云南松正交胶合木胶合工艺探索

为探索云南松用于正交胶合木(CLT)制造的技术可行性,以剪切强度、木破率和剥离率研究了不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能的影响。结果表明:云南松的物理力学性能和胶合性能达到北美ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019标准要求,云南松可用于CLT制造。不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能影响显著(P0.05)。随着施胶量增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能提高;随着压力增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能降低。从胶合性能和生产成本综合考虑,制造云南松CLT的较优工艺为:采用国产EPI(水性高分子异氰酸酯)胶黏剂,施胶量为220 g/m2,压力为0.8 MPa。     

加拿大西部铁杉正交胶合木胶合性能与耐久性初探

以加拿大西部所产铁杉锯材为基材,采用单组分聚氨酯(PUR)和双组分异氰酸酯(EPI)两种不同胶黏剂,0.28 MPa和0.83 MPa两个不同压力参数,制造正交胶合木(CLT)小样(609 mm×609 mm),对其进行胶层剪切测试和浸渍剥离测试,分析判断胶黏剂种类和压力对铁杉CLT胶合性能和耐久性的影响。试验结果表明:胶黏剂种类和压力大小对cLT的胶合性能、剪切破坏中木材破坏率和耐久性均有显著影响:当使用单组分聚氨酯(PUR)、压力0.83 MPa时,相比于0.28 MPa,其胶层剪切试验中木材破坏率更高;浸渍剥离试验中胶层剥离率更低。虽然在北美现行标准中尚没有利用加拿大铁杉制造CLT的相关规定,但加拿大铁杉的各项性能符合CLT制造的要求。建议进行进一步研究,制定合理的工艺参数,将加拿大丰富的铁杉资源用于制造CLT。     

正交胶合木(CLT)性能测试及其分析

简述了国内首条大幅面CLT生产线制造的铁杉正交胶合木(CLT)的工艺过程,并主要对该CLT板主强度方向的弹性模量、抗弯强度,以及胶层剪切强度、层间剪切强度和浸渍剥离等性能进行了测试与分析。表明:铁杉CLT的抗弯性能和抗剪性能测试值均能达到加拿大ANSI APA PRG320—2012标准相关等级要求;CLT垂直层滚动剪切强度是决定CLT抗弯强度和界面层剪切强度的主要因素;真空—加压浸渍处理对胶结面附近木材力学性能的影响大于对胶层的影响,其浸渍剥离率的平均值为9.75%,单组份PUR胶黏剂的胶层剪切强度和耐候性等性能符合室外环境的使用要求;铁杉CLT的抗弯性能和抗剪性能测试值达到加拿大ANSI APA PRG320—2012标准相关等级要求,满足工程要求。     

不同胶黏剂不同树种结构用集成材胶合性能的研究

分别采用LX1-1、KR-134、S309和RF-C05 4种胶黏剂依次胶合欧洲云杉、欧洲赤松、兴安落叶松木材层板,制备成对应的结构用集成材。再依照GB/T26899—2011《结构用集成材》和GB/T 50005—2003《木结构设计规范》国家标准对制得的试样进行检测。实验结果表明,4种胶黏剂的胶合性能存在较大的差异:1)剥离率:4种胶黏剂在胶合欧洲云杉、赤松2种集成材时,浸渍剥离率均满足国标要求,但KR-134和RF-C05在第二次煮沸剥离率均未能满足国标。在胶合落叶松集成材时,LX1-1、KR-134在浸渍时剥离能满足国标要求,煮沸剥离未能满足国标要求,S309和RF-C05 2种剥离率均不满足国标。2)剪切强度和木破率:除S309落叶松集成材的湿剪强度和木破率均未能达到标准要求外,LX1-1、KR-134和RFC05胶合欧洲云杉、欧洲赤松和落叶松结构用集成材试样的湿剪强度均在3.9MPa以上,干剪强度均在5.9MPa以上,且木破率均大于75%,满足国标相关要求。3)LX1-1型异氰酸酯胶黏剂在胶合性能上优于其他3种胶黏剂,且兴安落叶松相比较其他2种木材,更加难以被胶粘。     

