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《African Zoology》2013,48(2):228-239
Spatial and temporal patterns of disturbance and the subsequent heterogeneity are critical in maintaining biodiversity within grassland ecosystems. Grassland birds have evolved within this ‘shifting mosaic’ to become reliant on specific habitat characteristics maintained under varying levels of both natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Unfortunately, grasslands in South Africa have been extensively transformed and remain poorly conserved, threatening grassland avifauna. Mistbelt grassland is a threatened vegetation type endemic to the province of KwaZulu-Natal, of which only 0.3% is formally protected. This study investigated seasonal and patch type heterogeneity in a Mistbelt grassland avian community by determining avian community structure and composition in four patch types, i.e. i) untransformed open grassland, ii) burnt grassland, iii) bramble-invaded and, iv) bramble-cleared grassland, during winter and summer. Avian assemblages were significantly different between the different patch types for each season. The bramble patch type negatively affected grassland bird species diversity. Bramble-cleared grassland and untransformed grassland had similar vegetation structure and avian communities in the summer, suggesting that the grassland bird community benefitted soon after the clearing of invasive vegetation. This study provides further evidence that bird diversity is enhanced in structurally heterogeneous grassland landscapes. Furthermore, the protection and appropriate management of privately owned Mistbelt grassland, conserved in the form of rangeland, is an important refuge for threatened and endemic avifauna, such as the globally-threatened blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) and wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus). 相似文献
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Benjamin A. Geaumont Torre J. Hovick Ryan F. Limb Wyatt M. Mack Amanda R. Lipinski Kevin K. Sedivec 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(2):374-384
Native colonial and large ungulate herbivores infrequently coexist on contemporary landscapes but frequently would have in the past, and understanding these interactions is important for conservation in working landscapes—those lands managed for biological and economic objectives. Although many factors contribute to grassland bird declines, consistent and long-term removal of native herbivores from western grasslands promotes homogenous landscapes that are now uniformly grazed by cattle (Bos taurus). This shift in grassland disturbance patterns limits habitat availability for specialized grassland species. We investigated vegetation and bird community dynamics in pastures grazed by domestic cattle and a native colonial herbivore, the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). The study occurred in the northern mixed-grass prairie of the United States on four experimental pastures stratified by the proportion of prairie dog occupancy to create an ecological gradient. Vegetation and bird surveys were conducted from 2012 to 2015 on and off prairie dog colonies. Vegetation and bird communities were not different along the experimental pasture gradient but did differ relative to location on versus off town. Prairie dogs induced changes in the plant community with midstatured grasses