宁波市竹资源培育、利用及发展策略

对宁波市竹林资源情况、竹林培育及竹资源利用的现状进行了分析,阐明了宁波市竹产业开发过程中存在的一些问题,并以竹资源可持续发展为基础,就这些问题提出了相应的策略:实施并加快竹林基地建设;创新培育模式;发展、创新竹林培育与加工技术;完善政策。     

竹林培育研究进展

本文从竹林培育基础研究、育苗技术和经营技术三方面较系统的总结了我国竹林培育研究的主要进展。我国竹林培育研究处于国际领先水平,但同时也面临着诸多挑战,如区域间竹资源培育水平不平衡,科技创新与生产结合不够紧密,经营成本不断上升,对竹林培育的新需求不断出现等。针对竹林培育面临的主要挑战,提出今后竹林培育应以加强竹子基础生物学和遗传控制技术研究、挖掘具有特色与经济开发潜力的竹种、加强种苗高效繁育技术和竹林高效经营技术研究等为发展方向和研究重点,为竹林培育的健康发展提供有力的科技支撑。     

四川竹林定向培育技术

本文在对四川竹林资源及竹产业发展现状进行全面分析基础上，提出四川竹林必须按区域自然生态条件和竹林生物学特性，并结合区域竹产品加工企业的分布和规划布局，分类实行竹林定向培育。四川竹林按其培育目标划分为纸浆竹林、笋用竹林、材用竹林及观赏竹林四类，对不同培育目标竹林还进一步探讨了相应的定向培育配套技术措施。     

关于竹林培育关键技术问题的研讨及对策

我国竹林培育经历了低产竹林改造、丰产竹林培育、高效定向竹林培育等几个发展阶段，通过先进科学技术的应用，集约经营水平不断提高，低产竹林面积比例下降，中、高产竹林面积逐渐增加，竹林单产量居世界领先水平。竹林立竹密度和质量、产品产量和质量的提高，都带动了竹林经济效益及其生态服务功能效益水平显著地提升。依靠竹林收入脱贫致富步入小康的农户，已在浙江、福建、江苏、江西等省的许多竹区大量涌现，但在竹林资源培育经营中还存在许多问题。     

黄山区毛竹资源管理改革成效分析和建议

本文通过对黄山区毛竹采伐管理制度改革的做法和成效进行探讨,总结毛竹林政管理改革的成功经验和做法,对现行的毛竹林政管理的一些问题进行探讨和思考,提出一些意见和建议,以期在大力实施竹林质量提升中,以毛竹资源林政管理体制的改革与创新,充分激发林农培育毛竹资源的积极性,促进竹产业发展,实现培育竹林资源优质高效培育和毛竹资源管理制度改革双赢。     

广宁县竹子资源培育利用展望

对广宁县竹林资源及其分布进行了概述,探究了广宁县主要乡土竹种:青皮竹、茶秆竹的培育技术.分析了广宁县竹林资源的应用情况,试图阐明今后一段时间内广宁县竹林资源的研究方向和利用趋势.     

广西竹林资源培育现状、问题及发展对策

竹林资源培育现状"十五"以来,随着竹业市场的开发,竹浆造纸工业的兴起,以及山区农业综合开发和石漠化治理工程的实施,广西竹林资源培育得到了一     

闽北竹业现状、问题与发展对策

闽北是福建省的重点林区,竹类资源丰富,竹业发展已初具规模和实力,但目前产业发展仍存在竹林资源培育科技含量低、笋竹产品加工滞后、市场营销面窄等一系列问题。为了培育高产优质的竹林资源和发展延伸笋竹加工业产业链,提高竹业经济效益,竹区各级领导和相关部门要重视抓好竹林培育基础工作,进一步实施政策驱动、科技兴竹、拓宽市场等发展对策,实现闽北竹业经济快速发展。     

浙江省竹林生态与竹材循环利用实践

竹林是浙江省主要森林资源,按照生态经济学原理,对竹林进行生态经营,能够更好地发挥竹林的生态效益和经济效益。文章论述了浙江省竹林生态经营的意义和现状,提出了竹林生态经营的优先研究领域。以竹资源开发为基础的竹产业经济是浙江经济迅速发展的重要引擎,而基于资源培育、产品开发和废弃物综合利用的竹业循环经济发展模式是提高资源利用效率的有效途径。     

竹林资源经营管理政策研究

竹林资源是竹产业发展的基础环节, 提高资源的总量和质量, 对于促进竹产业持续健康发展有着十分重要的意义。中国作为竹产业大国, 目前竹林资源培育和经营管理政策并不完全适应竹产业发展对资源的需求。文中针对现行竹产区竹林资源管理中普遍存在的政策问题, 从产权制度、分类经营、鼓励提高质量、竹林可持续经营认证等方面提出了政策改革与创新的建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.