Immediate effects of fire-severity on soil invertebrates in cut and uncut pine forests

We studied how variations in fire severity and the degree of cutting before burning affected soil invertebrates in a Pinus sylvestris forest in central Sweden. A varied depth of burn in the mor layer was obtained by exclusion of rain and addition of fuel in small plots (1 m×2 m) in clear-cut, selectively cut and uncut part of the forest before large-scale prescribed burning took place. Soil samples were taken from the plots immediately before, the day after, and two months after the fire. The overall mortality of invertebrates depended on the proportion of organic soil consumed by the fire, and for individual taxa it ranged between 59 and 100%. Invertebrates that lived deeper in soil suffered lesser mortality than those in the vegetation and litter layers did. Greater mobility in soil (Staphylinidae) or a thick cuticle (Oribatediae, Elateridae) may have contributed to the higher survival observed in these taxa. The beetles Atomaria pulchra (Cryptophagidae), Corticaria rubripes (Lathridiidae), and other fire-favoured insects colonised the burned forest the very day the fire burned. These species preferred the hard-burned plots and the uncut stand for colonisation. Sixty days after the fire, the abundance of invertebrates was lower in the burned cut stands compared to the burned uncut stand. The species composition of beetles in the burned stands was then characterised by a few very abundant fire-favoured species.     

Microbial properties and litter and soil nutrients after two prescribed fires in developing savannas in an upland Missouri Ozark Forest

On some landscapes periodic fire may be necessary to develop and maintain oak-dominated savannas. We studied the effects of two annual prescribed burns to determine their effect on microbial activity and soil and litter nutrients 1 year after the last burn. Surface litter and soil from the upper 0–5 cm soil layer in three developing savannas (oak-hickory, Quercus-Carya), oak-hickory-pine (Quercus-Carya-Pinus), and pine (Pinus) were collected one year after the second of two annual prescribed burns. Surface litter was analyzed for nutrients and soil was analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and nutrients. Surface litter chemistry differed across the three savannas for potassium (K) and boron (B), being significantly (P < 0.05) higher for unburned forest than for burned forest. Among savannas, only sulfur (S) was higher for the pine savanna and B for the oak-hickory savanna, both were higher for unburned forest than for burned forest. For soil, calcium (Ca) and B differed across savannas, being higher for burned forest than for unburned forest. Among savannas, soil pH, Ca, and B concentrations were higher in soil from burned forest than from unburned forest. Total PLFA differed among savannas, but was not affected by burning treatments. However, the amounts of biomarkers for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were higher while the amount of biomarker for fungal PLFA was lower for burned forest than for unburned forest. Our results indicate that the two annual prescribed burns moderately affected PLFA microbial community structure and litter and soil nutrient concentrations. However, the long-term effects of fire on these study sites are not known and merit further study.     

Long-term influence of fire and harvesting on boreal forest age structure and forest composition in eastern Québec

In boreal forests, historical variations in the area disturbed by natural disturbances or harvesting have rarely been compared. We measured temporal and spatial variations in areas affected by severe fires and clearcutting throughout the 20th century in a 57, 332 km² section of the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We examined the effects of these disturbances on spatio-temporal variations in the abundance of forests >60 years. Natural variability for the abundance of forests >60 years was estimated from simulations of natural disturbance regimes. We also measured compositional and structural differences between three categories of stands originating from relatively recent disturbances (∼50 years; clearcutting, fires, and clearcutting followed by fires), and one category of stands that were undisturbed for at least 200 years. At the regional level, we observed that forests >60 years gradually became scarcer throughout the 20th century due to a gradual expansion of harvested areas, an effect most pronounced in the southern part of the region, where mature and old forest abundance was clearly outside the range of natural variability at the end of the studied period. At the stand level, forest composition and structure differed between stand-origin categories: clearcutting-origin stands contained more balsam fir (Abies balsamea), fire-origin stands more black spruce (Picea mariana), and fire/clearcutting-origin stands more hardwoods (Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides). Overall, we estimate that strict forest management targets based on natural disturbance regimes will be difficult to achieve in eastern North-American boreal forests, most notably because contemporary disturbance rates, including both clearcutting and fire, have gradually become higher than the fire rates observed during the preindustrial period.     