like side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) and green needlegrass (Nassella viridula) being associated with off-colony sites while on-colony sites were associated with disturbance-tolerant species such as fetid marigold (Dyssodia papposa). The bird community responded to changes in vegetation structure resulting from prairie dogs with grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) being more abundant off colonies in areas with greater vegetation structure, while bird species with more complex life histories, such as the upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), were associated with both on ? and off ? prairie dog colonies. Our findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining spatial heterogeneity in working landscapes and show that native colonial herbivores can help achieve this in the presence of herbivory by domestic cattle. 相似文献
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通过对安西温性荒漠化草原退牧还草围栏建设工程区生态环境监测点放牧与退牧管理后草地生物量的跟踪调查和牧草光合生理生态特征的监测,分析显示:与放牧区相比较,围栏退牧草场内的植株生长高度比围栏外放牧区高4.3~4.8 cm,植被覆盖度高16.6%~17.4%,草场平均产草量高235.2~300.5 kg/hm2,植被生长状况良好,同时草原环境中气温较低,湿度较高,且光合速率较高,有利于牧草的生长,表明退牧措施效果显著.高光谱遥感进一步监测结果显示退牧区牧草光谱反射率高,植被盖度大.草原围栏退牧封育,极大地改善了安西县草原生态环境,草原植被得到有效恢复,提高了草原防风固沙、净化空气、保护生物多样性等生态功能. 相似文献
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通过对川西北草原退牧还草工程区围栏草地植被恢复效果的研究,结果表明,退化草地经围栏禁牧和休牧后,由于有效消除了放牧干扰,草地得到休养生息,开始不断改善和恢复,植物种类和数量增多,物种多样性提高,样地的物种多样性大小表现为:休牧>禁牧>对照;围栏样地地上生物量增加明显,平均比对照高出50.36%~88.77%;草群高度也明显增高,比对照平均高出36.79%~76.98%;草地总盖度变大,禁牧和休牧草地分别比对照提高了11.49%~17.28%。同时,草地质量明显提高,优良牧草开始增多,而毒杂草的种类和数量开始减少。综合评价,各年度退牧还草工程区内草地植被生态恢复效果良好。 相似文献
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草地是我国重要的农业自然资源之一,但目前草地退化的现象十分严重,超载过牧是主要原因之一。本文就针对草地退化提出的围封禁牧措施对草地植被、土壤及草地生态系统恢复过程中的作用进行综述,发现适度放牧对草地恢复是必需的,但采取长期围封禁牧恢复与重建草地的做法不可取,围栏封育并非恢复退化草地的万全之计。建议在我国要因地制宜,根据草地的退化程度,采取合理的划区轮牧强度和放牧时间,与退化草地生态恢复的围封措施结合,以达到既能恢复退化草地,又可收获畜产品的双赢目的,实现草地生态系统持续平衡发展的目标。 相似文献
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Wilfred O. Odadi Corinna Riginos Daniel I. Rubenstein 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(4):481-491
Rotational grazing management approaches are regarded as strategies for sustaining rangeland productivity and continue to be applied across many parts of the world. In Africa, livestock farmers implementing rotational grazing often switch from traditional loosely bunched herding (LBH), in which animals within a herd are allowed to spread out naturally when foraging, to tightly bunched herding (TBH) with limited herd spread to increase animal impact on the range. However, there is little scientific information on the actual direct (short-term) effects of this altered herding strategy on livestock productivity. We investigated the direct effects of TBH versus LBH on foraging behavior, nutrition, and performance (weight gain) of cattle in a semiarid savanna rangeland in central Kenya. We conducted the study across two habitat types: a heterogeneous red soil habitat and a relatively homogeneous black cotton soil habitat. Across both habitats, cattle traveled 9–15% less, foraged 10–29% more efficiently, and put on 14–39% more weight when managed with TBH as compared with LBH. These changes occurred despite the fact that stock densities were double to several times higher under TBH, and cattle under this herding regime foraged less selectively, consuming preferred plants less (especially in the black cotton soil habitat) and consuming diets with lower crude protein content (in the red soil habitat). Financial projection showed that the benefit of increased cattle performance under TBH could sufficiently outweigh increased cost of additional labor required to implement this herding strategy. These findings suggest that TBH, as practiced here, can be implemented without livestock production or financial losses. Further, the research demonstrated reduced grazing selectivity under TBH indicates that this herding strategy could potentially be used to reduce grazing pressure on preferred forage plants and maintain herbaceous species diversity without sacrificing cattle performance. 相似文献
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退牧还草工程是关系中华民族生存和发展长远大计的生态工程、绿色工程,是符合广大农牧民利益、体现“三个代表”重要思想的德政工程、民心工程。通过对退牧还草工程中建立新型家庭牧场必要性及其特征的分析,提出建立新型家庭牧场的7个对策:加大宣传力度;充分尊重牧民的本土知识;树立现代化草业经营的理念;加快周转,提高经济效益;强化良种,加大畜牧业结构调整;广辟饲料来源,解决饲草料供给;加强技术服务体系建设。 相似文献
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滩羊不同放牧强度对盐池草地植被组成的影响 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
5种不同放牧强度,历时150 d的滩羊放牧试验结果如下:1)放牧强度与草地禾本科牧草现存量之间存在极显著负相关关系和极显著回归关系,禾本科牧草现存量随放牧强度变化趋势是先增后减。当放牧强度为0.45只/(hm2.d)时,禾本科牧草的现存量最大。2)随着放牧强度增大,禾本科牧草所占总产草量的比例减小。当放牧强度为0.45只/(hm2.d)时,禾本科牧草所占比例最大。3)随着放牧强度的增大,豆科牧草所占比例呈先减后增再减的变化趋势,即呈“V”字型。4)当放牧强度逐渐增大时,杂类草变化趋势呈“N”型变化。5)随着放牧强度的增大,禾本科牧草比例相对降低,而豆科牧草比例相对增加。草地植被组成改变。以宁夏盐池草地现状,放牧强度不能大于0.45只/(hm2.d)。 相似文献
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光伏场区植物群落结构空间分异格局反映植物对场区异质生境的适应性。以云南东川光伏场区植物群落为研究对象,通过对遮阴程度增加的对照、前檐、后檐和板下开展植物群落学调查,分析光伏场区植物群落结构特征。结果表明:1)光伏组件遮阴程度增加,黄茅(Heteropogon contortus )重要值由94.21降低至6.85 (P < 0.05),白苞猩猩草(Euphorbia heterophylla )重要值由3.35增加至39.60 (P < 0.05),白苞猩猩草替代黄茅成为板下群落优势种;2)光伏组件遮阴显著降低群落植株密度和优势度指数(P < 0.05),显著提高物种多样性指数(P < 0.05),遮阴程度越高,遮阴区群落与对照区群落物种相似性越低;3)遮阴后群落功能群种类增加,优势功能群由多年生丛生禾草过渡为多年生杂类草,遮阴区出现一年生丛生禾草或一年生杂类草。综上,云南东川光伏组件遮阴程度增加伴随草地植物优势种更替,多样性和功能群种类增加,植物群落结构呈现复杂化的变化趋势。 相似文献
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草原生态治理是中国式现代化的重要命题之一,我国草原生态治理已取得了突破,但还面临草原承包权改革引发的分散化治理难题、草原有害生物的危害、草原生态环境损害行为追责难等诸多挑战。这既有历史原因,也有发展中的新问题,又有社会思想理念变迁、现实制度设计等原因。草原治理目标责任的偏差、统筹协调能力的不足、草原治理空心化等问题均妨碍了草原生态保护修复工作的开展,弱化了生态治理的成效。本文对当前中国草原生态治理中存在的问题进行了剖析,提出了确立系统治理和综合治理模式、优化多元主体协同治理的目标责任体系、完善草原生态治理法规体系建设、加强草原精细化管理,以及加大牧区经济投入、培育新兴草原生态经济等对策,为协同推动草原生态治理、健全山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理机制提供了参考。
相似文献13.
Rangelands and hayfields provide a large portion of remaining surrogate habitat for many species of declining grassland birds in North America. We compared late-cut hayfields and continuously grazed pastures at low to moderate cattle densities for providing suitable breeding habitat in eastern Canada for the nationally threatened Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). To examine the quality of both habitats, we conducted point counts and monitored 87 nests during the 2015 and 2016 breeding seasons. Bobolink abundance and daily survival rate (DSR) of nests were modeled sequentially by habitat and sex as a function of vegetation structure, prey availability, and agricultural management. Year and habitat were the strongest predictors of abundance. When analyzed separately for pastures and hayfields, vegetation height was most important for female abundance in pastures while pasture size was most important for males. Nests in hayfields had significantly higher daily survival (DSR = 0.98 ± 0.01) than nests in pastures (DSR = 0.94 ± 0.01). Nesting success was highest in hayfields with taller vegetation, while in pastures, no microhabitat variable showed a clear relationship with DSR. Within pastures, cattle stocking densities of ≤ 1 animal units (AU) · ha? 1 were not related to DSR. This study provides evidence that late-cut hay is of highest quality, but that small-scale beef farms with low to moderate stocking densities are suitable targets for conservation efforts of Bobolinks in eastern North America. 相似文献