节子对落叶松胶合木胶合性能的影响

采用水性高分子-异氰酸酯(API)胶黏剂对含有木节的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)层板按照工程胶合木的胶合工艺进行常温加压胶合,探讨木节及其大小对兴安落叶松工程胶合木胶合性能的影响。通过对试件进行胶缝剪切强度试验和浸渍剥离与煮沸剥离试验,发现节子对胶缝常态剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率和煮沸剥离率均有显著的影响,随着木节直径的增大其胶缝剪切强度和木破率可下降40%和67%以上,浸渍二次总剥离率和煮沸二次总剥离率可增大至16%和37%以上。研究表明:两胶合面中仅一面有小木节(占板宽1/7~1/6),只能用于室内结构用集成材,不能用于室外结构用集成材;只有尺寸小于木板宽度1/10的木节与无节面胶合才能满足室外用工程胶合木的要求。     

不同胶黏剂对俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能的影响研究

为验证进口俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能,选用4种具代表性的结构用室温固化胶黏剂,根据GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》进行胶合性能试验,对俄罗斯落叶松及胶黏剂的胶合性能进行分析研究。结果表明:对于俄罗斯落叶松,单组份聚氨酯、双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯3种胶黏剂的胶层剪切强度和胶层剥离率均满足标准要求,其中双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯胶黏剂胶合性能优异,单组份聚氨酯胶黏剂胶合性能良好;间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的胶合性能虽能达到标准要求,但不推荐作为结构用胶黏剂。     

兴安落叶松胶合木胶黏剂的选择

论述单组份聚氨酯(PURd)、双组份异氰酸酯(MDI-A和MDI-B)以及间苯二酚(PRF)4种胶黏剂对兴安落叶松胶合木耐久性和力学性能方面的影响,对比、分析不同胶合木的剪切强度和剥离率。结果表明:耐久性方面,间苯二酚类胶黏剂胶合性能明显优于聚氨酯类胶黏剂;在抗剪方面,间苯二酚胶黏剂略优于聚氨酯类胶黏剂;不同来源的同种类胶黏剂由于参数不同胶合强度存在差异。以上研究可为选择和使用胶黏剂提供技术参考。     

粉状改性脲醛胶的胶合工艺及性能研究

粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂游离甲醛少、储存期长且胶合性能优良,近年来获得广泛应用。采用粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂,对柳杉木材进行层积胶合,以剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率为检测指标,研究其实木胶合工艺及性能。试验结果表明:粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂具有较好的胶合性能,满足非结构集成材标准要求;综合生产成本和效率等因素,确定较优胶合工艺参数为单位压力0.7MPa、热压时间31min、涂胶量180g/m~2、胶合面纹理组合为"弦切面-弦切面"。     

马尾松防腐材胶合性能的径向变异研究

胶合性能径向变异的研究可为马尾松防腐集成材的原料选取提供重要依据.以35年生马尾松为试验用材,选用季铵铜防腐剂和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试件,并检测其拉伸剪切强度及木破率,研究胶合性能的径向变异,从木材密度和胶黏剂渗透性能两方面分析胶合性能变化的原因.结果 表明:沿髓心至树皮方向,马尾松防腐材剪切强...     

市售木结构用胶黏剂抗剪性能比较

目前,市面上出现了几种室温固化木结构用胶黏剂,为了验证其性能,选用4种具有代表性的胶黏剂,根据国家标准GB/T 50708-2012《胶合木结构技术规范》之附录A进行胶缝顺纹拉伸剪切试验,测试胶缝的剪切强度,并与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂进行对比。结果表明:单组份聚氨酯、间苯二酚-甲醛树脂和聚醋酸乙烯酯-异氰酸酯3种市售木结构用胶黏剂的胶缝常态剪切强度和湿态剪切强度的平均值均达到国家标准要求,与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂基本相当,其中间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的剪切强度值最高;市售木结构用双组份聚氨酯胶黏剂,其胶缝常态剪切强度达到国家标准要求,但其湿态剪切强度达不到国家标准要求;胶缝剪切强度与胶缝剪切木破率具有较为明显的正相关性,即木破率越高其胶缝剪切强度值越高。     

Shear strength of furfurylated,N-methylol melamine and thermally modified wood bonded with three conventional adhesives

