On the relationship between the height of the thick albumen and the weight of eggs

Calculations from data of egg quality obtained at four Regional Experimental Farms for Poultry Husbandry and at the Central Institute for Poultry Research “Het Spelderholt” at Beekbergen, the Netherlands, support the conclusions advanced in recent American investigations that the uniform regression of Haugh (1937), which is used for the correction of the height of the thick albumen in relation to the egg weight (0.05 mm. per g. difference in weight), has no general validity. Only for fresh eggs at the beginning of the laying period was an average regression found which did not deviate significantly from the Haugh regression. Significant differences between farms and strain crosses were not established as long as exceptionally deviating circumstances were not considered. It was also found that as the laying period proceeded the Haugh correction factor for the height of the thick albumen in relation to the egg weight could have an adverse effect. The same conclusion is valid for stored eggs produced at the end, and probably at the beginning, of the laying period.     

The Influence of Speed and Height at the Withers on the Kinematics of Sound Horses at the Hand-Led Trot

The influence of speed and height at the withers on some biokinematic stride parameters (linear, temporal and angular) was measured in 15 Spanish Thoroughbreds (Andalusian Purebred) trotted hand-led along a track; analysis was made of the correlation between speed and height at the withers and of some biokinematic parameters of equine locomotion. Both height at the withers and speed were positively and significantly correlated to the linear parameters examined. Temporal parameters did not reveal a significant correlation with the height at the withers. The correlations with the angular parameters were variable, often being significant for both height at withers and speed, although in most cases the coefficient was relatively low, probably owing to the narrow ranges of speed and height at the withers and their low variability. It was concluded that horses at the hand-led trot tend to have low variability in speed during successive trials, although the speed at which they move does have a significant influence on both linear and temporal stride parameters, and also on several angular parameters, while height at the withers has a major effect on linear parameters but less on angular parameters, and does not affect the temporal parameters.     

天山南麓中段戈壁区裸果木种群空间异质性特征

裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）是戈壁区植被的重要建群种之一，研究其种群空间异质性特征对戈壁区生态恢复及其可持续发展具有积极意义。本研究通过野外试验调查，并采用地统计学方法分析了裸果木种群空间异质性特征。结果表明：扇顶裸果木种群空间分布表现为斑块状分布，扇中、扇底均表现为带状分布；从扇顶到扇底，裸果木种群植株高度和冠幅均表现为先减小后增大的变化趋势；扇顶、扇中和扇底植株高度均值依次为33.13 cm，21.71 cm，31.25 cm，植株冠幅均值依次为0.38 m²，0.23 m²，0.37 m²；裸果木种群植株高度和冠幅在扇顶、扇中半变异函数最优拟合模型均为指数模型，在扇底均为线性模型；扇顶、扇中由空间自相关导致的空间异质性高于扇底，空间分布格局比扇底简单；从扇顶到扇底，较小空间尺度内各向异性逐渐显著；裸果木种群植株高度与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。土壤水分对裸果木种群空间异质性分布至关重要。     

The development of the pecten oculi in the chick

The development of the pecten oculi, a structure peculiar to the avian eye, was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) correlated with light microscopy (LM) in embryonic and adult chickens. The development of the chick pecten was divided into 4 phases: (1) formation of the primordial pecten (Hamburger-Hamilton's stages 27 to 29), (2) formation of the plate-like pecten (stages 30 to 34), (3) pleat formation and pigmentation (stages 35 to 37), and (4) bridge formation and high-vascularization (stage 38 to adult). The primordial pecten is formed entirely from the ectoderm by fusion of the inwardly-projecting edges of the optic fissure. The primordial pecten grows into a tall, thin plate rising from a broad base. The pecten begins to fold slightly at stage 35. The number of pleats increases rapidly, from 7 at stage 35, to 16 at stage 36, 18 at stage 37, and 19 to 20 at stage 40. The bridge begins to form at stage 38 by a swelling of the apical edge of the pecten and completes its development by the twentieth post-hatch day. Blood vessels appear first in the broad base of the plate-like pecten, then become more numerous and gradually extend into the pleats. The pecten becomes more vascular than cellular at stage 43, and it is highly vascularized in the adult. The pleat surface becomes conspicuously irregular with increased vascularization. The peripectinate cells, located on the pecten, are already present at stage 27.     

Changes in the electroencephalogram of the chicken produced by stimulation of the duodenum

Injection of 2 ml water at 2 °C or 2 ml 1 N NaCl at 18 °C directly into the duodenum produces EEG arousal. Two millilitres of water at 18 °C have no effect.     

抗日根据地基层权力结构变迁初探——以抗战时期晋西北根据地为例

抗日根据地基层权力结构的嬗替不是一蹴而就的，它是由初期的利用传统权威，到中期的培养新式权威，再到后期利用基层“村选”来实现新旧权威的替换，它经历了整个抗战时期。在此过程中，中共不仅实现了行政人员的替换，而且进一步完成了乡村社会的整合。中共培植起来的劳模英雄成为乡村社会新式权威，在政治运行和社会运动中发挥了核心作用，乡村社会从此被彻底发动起来了。     

Studies on reproduction in the goat. VII. Pregnancy and the development of the foetus and the foetal accessories of the goat

1. A total of 18 goats were ovariohysterectomized at different stages — 26 days to 145 days — of pregnancy.
2. The amniotic fluid increases from about 3.5 ml at 30 days to 600–1,000 ml per foetus at birth.
3. At birth the amount of allantoic fluid is approximately 600–1,100 ml and is to a small extent dependent on the number of foetuses.
4. The length of the foetus is about 1.4 cm at 30 days and 43 cm at 145 days, the lengthwise growth curve from the 30th day and onward being almost linear.
5. Hair follicles are visible around the 60th day and the eyes open between the 130th and 140th day.
6. The average length and weight of the goat kids at birth are 42.06 cm and 2.81 kg respectively.
7. The birth weight and length tend to increase with the increasing age of the dam.
8. The male does not appear to have any influence on the birth weight and length of the offspring.

     

Raising the orphan foal

Orphan foals are best reared by fostering them onto a brood mare of appropriate size. If no foster mother is available, they can be reared on 2 per cent fat skimmed cow's milk fortified with dextrose at the rate of 20 gm per L. This should be slowly increased from 10 per cent of body weight at 1 day of age to 25 per cent of body weight at 10 days of age. The amount should then be held constant until weaning. Alternatively, foals can be reared on milk replacers. Manufacturers' feeding instructions rarely mimic the milk intake obtained by a foal nursing her dam, and problems have been observed in milk replacer fed foals. It may be better to feed milk replacers at 1- to 2-hour intervals as a 12.5 per cent solution. The volume fed can be slowly increased from 5 per cent of body weight at day 1 to 20 per cent of body weight at day 10. Fresh water, hay, and good-quality creep feed with at least an 18 per cent crude protein should be offered from 2 weeks of age. Foals can be weaned at 8 to 12 weeks of age.     

Histological studies on the regional postnatal differentiation of the epididymis in the ram.

The regional postnatal development of the epididymal duct was studied with histological technique in 22 lambs of the “Swedish Landrace” breed at intervals from 1 week to 18 weeks after birth. At one week, the whole epididymal duct had a simple low columnar epithelium. In the terminal segment the epithelium ecquired a structure similar to that in the adult epididymis at the age of about 6 weeks. Normal spermatozoa were not seen in the cauda epididymidis until the lambs were about 18 weeks old. In the middle segment, distal, intermediate and proximal parts, the epithelium increased gradually in height and reached the adult type at about 12, 15 and 18 weeks, respectively. At about 12 weeks of postnatal life, the epithelium of the initial segment increased rapidly in height, at the same time as a distinct lumen formed in the seminiferous tubules. As far as histological features were concerned, the initial segment showed the adult type when the lambs were about 18 weeks old. The presence of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis indicates that the lambs readied sexual maturity at this age. It was concluded that the postnatal differentiation of the ram epididymis starts in the terminal segment and then ascends through the middle and initial segments.     

Partial ligation of the transposed parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland for excessive salivary secretions

Objective To determine the outcome and effect of a partial ligation of the transposed parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland in four dogs with excessive salivation and ocular irritation. Methods Four dogs were previously diagnosed with absolute keratoconjunctivitis sicca. After a parotid duct transposition (PDT) surgery, these dogs experienced excessive saliva production and abundant salivary precipitates, which resulted in epiphora, moist dermatitis, blepharospasm, and keratitis. In an effort to decrease saliva production, a partial ligation of the transposed duct at the level of the parotid gland was performed. Two or three accessory branches to the primary parotid duct were ligated at the level of the salivary gland. Results The four cases were three Yorkshire terriers and a Chihuahua. The average age of the four patients was 2.5 years. Partial ligation of accessory branches of the parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland after a PDT in this study demonstrated improved ocular comfort, decreased salivary precipitates, and adequate Schirmer tear test results without marked epiphora in three of the four animals. The male Yorkshire had epiphora after the initial partial ligations of two accessory branches were placed at the level of the parotid gland. To correct the excessive salivary flow, two additional ligatures were placed at a later date, which resolved the epiphora. Conclusion Partial ligation of the parotid duct at the level of the parotid gland proved to be an effective technique in moderating the salivation in these four patients with excessive salivary secretions after PDT.     

Postnatal Development of the Stomach in the Japanese Field Vole, Microtus montebelli

The postnatal development of the stomach in the Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli , were studied with the light and scanning electron microscopes.
Three kinds of cells constituting the fundic glands, that is, mucous neck cells, parietal cells and chief cells were distinguished clearly by light microscopy to have been differentiated around 14 days old. At 4 days old, the structure of pyloric glands was similar to that of adult stage. The investigation on the development of esophageal sac, fundic stomach and pyloric stomach was made by measuring each area of the vertical section. The fundic stomach grew more rapidly than the esophageal sac and pyloric stomach. The ratio of esophageal sac to fundic stomach and pyloric stomach in the area was about 1.5: 2: 1 at 20 days old.
In the fundic glands, 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT)- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells appeared first at 6 days old and at birth, respectively and in the pyloric glands, gastrin-, 5-HT- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells appeared at 19th day fetus. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells showed a rapid increase in the pyloric glands after birth. The distribution and frequency of endocrine cells were similar to that of adult at about 20 days old.
The fimbria showed bank-like appearance at the beginning and thereafter they showed the process-like structure. The fimbria in both the appearance and the length at 60 days old was similar to that of adult stage.
As a whole, the stomach of the field vole seemed to became mature at 20 days old in the aspects of gastric endocrine cells and morphology of gastric wall, although the fimbria formation was not accomplished at the same period.     

Immunohistological studies of the local immune system in the reproductive tract of the mare

The immunoperoxidase technique was adapted for the identification of free immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin producing cells in equine tissues. Staining specific for free IgG, IgA and IgM was detected at all levels of the reproductive tract, and secretory component staining was present in the uterine epithelium but not in the oviduct, cervix or vagina. Immunoglobulin producing cells were present at all levels of the tract, with IgG and IgA cells at equivalent concentrations, but with fewer IgM cells. There was no cyclical trend in free immunoglobulin staining, or plasma cell numbers. IgG and IgM plasma cell numbers declined from uterus to vagina, as did epithelial staining, and the ratio of IgG:IgA cells declined from oviduct to vagina.     

绵羊催产素在渗透泵中稳定性的研究

试验旨在评价39.1℃恒温下绵羊催产素在渗透泵（ALZET^®）中的稳定性。试验分为3个组,分别为渗透泵组、微量离心管组和对照组。除对照组始终冻存于-80℃以外,另外两组置于39.1℃培养箱中进行孵育,分不同时间点采集样品。所有样品经超高效液相色谱串联四级杆/飞行时间质谱（ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole/flight time mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF MS）方法获得氧化产物提取离子流色谱图,通过比较各产物的峰面积,分析催产素在39.1℃缓释泵中的氧化过程。结果表明,催产素在39.1℃缓释泵及微量离心管中均表现出氧化程度随时间逐渐增加的趋势,两试验组之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。渗透泵组和微量离心管组不同时间点采集样品中催产素原型占对照组原型的百分比分别为83.6%~117.8%和83.2%~116.2%,说明在渗透泵植入绵羊体内试验中需要考虑因催产素氧化引起的含量变化对试验结果的影响。     

Study on the Stability of Sheep Oxytocin in the Osmotic Pump

The experiment was aimed to evaluate the stability of oxytocin in osmotic pump (ALZET^®) at 39.1℃. The experiment was divided into 3 groups, i.e. the osmotic pump group, microcentrifugal tube group and control group. The control group remained frozen at -80℃, the other two groups were incubated in 39.1℃ incubator, and the samples were collected at different time points. All samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole/flight time mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS) method. The oxidation process of oxytocin in osmotic pump at 39.1℃ was analyzed by comparing the peak area of main oxidized products extracted ion chromatogram. The results showed that the degree of oxidation increased with time in osmotic pump and microcentrifugal tube at 39.1℃, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P >0.05). The percentage of oxytocin prototype of samples which collected at different time points of osmotic pump group and microcentrifugal tube group versus control group were 83.6% to 117.8% and 83.2% to 116.2%, respectively, suggested that the trials involved in the osmotic pump implantation of oxytocin in sheep need to consider the effect of content changes caused by oxytocin oxidation on the test results.     

Further evidence for the involvement of anatomical parameters of the cardiopulmonary system in the development of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens

Eggs from a broiler line were incubated at two different altitudes and hatched. Relative heart and lung weights, volumes of the heart, lung and thoracic cavity, incidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites, and related physiological parameters were followed in the day-old chickens hatched from the above eggs. Lung and heart weights as a percentage of body weight, lung and heart volumes relative to the volume of the thoracic cavity after removing the heart and lungs were higher in chickens hatched at high altitude. Additionally, embryonic triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels relative to cardiopulmonary parameters were higher in day-old chickens that hatched at high altitude as compared with chickens hatched at low altitude. This was associated with a lower incidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites in chickens hatched at high altitude. Our data indicate that chronic hypoxia interacting with the endogenous functions of embryos during embryonic development at high altitude, as adaptation mechanisms, changed the developmental trajectories of cardiopulmonary parameters in postnatal chickens. This important development facilitates an increase in the gas exchange area in broiler chickens, thus lowering their susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension and ascites.     

郏县红牛近五年生产性能测定简述

通过对2016—2020年的郏县红牛保种场不同生长发育时期的牛进行系统的生产性能测定,对18月龄、24月龄、36月龄的牛只进行了背膘和眼肌面积测定。测定表明,郏县红牛的公、母牛体重平均值：初生分别为31.5 kg、29.5 kg, 6月龄分别为152.8 kg、149.6 kg;12月龄分别为249.8 kg、227.9 kg, 18月龄分别为346.6 kg、303.3 kg, 24月龄分别为471.3 kg、389.0 kg, 36月龄分别为563.4 kg、399.1 kg, 郏县红牛公、母牛背膘厚平均值：18月龄分别为3.31 mm、5.25 mm, 24月龄分别为4.19 mm、7.33 mm, 36月龄分别为6.79 mm、9.33 mm。郏县红牛公、母牛眼肌面积平均值：18月龄分别为51.13 cm2、57.89 cm2,24月龄分别为61.07 cm2、68.29 cm2, 36月龄分别为77.48 cm2、73.79 cm2。     

Presence of circadian rhythm in the mitotic index of the ruminal epithelium in sheep

Mitotic indices of the ruminal epithelium of two castrated male sheep fed at 11:00 h were determined at 00:00, 04:00, 08:00, 12:00, 16:00 and 20:00 h. The schedules were repeated in four trials done in December 1975, February, March and June 1976 respectively. The indices ranged from 0.13 to 0.92 per cent, both animals showing a similar tendency in these fluctuations. The mean rate of cell division was low in the morning, high in the afternoon and in the evening, and declined at about midnight. Another pair of male castrated sheep were fed at 07:00, and rumen samples were biopsied six times in three days. The mean rate of epithelial cell division in the rumen was low at 08:00, but high at noon, suggesting that the rate possibly was affected by the food intake of the experimental animals.     

阴道涂片法确定黑熊发情期的研究

本试验采用阴道涂片法对22只黑熊的阴道涂片进行了观察，结果表明，黑熊阴道上皮细胞由角化前细胞、完全角化细胞、不完全角化细胞、基底层细胞及中层细胞组成。各细胞在发情各期变化差异显著，其中，完全角化细胞在发情期数目最多，显著高于其他各期（p〈0．01）；中层细胞在发情后期显著高与其他各期（p〈0．01）；角化前细胞在发情期中差异显著（p〈0．01）。因此，通过检测各细胞的数量变化，可以确定黑熊的发情期。     

Cultivation of tissue from the matrix of the stratum medium of the equine and bovine hoof walls

Explants from the matrix of the stratum medium of the wall of the equine and bovine hoof each were cultured on a microporous membrane, using a standard culture medium. After incubation at 37 C, the outgrowth was a mixture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with predominance of the latter. After incubation at 34 C, the keratinocytes dominated, covering the lateral surfaces of the explant as well as the basal surface. Lateral outgrowth of keratinocytes was observed at the borderline of the original epidermis and at the borderline of the explant's contact with the membrane. Epithelial outgrowth from the former consisted of rounded aggregates protruding into the medium, whereas outgrowth from the latter formed a pluristratified carpet occupying a considerable part of the membrane. In the outer layers, keratinocytes covering the cut surfaces of the dermis of the explant had a differentiation pattern of the kind that characterizes the keratinocytes of the hoof; differentiation was not observed in the lateral outgrowth.     

Branching Mode of the Middle Rectal Artery from the Prostatic Artery in the Dog

The branching mode of the middle rectal artery from the prostatic artery was studied by gross dissection in 50 male dogs. The prostatic artery arose at the level of the lst-3rd sacral vertebra from the internal pudendal artery, and gave off the ductus deferential and the middle rectal arteries, and supplied the prostate. The middle rectal artery ran caudally along the pelvic peritoneum, and supplied the rectum ampulla. The branching mode of the middle rectal artery could be classified into four types. Nineteen cases on the right side and 22 cases on the left side showed that the middle rectal artery was a first visceral branch of the prostatic artery. Fifteen cases on the right side and 11 cases on the left side showed that it was a second visceral branch of the prostatic artery which gave off the ductus deferential artery as its first visceral branch. Nine cases on the right side and 7 cases on the left side showed that it arose at the prostatic artery ramifying at the surface of the prostate. Seven cases on the right side and 10 cases on the left side showed that it arose at the urethral branch of the prostatic artery.