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中国超过1/3的天然草地处于退化、沙化状态。退牧还草政策是应对草地退化的重要措施。退牧还草政策实施过程中常有违规放牧现象。本文采用博弈论方法,分析牧户和政府双方的策略集合,得出最优策略,并进行模拟计算。结果表明:提高违规放牧被检查到的概率,降低检查成本和增加罚款金额等措施,可促使牧户减少违规放牧行为。据此,我们提出减少或者杜绝违规放牧行为的措施主要包括:规划安置点将牧户由分散居住转为集中居住;违规放牧行为的检查工作由社会招聘监察人员和牧户监督员承担;划定管护责任区域,由常驻人员进行管护区域内的违规放牧检查工作;根据各地具体情况,设置合理罚款金额。本研究可为制定遏制违规放牧的对策提供依据,促进草原地区人口、资源和环境的协调发展。 相似文献
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通过放牧强度对羊草草地植被和家畜生产影响的研究,放牧强度不同程度地改变了土壤养分状况,三种放牧强度下草地植物群落的高度、密度、盖度、频度、可食牧草产量无明显变化,组间差异不显著(>0.05)。放牧强度影响羯羊体重。羯羊日增长量随放牧强度减小而增加,羯羊生长量以中组为最佳,中组分别比低组、高组提高30.4%、17.6%,平均日生长量组间差异显著(<0.05);牧草干物质的采食量影响羯羊生长量,而日采食量中粗蛋白较干物质对羯羊生长的影响更为重要。草地放牧以中放牧强度(6只/hm2)为最佳。 相似文献
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我国退牧还草工程重点县草原植被长势遥感监测 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
利用遥感和地理信息系统等先进技术手段,基于MODIS数据,对我国4大主要草地类型区的退牧还草工程县的草原植被长势进行了监测,主要结论如下:1)内蒙古东部退化草原区2005年草原植被长势虽然差于2004年的面积有上升趋势,但是总体长势良好,明显好于2004年;2)蒙甘宁西部荒漠草原区2005年草原植被长势较差,虽然生长季节草原植被长势差于2004年的面积呈上升趋势,但总体相对比较稳定;3)新疆北部退化草原区2005与2004年相比长势持平的草地面积所占比重大,比较稳定,呈现出长势好差交替的时序变化格局;4)青藏高原东部江河源草原区2005年草原长势好于2004年的草地面积占本区总草地面积的48.07%,长势差于2004年的草地面积占本区草地总面积的32.56%,与2004年持平的占19.37%,由此表明青藏高原东部区草原长势明显好于2004年同期,长势差和长势好于2004年的草原面积波动较为明显。 相似文献
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不同放牧强度对荒漠草原植被和滩羊生产性能影响研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过放牧强度对荒漠草原植被和滩羊生产性能影响的研究得出:(1)随着放牧强度的增大,草地牧草生活力减弱;(2)放牧强度与植被总盖度之间存在负相关关系,随着放牧强度的增大草地植被总盖度减小;(3)放牧强度与草地牧草现存量之间存在负相关关系,随着放牧强度的增大,草地牧草现存量减少;(4)放牧强度越大,禾本科、豆科和杂类草牧草所占总产草量的比例越小;(5)滩羊个体增重与放牧强度之间存在着强的负相关,回归方程为:Ga=18.48-7.01G(r=-0.97**);单位革地面积(1 hm2)增重与放牧强度之间呈强的相关,回归方程为:Gh=0.31 17.60G-6.60G2(r=0.87*);(6)综合考虑各研究指标,本类草地放牧强度应以不超过0.75只/hm2为宜. 相似文献
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为探明自由牧马对草甸草地群落结构及牧草品质的影响,在新疆昭苏夏马场设置放牧试验,采用控制笼进行对照,分析了2013-2015年草地群落结构及牧草营养品质的动态变化。结果表明:(1)无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)等一些马喜食的禾本科牧草的相对密度降低,狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)、龙胆(Gentiana scabra)等一些毒性植物和马不食植物的相对密度升高,但主要优势植物变化不大;(2)在3年夏场放牧中,草甸草地多样性指数(Simpson指数)维持在0.74~0.81;不同植物种类重要值变化趋势不同,白三叶(Trifolium repens)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和龙胆在群落中重要值增加,而细果苔草(Carex stenocarpa)和羊茅的重要值显著降低;(3)牧草中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)总体呈现上升趋势;粗蛋白(CP)含量随着放牧年限的增加从13.4%下降到11.3%,仍可达到马对粗蛋白含量(8%)的基本要求。由试验可知:目前的放牧强度(5匹马·ha-1)基本维持了草地的可持续性,但一定程度上降低了牧草的品质。 相似文献
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探讨草地不同利用方式下西藏藏嵩草沼泽化高寒草甸植被特征和土壤养分特征,为其合理利用提供数据支撑。以当雄县羊八井镇藏嵩草沼泽化高寒草甸为研究对象,选定放牧+刈割处理(M+G)、生长季休牧处理(WG)和全年放牧(FG)3种传统的草地利用方式,进行植物多样性分析和土壤碳、氮、磷养分的测定。结果表明:全年放牧处理藏北嵩草(Kobresia littledalei)呈斑块化退化趋势,高山嵩草(K. pygmaea)、藏豆(Stracheya tibeticum)、高山紫菀(Aster alpinus)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)、二裂委陵菜(P. bifurca)、独一味(Lamiophlomis rotata)等低矮化指示植物的重要值均增加。放牧+刈割利用方式在获得较高草地生物量的同时,显著降低了群落的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性;土壤有机碳、全氮含量均随土层深度增加明显下降,放牧+刈割处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著低于生长季休牧和全年放牧处理;而全年放牧样地的土壤全磷含量高于其他两类利用样地。放牧+刈割... 相似文献