Improved recruitment and early growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings after fire and soil scarification

The success of seedling recruitment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is strongly dependent on soil surface properties, such as humus depth and moisture content. In an undisturbed forest floor, seedlings are seldom able to become established due to the high incidence of desiccation in the organic soil layer. Methods that remove the organic soil layer are often necessary to improve the availability for radicles to reach the more stable moisture regime in the mineral soil. In this study we investigated pine-seedling establishment after mechanical soil scarification, burning of litter (O_L) and burning of litter and humus (O_L and O_FH) in two mature pine stands in Germany. The herbaceous layer of the first stand was dominated by grasses (Molinia caerulea L. and Deschampsia flexuosa L.), whereas the herbaceous layer of the second stand was dominated by blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Pine seeds were placed in experimental plots, and seedling numbers and heights were recorded at regular intervals. All treatments that removed organic soil resulted in higher seedling counts than did the undisturbed forest floor. The highest seedling counts were found on scarified and severely burnt plots, whereas seedling counts were lower on lightly burnt plots. Seedlings were significantly taller on burnt plots. This study shows that pine regeneration is stimulated by fire, not only in boreal forests, but also under central European conditions. With the expectation of higher fire frequency in the near future due to climatic changes, natural regeneration and succession on burnt sites should receive more focus in forest management and research.     

Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone

Widespread bark beetle outbreaks are currently affecting multiple conifer forest types throughout western North America, yet many ecosystem-level consequences of this disturbance are poorly understood. We quantified the effect of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak on nitrogen (N) cycling through litter, soil, and vegetation in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (WY, USA) across a 0-30 year chronosequence of time-since-beetle disturbance. Recent (1-4 years) bark beetle disturbance increased total litter depth and N concentration in needle litter relative to undisturbed stands, and soils in recently disturbed stands were cooler with greater rates of net N mineralization and nitrification than undisturbed sites. Thirty years after beetle outbreak, needle litter N concentration remained elevated; however total litter N concentration, total litter mass, and soil N pools and fluxes were not different from undisturbed stands. Canopy N pool size declined 58% in recent outbreaks, and remained 48% lower than undisturbed in 30-year old outbreaks. Foliar N concentrations in unattacked lodgepole pine trees and an understory sedge were positively correlated with net N mineralization in soils across the chronosequence. Bark beetle disturbance altered N cycling through the litter, soil, and vegetation of lodgepole pine forests, but changes in soil N cycling were less severe than those observed following stand replacing fire. Several lines of evidence suggest the potential for N leaching is low following bark beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine.     

The effects of forest type on soil microbial activity in Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Key message

Forty years after clear-cutting mixed old-growth forest (broadleaf/Korean pine) in the Changbai Mountain area (Northeast China), a mixed forest with natural broadleaf regeneration and larch plantation displayed larger microbial biomass and activity in the soil than either a naturally regenerated birch forest or a monospecific spruce plantation.

Context

Clear-cutting with limited restoration effort was until the end of the twentieth century the norm for managing primary forests in Northeast China. Forest restoration plays an important role in the recovery of soil quality after clear-cutting, but the effects of different regeneration procedures on forest soil quality remain poorly known in Northeast China.

Aims

We assessed the effects of three regeneration procedures, i.e., (i) naturally regenerated birch forest, (ii) spruce plantation, and (iii) naturally regenerated broadleaf species interspersed with planted larch on soil quality and microbial activity in the Changbai Mountain area. An old-growth mixed broadleaf/Korean pine forest was used as a reference.

Methods

Physical and chemical properties and microbial biomass were recorded in the soil. Basal respiration and carbon mineralization were measured with a closed-jar alkali-absorption method.

Results

Microbial biomass was smaller in the birch forest and spruce plantation than in the old-growth and the mixed broadleaf/larch forests. Moreover, microbial biomass, microbial quotient, and potentially mineralizable carbon were larger in the mixed broadleaf/larch than in the birch forest, while no difference was found between spruce plantation and birch forest for microbial biomass and microbial quotient. Basal respiration and metabolic quotient were larger in the birch forest as compared to the three other forest types, indicating a larger energy need for maintenance of the microbial community and lower microbial activity in the naturally regenerated birch forest.

Conclusion

Mixed broadleaf/larch forest displayed a larger microbial biomass and higher substrate use efficiency of the soil microbial community than either naturally regenerated birch forest or spruce plantation. The combined natural and artificial regeneration procedure (mixed broadleaf-larch forest) seems better suited to restore soil quality after clear-cutting in the Changbai Mountain.

     

Effects of topography and management history on natural forest recovery in abandoned forest after clear-cutting in Miyazaki, Japan

We investigated factors limiting the recovery of natural forest in former large-scale conifer plantations abandoned after clear-cutting in southwestern Japan. We analyzed forest recovery status (“recovered” sites covered by evergreen broad-leaved trees, and “unrecovered” sites covered by pioneer community or nonvegetated sites) using aerial photographs and field survey. We applied logistic regression analyses to evaluate the effects of topography, construction of harvesting roads, distance from remnant forest, stand condition before clear-cutting, and prior land-use history on forest recovery. Human factors, i.e., land use and clear-cutting age, were found to affect to forest recovery more than environmental factors such as topography. Harvesting roads had the strongest negative impact on forest recovery. Forest recovery after clear-cutting of young sugi plantations also took longer than after clear-cutting of old sugi plantations or evergreen broad-leaved forests. Furthermore, areas formerly utilized as meadows recovered less successfully than those that had been managed as coppices. The influences of these factors were thought to be promoted by the advance reproduction as the regeneration sources for forest recovery. The influence of stand age before logging suggested an effect of thinning, which might alter the abundance of advanced reproduction in the understory. However, distance from remnant forest appeared to be less important. An influence of topography was also detected, but this could be partly explained by the existence of advance reproduction in the understory in certain topographic positions. Thus, our analysis suggests that regeneration sources originating from advanced reproduction in plantations play a significant role for the recovery of natural forest after clear-cutting.     

不同林火强度对大兴安岭偃松林土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

采用BIOLOG方法研究黑龙江省大兴安岭地区呼中林区不同林火强度对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。在培养144h达到对数增长期的土样中,土壤微生物的碳源利用率因不同林火强度火烧而不同。高、中、低火烧强度均影响微生物群落多样性,特别是低强度火烧能提高微生物物种丰富度(Shannon指数)、物种优势度(Simpson指数)及群落均匀度(McIntosh指数);而中、高强度火烧使指数降低,这可能是由于土壤经过高温高热的灼烧,挥发了大量的气态氮、有机碳、速效磷,使火烧后土壤中的微生物数量、多样性锐减,并使成分发生改变,土壤中的有机质含量减少,同时,火后土壤的pH值升高,使微生物生存环境发生了变化,不利于微生物的活动。主成分分析表明:不同处理土壤微生物主要利用氨基酸类和糖类碳源,但不同火烧强度对微生物群落在碳源的利用上存在着较大的差异。林火可以改变土壤微生物功能多样性,不同林火强度使土壤微生物群落在碳源利用能力、利用类型以及群落的多样性上产生了较大的分异。     

基于地理加权回归模型与林火遥感数据估算森林年龄

【目的】通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型估算非干扰林龄,利用遥感数据和林火发生历史数据,获取过火区域信息,进而对林火烈度分级,讨论林火烈度与森林类型的交互作用,估算干扰林龄,最终获得黑龙江省森林年龄的空间分布。【方法】以黑龙江森林为研究区域,基于研究区域的多光谱数据结合地面森林资源清查数据,通过逐步回归方法提取了包括遥感因子绿度指数(Greeness)、湿度指数(Wetness)、林分平均胸径(ADBH)、林分平均树高(ASH)及海拔(Altitude)在内的5个显著因子作为自变量,采用GWR模型建立非干扰林龄估算模型。采用全局Moran I来描述模型残差的空间自相关性。绘制研究区非干扰林龄空间分布图并探究林龄的空间分布状态。[JP+1]结合林火位置与面积记录对多光谱数据目视解译提取过火区域,根据dNBR将过火区域火烈度分级。将火烈度图与植被类型图叠加分析,讨论不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况。定义干扰林龄时,未发生树种更替的森林林龄不变,树种发生更替的森林在林火发生年将其林龄归为0,并在新的优势树种萌发时从1开始累加,以此类推干扰后森林的林龄。【结果】黑龙江省非干扰森林平均林龄为48年,标准差为16年。GWR模型的 Radj^2 为0.68,RMSE为16.171 7。使用Moran I来检验模型的残差,发现GWR模型可很好地消除残差的空间自相关性。研究区林龄整体空间分布状态不均匀,大兴安岭地区林龄普遍高于黑龙江林区。黑龙江省2000―2010年林火主要发生在大兴安岭及小兴安岭地区,根据dNBR将已提取的过火区域林火烈度分为:未过火、轻度过火、中度过火和重度过火4类,总过火面积为527 932 hm^2,其中重度29 157 hm^2、中度180 268 hm^2、轻度318 507 hm^2。兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林在整个研究区中过火面积最大,分别占总过火面积的28.63%和47.23%。根据不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况,估算干扰森林的林龄并绘制干扰林龄空间分布图。【结论】 GWR模型能较有效地估算黑龙江省非干扰林龄,成功地降低了残差的空间自相关性。在估算林龄的过程中加入林火干扰因素,以获取更真实的林龄空间分布数据,可为黑龙江地区森林NPP、NEP以及森林碳储量、森林生物量等相关研究提供数据支持。     

Simulation study of the vegetation structure and function in eastern Siberian larch forests using the individual-based vegetation model SEIB-DGVM

The global ecosystem model SEIB-DGVM was adapted for an eastern Siberian larch forest through incorporation of empirical rules of allometry, allocation, and phenology developed for a larch stand at the Spasskaya-pad tower site, Yakutsk, Russia. After calibration, the model reconstructed post-fire successional patterns of forest structure and carbon cycling. It also reconstructed seasonal changes in carbon, water, and energy cycling in a mature larch forest. Sensitivity analysis showed that simulated functional properties of forest (LAI, NPP, carbon pools, and water runoff) are mainly determined by climatic environment, and population dynamic parameters (i.e., parameters for establishment and mortality) plays only minor role on them. Sensitivity analysis also showed that plant productivity and biomass were mainly limited by available water at Spasskaya-pad, where mean annual precipitation is only 257 mm. In the model, higher air temperature increases plant productivity via extension of growing season, and decreases plant productivity via causing drought and higher respiration. We found that the net effect is reduction of productivity, suggesting a possibility that global warming induces decrement of plant productivity in eastern Siberian larch forests.     

Spatial distribution of late-successional coniferous species regeneration following disturbance in southwestern Québec boreal forest

Remnant tree stands left intact following a disturbance constitute the sole seed banks available for regeneration of coniferous species that neither bear serotinous cones nor reproduce vegetatively. The success of regeneration of tree species on these disturbed sites is, therefore, dependent on the distance from potential seed sources. The regeneration of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) was studied at two sites in Québec’s southwestern boreal forest in order to quantify the influence of remnant stands on spatial distribution of regeneration. The first site is located in an area that burned in 1944 while the second site is located in an area that was clear-cut in the mid-1980s. Canonical correspondence analyses were used to determine the respective contributions of environmental data and spatial variables to the pattern of spatial distribution of regeneration. The results reveal that distance from a remnant stand is the most important variable in explaining spatial distribution of regeneration when compared to environmental variables such as soil type, drainage, slope and altitude. The plots of regeneration density against distance from a remnant stand for both the burned site and logged site show that regeneration density decreases abruptly with distance from a remnant stand. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analyses (Moran’s I) indicate that even small remnant zones can significantly influence the pattern of spatial distribution of regeneration for the three species studied. The results presented here suggest that where preestablished regeneration is not abundant enough, alternative silvicultural systems such as strip clear-cutting or seed-tree systems could be used instead of cuts with protection of regeneration and soils (CPRS).     

基于地理加权回归模型与林火遥感数据估算森林年龄

【目的】通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型估算非干扰林龄,利用遥感数据和林火发生历史数据,获取过火区域信息,进而对林火烈度分级,讨论林火烈度与森林类型的交互作用,估算干扰林龄,最终获得黑龙江省森林年龄的空间分布。【方法】以黑龙江森林为研究区域,基于研究区域的多光谱数据结合地面森林资源清查数据,通过逐步回归方法提取了包括遥感因子绿度指数(Greeness)、湿度指数(Wetness)、林分平均胸径(ADBH)、林分平均树高(ASH)及海拔(Altitude)在内的5个显著因子作为自变量,采用GWR模型建立非干扰林龄估算模型。采用全局Moran I来描述模型残差的空间自相关性。绘制研究区非干扰林龄空间分布图并探究林龄的空间分布状态。[JP+1]结合林火位置与面积记录对多光谱数据目视解译提取过火区域,根据dNBR将过火区域火烈度分级。将火烈度图与植被类型图叠加分析,讨论不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况。定义干扰林龄时,未发生树种更替的森林林龄不变,树种发生更替的森林在林火发生年将其林龄归为0,并在新的优势树种萌发时从1开始累加,以此类推干扰后森林的林龄。【结果】黑龙江省非干扰森林平均林龄为48年,标准差为16年。GWR模型的 Radj^2 为0.68,RMSE为16.171 7。使用Moran I来检验模型的残差,发现GWR模型可很好地消除残差的空间自相关性。研究区林龄整体空间分布状态不均匀,大兴安岭地区林龄普遍高于黑龙江林区。黑龙江省2000―2010年林火主要发生在大兴安岭及小兴安岭地区,根据dNBR将已提取的过火区域林火烈度分为:未过火、轻度过火、中度过火和重度过火4类,总过火面积为527 932 hm^2,其中重度29 157 hm^2、中度180 268 hm^2、轻度318 507 hm^2。兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林在整个研究区中过火面积最大,分别占总过火面积的28.63%和47.23%。根据不同森林类型在不同火烈度下的演替情况,估算干扰森林的林龄并绘制干扰林龄空间分布图。【结论】 GWR模型能较有效地估算黑龙江省非干扰林龄,成功地降低了残差的空间自相关性。在估算林龄的过程中加入林火干扰因素,以获取更真实的林龄空间分布数据,可为黑龙江地区森林NPP、NEP以及森林碳储量、森林生物量等相关研究提供数据支持。     

Soil nitrogen status of larch plantations in comparison with secondary broad-leaved forest

IntroductionSoildegradationofsouthernChinesefir(CunnhaamialanceolaIe)pIantationshavebeenCon-tinuaIlyreiorted(ShenWeitongl992;Che11BingI1aol992;FangQil992).lnthenortI1eastforestregionsofChina,larch(LarirohensisandLa)`ixgInelinii)planta-tionsmade7opercentoftheman-madeforests,andthechangesinsoilpropertiesundertI1econiferouspIanta-tionshavealsodrawnmuchattentionofmanyforesters.OurobjectivewastoexaminethedifferenceinsoilnitrogenstatusbetweenLarchp1antatiol1sandsecon-darybroad-Ieavedforests(…     

Effects of Different Forest Fire Intensities on Microbial Community Functional Diversity in Forest Soil in Daxing’anling

Microbial community functional diversity is a sensitive indicator of soil.Forest fires can change microbial community functional diversity.In this research,the fired soil samples were collected from Huzhong of Daxing’anling in Heilongjiang Province. The functional diversity of soil microbial community was detected by BIOLOG system.The average well color development(AWCD) in BIOLOG plates indicated the ability of carbon substrate utilization of microbial community.The indices of Shannon, Simpson and Mcintosh were calculated to show the richness,dominance and evenness of the functional diversity,and the principal component analysis of substrate reactions reflected the main carbon sources utilized by microbial community.The results showed that all the samples exhibited the reduction of AWCD during the first 144 hours of incubation,but there were obvious differences in the reduction degree among the samples.All kinds of fire intensities could influence microbial community functional diversity. The low fire intensity increased the richness (Shannon),dominance(Simpson) and evenness (Mcintosh) of microbial community.However,the intermediate and high fire intensity reduced these parameters,suggesting that the burned soil emitted gaseous nitrogen,a number of organic carbon and available phosphorus,which caused the reduction of the microorganism in quantity and type,and change in soil ingredients.The organic material reduced in the burned soil,in the same time,the pH values rose,which changed environment in which microorganism lives.The changed environment might not be conducive to activities of the microorganism.The principal component analysis showed that the main carbon sources for soil microbes were carbohydrates and amino acids and the carbon substrate utilization patterns in different samples were significant different.The results indicated that functional diversity of soil microbes were altered by forest fires,and the ability of microbes to utilize carbon source and the type of carbon sources were affected by dif     

Development of bioavailable pools of base cations and P after afforestation of volcanic soils in Iceland

Few long-term studies have been conducted on changes in soil nutrients after afforestation in Iceland, a country with a young history of forest management. While fertilization was shown to improve survival of seedlings in the first years after planting on the nutrient limited soils, knowledge about the nutrients status of the soils that develop under maturing forest stands is still scarce. In a chronosequence study, the development of base cations and Olsen-phosphorus (Olsen-P) in the mineral soil was followed in six forest stands of two different tree species of increasing age (14–97 years): native birch (Betula pubescens) and introduced Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). A treeless heathland was included to present soil conditions prior to forest establishment. The sites are part of the largest forest area in Iceland, located in the east of the country. Results revealed an effect of stand age on all soil nutrients investigated except for potassium (K). Olsen-P increased in 0–10 cm depth of the mineral soil, indicating a better availability and thus improved P supply in maturing forest stands. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations decreased with stand age in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depth, while sodium (Na) decreased only in the upper soil layer. Only Olsen-P and K concentrations were higher in the upper soil layer as compared to 10–20 cm depth. This indicates a higher biotic control as opposed to the geochemical control of the other base cations.     

