便携式分光光度法快速测定空气和废气中酚类化合物

通过便携式分光光度计对空气和废气中酚类化合物进行了快速测定,有效地提高了检测的精密度与准确度。相比传统分光光度计检测法,此法更方便和快捷,降低了试剂的使用量,减少了样品转移环节,提高了工作效率。试验结果表明:当采样体积为60L、吸收液体积为10mL时,酚类化合物的检出限为8.3μg/m3,在0~30.0μg之间线性关系良好,标准样品的RSD范围为0.468%~0.640%,实际样品的加标回收率范围为96.7%~110%,均满足分析要求;因此,便携式分光光度法适用于空气和废气中酚类化合物在实验室快速检测和现场应急监测。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地表水中苯胺类

为了有效掌握并控制地表水体中苯胺类的污染状况、确保公众用水安全,开发地表水中简单实用且灵敏度较高的检测方法具有重要意义。建立了经地表水样品前处理,可同时检测生活饮用水及其水源水中苯胺、对硝基苯胺、2,4-二硝基苯胺、3,5-二硝基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺5种苯胺类化合物的固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测方法。结果表明:该方法灵敏度较高、抗干扰性较强,在1.0 mg/L~50.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为苯胺类化合物0.5μg/L,回收率为72.2%~96.1%。同时,尝试对色谱柱进行了优选并对流动相的配比和梯度淋洗程序进行了改进。     

流动注射-分光光度法测定环境水样中的氨氮

采用流动注射-分光光度法测定了环境水样中的氨氮。其线性范围为0～5．0mg／L;方法的检出限为0．01mg／L。通过分析两环境标准样品,对方法的精密度和准确度作了考核,所得测定结果与标准值相符,相对标准偏差（n=6）均小于2％。对方法的回收率作了试验,所得结果在94．1％～100．3％之间。     

DR2800便携式分光光度计的应用与维护研究

以水中氨氮含量测试项目为例简单介绍了DR2800便携式分光光度计的应用,并把平时遇到的问题进行了总结,以供参考。结果表明:DR2800便携式分光光度计适用范围广、监测数据可靠,能够满足分析要求,还具有体积小便于携带、可以用电池供电等优点,适合实验外样品的现场测定。     

连续流动-分光光度法测定江河水中的总氮实验研究

采用连续流动-分光光度法测定了江河水中的总氮。实验结果表明:该方法标准曲线的线性关系为0.9998,方法检出限为0.01mg/L,准确度和精密度高,加标回收率在95%～104%之间。该方法准确而且稳定,分析速度快,适合大批量检测江河水样品。通过该方法测出珠江广州段水中总氮含量的平均值为8.13mg/L,珠江广州段总氮污染严重。     

用紫外分光法测定鱼藤中异黄酮类的总含量

根据鱼藤中异黄酮类化合物在紫外光２１０～２４５ｎｍ及２９０～３０５ｎｍ处具有吸收峰这一特性，提出了用紫外分光法测定鱼藤中异黄酮类总含量的方法．在３００ｎｍ波长处，浓度低于６×２．６１８×１０－３／ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，测定了标准系列的吸光值，结果表明吸光值与浓度近乎直线相关，相关系数为０．９９７７；标准系列吸光值准确性高；加样回收率达９９％以上；测定样品时，重现性好．     

分光光度法测定地表水叶绿素a的测量不确定度分析

采用分光光度法对地表水中叶绿素a进行了不确定度评定,发现影响地表水叶绿素a测量不确定度的因素包括样品体积、定容体积、测量重复性、比色皿光程、分光光度计透射比最大允差等。按照测量不确定度的传播规律建立数学模式进行了分析,结果表明:当水中叶绿素a的检测结果为2.40 mg/m~3时,取包含因子k=2,扩展不确定度为0.16 mg/m~3。     

原子吸收分光光度计灵敏度的影响因素研究

指出了灵敏度是检定和验收一台原子吸收分光光度计的重要指标,在样品的分析测定中,适当调节灵敏度是很重要的。对2．50mg／L的铜标准溶液的进行了实验测定,讨论了分析线、提升量、灯电流、雾化器、燃烧器角度等因素对灵敏度的影响。     

流动注射分光光度法测定水中总氰化物的实验研究

氰化物(Cyanide),是一种含有C≡N官能团的化合物,遇酸易生成氢氰酸,氢氰酸是挥发性酸属于剧毒物质。流动注射分光光度法在实验室的应用一定程度上有利于监测人员的安全,也大大提高了工作效率。采用北京吉天iFIA E全自动流动注射分析仪-异烟酸-巴比妥酸法测定了水样中的总氰化物。结果表明：氰化物的标准曲线在2～100μg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数R=1,检出限为0.1μg/L,低于标准方法检出限0.001 mg/L;采用有证标准物质配制的3种不同浓度样品,相对偏差分别为0.0%、0.0%～10%、0.0%～1.0%,满足标准方法要求的相对偏差应≤±20%;采用低、中、高3种不同浓度的有证标准样品测定值均在保证值范围,在地表水、地下水、工业废水实际样品加标测试中,加标回收率分别在110%、108%～110%、100%～110%,满足标准方法要求的加标回收率应在70%～120%。可见,流动注射分光光度法测定水中总氰化物能够满足常规水体中在监测实验室的要求,实用性强。     

流动注射-4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定水中挥发酚不确定度评定

应用测量不确定度评定理论,结合流动注射-4-氨基安替比林分光光度法对水中挥发酚测量不确定度进行全面分析,找出其影响不确定因素并对不确定度进行了评估,实验结果表明:流动注射在线蒸馏-4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定水中挥发酚含量为0.050mg/L的样品,其扩展不确定度为3.92×10^-3mg/L,结合所有分量来看,样品的重复性引入的不确定度影响最大。同时,提高量器精密度也是降低不确定度的有效方法。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.