The shear strength of furfurylated, N-methylol melamine (NMM) and thermally modified wood bonded with emulsion polymer isocyanate, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) adhesives was examined. Furfurylation and NMM modification of Scots pine had a significant negative effect on the bonding strength with all adhesives irrespective of the treatment intensity. The obtained low-shear strength values were related to the brittle nature of the wood after modifications rather to the failure of the bondline. PVAc showed a better bonding performance with both furfurylated and NMM modified wood while the combination of furfurylated wood and PU gave the highest reduction in bonding strength (47–51%). Shear strength also decreased significantly after thermal modification in both Scots pine (36–56%) and beech (34–48%) with all adhesives. With the exception of thermally modified beech samples bonded with PU, bondline was found to be the weakest link in thermally modified wood as it was revealed by the wood failure surfaces. Bondline thickness and effective penetration of adhesives did not relate to the shear strength of all modified wood materials. The lower shear strength of modified wood could be attributed to other factors, such as the reduced chemical bonding or mechanical interlocking of adhesives, and the reduced strength of brittle modified wood substrate.     

ACQ防腐处理对马尾松木材胶合强度的影响研究

采用铜氨(胺)季铵盐(ACQ-D)防腐剂处理马尾松木材,以水性高分子异氰酸酯(API)、聚氨酯(PUR)和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂(RPF)为胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试样,研究胶黏剂种类和防腐剂处理浓度对马尾松胶合强度的影响。结果表明:API、PUR、RPF适用于ACQ处理马尾松的胶合,平均剪切强度和木破率均达到GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》要求。胶黏剂种类对防腐材胶合强度有显著影响,表现为PUR和RPF的剪切强度优于API。与未处理材相比,ACQ处理对API胶合有负面影响,对PUR胶合有增强效应,对RPF胶合没有显著影响。在ACQ浓度为0.1%～1.0%范围内,胶合强度没有显著变化。     

Evaluating rolling shear strength properties of cross-laminated timber by short-span bending tests and modified planar shear tests

This paper presents an experimental study on rolling shear (RS) strength properties of non-edge-glued cross-laminated timber (CLT) made out of New Zealand Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) structural timber. CLT specimens with 35 and 20 mm thick laminations were studied to evaluate the influence of lamination thickness on the RS strength of CLT. Short-span three-point bending tests were used to introduce high RS stresses in cross layers of CLT specimens and facilitate the RS failure mechanism. Modified planar shear tests from the conventional two-plate planar shear tests were also used to evaluate the RS strength properties. It was found that two test methods yielded comparable RS strength properties and the lamination thickness significantly affected RS strength of the CLT specimens. The test results also indicated that the recommended characteristic RS strength values of CLT products in Europe and Canada might be over conservative. Also, it might be more efficient to specify different RS strength values for CLT with different lamination thickness given the minimum width-to-depth ratio of laminations is satisfied.     

A feasibility study of using two-component polyurethane adhesive in constructing wooden structures

This investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a two-component polyurethane （PUR） adhesive, with special waterproof properties, in constructing wooden structures. We designed and conducted tests to compare the shear strength and adhesion performance of PUR with polyvinyl acetate （PVAc） adhesive on block-shear specimens constructed of oriental beech （Fagus orientalis L.）, fir （Abies alba Mill.）, poplar （Populus deltoides Bartr.）, white oak （Quercus alba L.）, sycamore （Platanus orientalis L.） and white walnut （Juglans cinerea L.）. The values of the percentage of wood failure were also determined in specimens constructed with each adhesive. The highest shear strength values of both adhesives were obtained in specimens constructed of beech, while the lowest shear strength values were obtained in fir and poplar specimens. Average shear strength of the PUR adhesive was 16.5% higher than that of the PVAc adhesive. Specimens constructed of fir, poplar and sycamore were characterised by the highest percentages of wood failure, whereas the lowest average percentages of wood failure were obtained in beech and oak specimens. With the exception of oak specimens, there was no statistically significant difference between percentage of wood failure among the PUR and PVAc adhesives. Generally, the PUR adhesive showed an acceptable adhesion performance on wood materials used in our study.     

