase catalyzing oxidation of various phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, and even certain inorganic compounds by a one-electron transfer mechanism. The electron withdrawn from the substrates is transferred via four copper atoms to molecular oxygen (Messerschmidt 1997). Laccase is very common in nature, especially in plants and fungi (Gianfreda et al. 1999). Fungal laccases participate in plant pathogenesis, pigment production and ligni…     

Mechanical properties of natural fiber composites produced using dynamic sheet former

ABSTRACT

Composites formed from wood fibers and man-made cellulosic fibers in PLA (polylactic acid) matrix, manufactured using sheet forming technique and hot pressing, are studied. The composites have very low density (due to high porosity) and rather good elastic modulus and tensile strength. As expected, these properties for the four types of wood fiber composites studied here improve with increasing weight fraction of fibers, even if porosity is also increasing. On the contrary, for man-made cellulosic fiber composites with circular fiber cross-section, the increasing fiber weight fraction (accompanied by increasing void content) has detrimental effect on stiffness and strength. The differences in behavior are discussed attributing them to fiber/ fiber interaction in wood fiber composites which does not happen in man-made fiber composites, and by rather weak fiber/matrix interface for man-made fibers leading to macro-crack formation in large porosity regions.     

人工林杉木和杨树木材物理力学性质的株内变异研究

按照中国国家标准研究杉木和I-214杨树木材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度,同时按照日本国家标准研究2个树种的顺纹抗剪强度.结果表明:杉木的抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度由胸高直径处向上呈波浪形增加,抗弯弹性模量则稳定降低,但不同高度间杉木的物理力学性质没有显著差异;近树皮处木材的物理力学性质高于近髓心处木材,并有极显著差异.对于I-214杨树,只有抗弯弹性模量从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,其他的物理力学性质,最小值在从髓心到树皮的过渡区,最大值在近树皮处,从髓心到树皮,杨树的物理力学性质有极显著的差异.杉木和杨树的径面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮有极显著差异,并且近树皮的高于近髓心的木材,而弦面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮没有显著差异.木材密度与力学性质有很好的线性相关关系,木材密度是一个很好的力学强度的预测手段.     

Effect of the amount of lignin on tensile properties of single wood fibers

Chemical components are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood fibers. Lignin is one of the main components of wood cell walls and has a critical effect on the mechanical properties of paper pulp and wood fiber based composites. In this study, we carried out tensile tests on single mature latewood tracheids of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanciolata (Lamb.) Hook.), using three different delignified treatment methods to obtain different amounts of lignin. We applied single fiber tests to study the effect of the amount of lignin on mechanical tensile properties of single wood fibers at the cellular level. The results show that in their dry state, the modulus of elasticity of single fibers decreased with the reduction in the amount of lignin; even their absolute values were not high. The amount of lignin affects the tensile strength and elongation of single fibers considerably. Tensile strength and elongation of single fibers increase with a reduction in the amount of lignin.     

Effect of Wood Variables on the Properties of Wood Fiber-Polypropylene Composites

The effect of wood species (Chinese fir and Poplar), wood fiber content (10%, 25%, 40%) and wood fiber sizes (16 to 32 mesh, 32-65 mesh, above 65 mesh) on the properties of the wood fiber-Polypropylene composites were studied in this paper. The results indicate that the effect of wood fiber content and size in composite were more important than that of chosen wood species. Compared with polypropylene without wood fiber, the flexural strength of the composites increased when adding wood fiber into polypropylene, but the tensile and unnotched charpy impact strength decreased. And the above strength decreased with the wood fiber content increasing. When the wood fiber size becoming smaller (in higher mesh), the strength increased. In the comparison of wood species, the properties of composite using Chinese fir wood were better than that of Poplar, but not significant. The dynamic mechanical properties of the composites and PP were also tested and analyzed in this paper.     

Effects of tension wood on kraft paper from a short-rotation hardwood (Populus “Tristis No. 1”)

The physical properties and morphology of kraft paper handsheets obtained from tension wood of intensively managed, 5-year-old trees of Populus Tristis No. 1 were compared to those produced from isolated normal wood of the same stems. Pulp yields of tension wood (TW) and normal wood (NW) were 60 and 53% respectively. Over a beating range of 0–45 minutes, strength properties of TW paper were in all cases noticeably inferior to those obtained from NW. During paper formation, the TW or gelatinous fibers resisted collapse, even upon extended refining, and produced thick, porous sheets of poorly bonded elements. It was concluded that the differential behavior of NW and TW pulps was in several respects analogous to those displayed by earlywood and latewood pulps, respectively, of softwood species as well as thin-vs. thick-walled hardwood fibers. Consequently, it appears that the inferior strength of TW paper is primarily a function of fiber morphology, and the difference in hemicellulose content between NW and TW (viz., lower pentosan content of TW) often cited in the literature as a potential major factor here probably contributes little if any significant effect on ultimate interfiber bonding and paper quality.The experimental phase of this investigation was carried out by K. W. Robinson in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Institute of Paper Chemistry for the M.S. degree from Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin.     

用电子显微镜研究干法无胶硬质纤维板的结构

用扫描电子显微镜对未浸水和浸水后的干法无胶硬质纤维板进行观察，以获得有关无胶纤维板内在结构的变化，这可以更好地了解无胶纤维板的强度和耐水性能，在制造纤维板过程中，通过热磨使木材纤维在胞间层分离，并在热压时受压力作用再次结合，纤维重新结合的状况决定了纤维板的物理力学性能，经电镜观察的无胶纤维板，纤维间相互交织且结合紧密，即使是浸水后，纤维间的结合仍未出现松散现象，这表明不施加胶粘剂制造的干法硬质纤维板可以具有优越的强度和耐水性能。     

Effects of semi-isostatic densification of wood on the variation in strength properties with density

The variation in strength properties with density was compared between semi-isostatically densified and non-densified wood. Strength properties were compared with published data from earlier studies using other methods for densification. Small clear specimens of eight species were analysed for compression strength in axial, radial and tangential direction, three-point bending and Brinell hardness. After densification, all tested strength properties increased with density, but especially strength perpendicular to grain became lower than expected from the density of non-densified wood. Strength of densified wood relative to what could be expected for non-densified wood of similar density was denoted as ‘strength potential index’. For axial compression strength and bending strength, strength potential index of individual wood species varied between 0.7 and 1.0, i.e. densified wood is slightly weaker than what could be expected from its density. Strength potential index was lower for properties much determined by strength perpendicular to grain. In radial direction, densified wood was rubbery with low modulus of elasticity and nearly no proportional limit or modulus of rupture. Generally, wood was apparently weakened in proportion to the degree of compression in respective direction. Strength potential index also increased with increasing original density of the species.     

Effects of laccase incubated from white rot fungi on the mechanical properties of fiberboard

White rot fungi were optimized to cultivate highly active laccase. The characteristics of laccase incubated by continuous culture were compared with those of direct culture. The enzyme activity of laccase incubated by continuous culture technology reached a higher value on the fifth day of the growth. The optimization incubation time of high activity laccase was the eleventh day. A large amount of highly active laccase can be obtained in a relatively short time by continuous culture to replace traditional laccase. After laccase treatment, the lignin composition of wood fibers were oxidation-catalyzed by laccase. The number of chemical-bonding points between the wood fibers was increased. The wood fibers treated by laccase were fabricated into boards and their mechanical properties improved with the laccase-incubation times.Compared with the fiberboards made from fibers that were pre-treated by laccase of incubation 5 days, the static bending strength of those that were pre-treated by laccase of incubation 11 days was increased by 18.95%, the elastic modulus was increased by 35.49%, and the internal bond strength was increased by 44.11%.