Ectomycorrhizal communities within beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.) forests that naturally regenerate from clear-cutting in northern Spain

The objectives of the work described here were to evaluate the diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi within Spanish beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests subjected to clear-cutting and natural regeneration and to elucidate the extent to which the carbohydrate concentration in roots of trees of different ages and sizes is related to ECM colonization. The study concerned an unmanaged forest, a stand clear-cut in 1996 and another clear-cut in 2001. ECM colonization of beech roots showed seasonal dynamics in the disturbed areas, but the percentage of roots colonized by ECM was not always related to the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates. The composition of ECM communities differed between different stands and 40% of ECM morphotypes only occurred in disturbed ecosystems. However, comparable numbers of different ECM morphotypes (24, 25) were found in the three beech stands. This finding indicates that ECM diversity was quite high and similar within disturbed and unmanaged areas. This finding suggests that (1) ECM diversity was not affected by the size and age of trees and (2) the potential of ECM inocula remained high within clear-cut areas. Consequently, the introduction of ECM inocula by silvicultural practices would not be needed to improve the regeneration of clear-cut areas described in our study.     

Effect of vegetation and land use on soil fertility in Wutai Mountains of Shanxi Province

IntroductionSoilpropertiesdependonclimate,vegetationtypes,parentmaterials,landformandsoilderivedage(Bei-jingForestryCoIlege1982).VegetationpIaysasig-nificantroIeintheformationofsoiIparticuIarIyforthepropertiespfSurfBcesoil.PlantsabsorbselectivelynutrientfromsoilandbuiIdtheirbodies.ThenutrientpartofIitterdecomposedgradualIybymicrobeswouldraturntoground-TheroOtsystemOfplantaIsoplaysasignificantroleinsoiIproperties.EffectofpIantsonsoildependonthevegdstiontype,speciescomposi-tion,age,dens…     

落叶松水曲柳纯林与混交林根际土壤中养分浓度的变化

在落叶松水曲柳纯林与混交林中,采集林地土和根际土,测定了氮、磷、钾浓度,目的是探讨养分条件变化在混交林增产上的作用。结果表明:混交林林地土全氮浓度和水解氮浓度与水曲柳纯林相近,但要高于落叶松纯林。水曲柳在混交林中根际土全氮和水解氮浓度与纯林中的相近,而落叶松在混交林中根际土水解氮浓度明显高于纯林中的。混交林林地土全磷和全钾浓度与两个树种的纯林相差不大。混交林林地土有效磷、有效钾浓度均高于水曲柳纯林,而且水曲柳在混交林中根际土的有效磷和有效钾浓度与纯林中的相比明显增加,分别高出44.1%~79.6%和13.5%~25.6%。这说明水曲柳在混交林中磷和钾的利用状况得到了改善。表2参15。     

同林龄不同林型土壤交换性阳离子含量的比较分析

通过对二代落叶松幼龄林、樟子松幼龄林、天然次生林、落叶松水曲柳混交林土壤交换性阳离子的分析,得到了同林龄土壤交换性阳离子变化趋势,为评价土壤供肥蓄肥能力、改良土壤和合理利用林地、营造速生丰产林提供重要依据.     

赛罕乌拉4种林分林下植被及枯落物的水源涵养功能研究

文章以赛罕乌拉4种典型林分为对象,对其林下植被及枯落物层的水源涵养功能进行了初步研究。结果表明:①林分结构越复杂,林下植被物种多样性越大,其截留降雨的能力也越大。②4种林分枯落物的蓄积量范围在12.44～31.60t/hm2,针叶林枯落物的蓄积量明显高于阔叶林。③枯落物持水率大小顺序为山杨林>白桦林>山杨白桦林>落叶松林,山杨林分枯落物的最大吸水率(511%)为落叶松林分(280%)的1.8倍。④枯落物最大持水量的大小为阔叶混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。枯落物最大拦蓄量大小表现为:针叶林>阔叶混交林>阔叶林。落叶松林的有效拦蓄量最高(为6.56mm),白桦林分有效拦蓄量最小(为3.38mm)。