聚氨酯预聚体的合成及其在木材粘接领域的应用

本文研究了聚氨酯预聚体的合成工艺，测试了固化后的聚氨酯胶粘剂胶片的性能，讨论了分子结构对拉伸强度和伸长率的影响，同时进行了聚氨酯粘剂用于含水率木材粘接的试验，结果表明，具有线型结构的，高分子量的胶粘剂延伸性好，但拉伸强度稍低，聚氨酯胶粘剂可以用于高含水率木材的粘接。     

Properties of red maple laminated veneer lumber impregnated with waterborne micronized and two soluble copper formulations

ABSTRACT

Certain important quality parameters of red maple (Acer rubrum) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) impregnated with three waterborne formulations: copper azole (CA-B), micronized copper azole (MicroCA or MCA) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ-D) bonded with phenol formaldehyde or cross-linked polyvinyl acetate (XPVAc) adhesives were evaluated. Pre-dipping of veneers before LVL production and two post-manufacturing procedures, viz., vacuum-pressure and post-dipping of LVL, were applied. Maximum copper retention in pre-dip-treated, vacuum-pressure and post-dip-treated LVL was 1.4, 9.7 and 1.7?kg/m³, respectively. Copper retention in MCA-treated LVL was relatively lower than soluble formulations. Various physical, mechanical and bonding properties of treated LVL such as density, water absorption, swelling, flexural properties, hardness, tensile shear strength, delamination and wood failure (%) were studied and compared with untreated LVL. Little to negligible deleterious effect was observed on properties of LVL due to these chemical treatments. Analysis of variance results showed that most of properties of red maple LVL were not significantly different compared with those of untreated LVL. Therefore, vacuum-pressure impregnation process can be used to treat the red maple LVL with novel micronized copper formulations for increasing the service life of such products against biodegradation without affecting techno-mechanical quality parameters.     

Reliability analysis and duration-of-load strength adjustment factor of the rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber

In this study, the duration-of-load effect on the rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT), with different cross-sectional layups (five-layer and three-layer), was evaluated. A stress-based damage accumulation model is chosen to evaluate the duration-of-load strength adjustment factor of the rolling shear strength of CLT. This model incorporates the established short-term rolling shear strength of material and predicts the time to failure under arbitrary loading history. The model has been calibrated and verified based on the test data from low cycle trapezoidal fatigue tests (damage accumulation tests) in the previous study. The long-term rolling shear behaviour of CLT can then be evaluated from this verified model. As the developed damage accumulation model is a probabilistic model, it can be incorporated into a time based reliability assessment of the CLT products, considering short-term, snow, and dead load only loading cases. The reliability analysis results and factors reflecting the duration-of-load effect on the rolling shear strength of CLT are compared and discussed. The characteristic of this modeling theory lies in that the verified model is also able to predict the duration-of-load behaviour of CLT products under arbitrary loading history, such as long-term dead load case; then, these predictions of time to failure from the damage accumulation model can elucidate duration of load by the stress ratio evaluation approach. The results suggest that the duration-of-load rolling shear strength adjustment factor for CLT is more severe than the general duration-of-load adjustment factor for lumber; this difference should be considered in the introduction of CLT into the building codes for engineered wood design.     

两种常温固化木材胶粘剂胶接强度分析

对两种木材用常温固化胶粘剂--单宁-甲醛胶粘剂和聚氨酯胶粘剂胶接的速生杨木的静态剪切强度进行了测试与分析.研究结果表明,以速生杨I-72为被胶接对象,自制的双组分型单宁胶压缩剪切强度范围为8.08～8.92MPa,但木破率较低,要满足日本集成材JAS标准中用胶规定,需进一步研究改进.相比较而言,聚氨酯胶粘剂的胶接强度较高,其压缩剪切强度值均在9.8MPa以上,木破率在75%以上,能够满足日本集成材JAS标准中用胶的规定.     

正交胶合木胶合性能研究现状及展望

胶合性能是胶合木制品的重要性能之一。在正交胶合木（CLT）中木材特征、胶黏剂性能以及木材与胶黏剂之间界面性能共同决定了正交胶合木的胶合性能。木材作为一种天然各向异性材料,其纹理方向不同,造成组坯方式对于胶合性能影响巨大。在胶合性能测试中,取样尺寸、取样形状对于胶合性能的测试结果都有一定的影响。胶合界面性能表征方面的研究正逐渐兴起,但是针对CLT胶合界面性能表征的相关研究报道并不多。有关CLT胶合的研究多集中在胶黏剂和胶合工艺方面,而针对不同锯材单元的特性对胶合性能尤其是耐久性影响的研究尚少有报道。文中基于现有研究对CLT胶合界面性能影响因素进行总结,梳理对比CLT胶合性能测试方法以及胶合界面性能表征技术,并对今后研究方向提出意见和建议。     

Adhesive performance of woods treated with alternative preservatives

The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions.