沙地云杉种子萌发特性研究

为探索沙地云杉种子萌发特性,研究了温度、光照、浸种时间、赤霉素浓度对沙地云杉种子萌发的影响。结果表明：沙地云杉种子最适发芽温度为25℃,发芽率为80.00%。15℃、20℃和30℃温度条件下,种子发芽率显著降低。在有无光照的条件下沙地云杉种子均可萌发,但全光照和光照-黑暗条件下发芽率显著高于全黑暗条件,说明适当光照有利于沙地云杉种子萌发。浸种12 h可在萌发初期显著提高种子的发芽率,但是与对照相比,12～48 h浸种处理在发芽期结束时均未能显著提高种子的发芽率。低浓度的赤霉素对沙地云杉种子萌发有促进作用,用100 mg·L^-1赤霉素处理12 h,种子发芽率可达81.33%。     

不同处理对鸡冠刺桐种子发芽的影响研究

鸡冠刺桐种子因其种皮坚硬、透水性差而对种子萌发造成了一定的影响,为找出最适宜鸡冠刺桐种子发芽的方法,本研究采用对比试验法,探索了不同条件对鸡冠刺桐发芽率的影响,包括不同发芽温度、不同初始浸种水温、不同浓度赤霉素、98%浓硫酸不同浸种时间、5%氢氧化钾不同浸种时间。结果表明：鸡冠刺桐种子最适发芽温度为30℃;98%浓硫酸浸种处理2h效果最好,能大幅提高种子发芽率,可高达85%,而70℃热水浸种也能有效提高种子发芽率,适用于广谱育苗。该研究结果可为生产实践中鸡冠刺桐的采收储备、播种育苗及发芽技术研究提供技术参考。     

不同处理方法对清香木贮备种子发芽率的影响

为探索清香木种子最适发芽方法,采用不同发芽温度、不同初始浸种水温、不同贮藏期、不同浓度赤霉素、不同贮藏期、不同发芽方法对比试验其对清香木发芽率的影响。结果表明：清香木种子发芽最适宜温度为25℃;室温水浸种发芽率高且利于日常播种育苗所需;清香木种子随采随播发芽率最高,贮藏期越长,种子发芽萌动越慢,发芽率越低;赤霉素浓度为100×10^-6发芽率最高;与低温层积、暖温沙床相比,使用100×10^-6赤霉素浸泡的清香木种子,能够有效提升种子发芽率,随着贮藏时间的后移,其效果越明显。该研究可为生产实践中清香木采收贮备、检验和田间播种提供技术参考。     

赤霉素对2个玛咖品种种子萌发的影响

以黑色玛咖和黄色玛咖的种子为材料,采用不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L、50 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L、400 mg/L)浸种24 h,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、根长等指标,比较不同浓度赤霉素对玛咖种子发芽的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度赤霉素处理均能提高玛咖种子发芽率、发芽指数、根长等指标,当赤霉素浓度为200 mg/L时,对黄色和黑色玛咖种子发芽效果最佳。不同浓度赤霉素浸种后,黄色玛咖种子萌发的各项指标均大于黑色玛咖种子。     

不同处理对黄花远志种子发芽的影响

对黄花远志种子采用砂擦、赤霉素浸种、温水浸种3因素、3水平正交试验设计进行沙藏催芽对比试验。结果表明:经过处理后的种子比未经处理种子平均发芽时间早14.4 d;平均发芽率提高27.4%;温水浸种对种子发芽影响显著,赤霉素浸种、砂擦对种子发芽有一定影响;以中度砂擦+赤霉素1200倍液浸种8 h+50℃温水浸种8 h组合处理后的种子发芽率最高,达93%。     

不同温度、GA_3和NaCl处理对狭叶薰衣草种子萌发的影响

为探究打破种子休眠、提高萌发率的最适方法,以狭叶薰衣草为试材,研究了不同浓度GA_3、不同浓度NaCl溶液及不同温度对狭叶薰衣草种子萌发的影响。结果表明:用浓度为500mg/L GA_3浸种24h,能快速促进狭叶薰衣草种子萌发,显著提高种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数,其值分别为82.22%、61.11%、4.94,且发芽效果最好;盐胁迫处理下,随着NaCl溶液浓度增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,200mg/L时种子发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数最高,分别为40.00%、30.00%、1.36;种子最适宜的萌发温度为30℃,发芽率达23.33%。     

不同温度下赤霉素处理对乌饭树与短尾越橘种子发芽的影响

为了比较分析乌饭树和短尾越橘种子的发芽特性,就不同温度条件下不同浓度赤霉素GA3溶液浸种处理对乌饭树和短尾越橘种子萌发的影响情况进行了恒温培养试验。结果表明:GA3溶液对打破乌饭树和短尾越橘种子休眠、提高发芽率、缩短发芽时间有显著的效果,发芽率比未经处理的高出3～5倍;处理后的乌饭树和短尾越橘种子对温度有很高的敏感度,25℃是最佳发芽温度,温度升高发芽率则降低,25℃时的发芽率是27℃时的3～5倍,是30℃时的10至几十倍;GA3溶液的浓度变化对乌饭树种子发芽率的影响不大,在25℃恒温条件下,用浓度分别为200、600、1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液浸种后的种子其最高发芽率分别为60%、65%和64%;而短尾越橘种子的发芽率随GA3溶液浓度不同而有所变化,用浓度为1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液处理后的种子其发芽率始终最高,在25℃时,用浓度分别为200 mg/L、600 mg/L、1 000 mg/L的GA3溶液浸种后的最高发芽率分别为41%、25%和57%。(4)提高温度,对两者的发芽都有抑制作用,30℃时,乌饭树几乎不发芽,而短尾越橘最终发芽率为16%。说明短尾越橘种子休眠更深,这可能与其自身种皮密实、坚硬等物理特性有关。     

温度和赤霉素对胭脂花种子萌发的影响

该文研究了温度和赤霉素处理对胭脂花种子萌发的影响。结果表明:胭脂花种子在15~25℃均有较高发芽率,且在20℃有最高的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数;30℃的种子发芽率显著低于其它各组。赤霉素能促进胭脂花种子萌发,但各浓度处理间差异不显著;赤霉素浓度为250mg/L时的种子发芽率、发芽势最高,而处理浓度为350mg/L时的种子发芽指数最高。综合认为:在胭脂花播种繁殖时,可采用25℃培养条件下250~350mg/L的赤霉素处理或单用20℃温度对种子进行预处理,促进种子萌发。     

赤霉素对沙枣种子发芽的影响

不同浓度赤霉素和不同浸种时间对沙枣种子发芽情况的影响结果表明:赤霉素浓度和浸种时间都对沙枣种子发芽有不同程度的影响,且时间和浓度呈现交叉影响,长时间浸泡和高浓度赤霉素会降低种子的发芽率。最终确定200 mg/mL的赤霉素浸种8 h的效果最好,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和平均发芽天数分别为96.55%,30.00%,22.19,4.19天。     

“新薰一号”薰衣草在武汉地区高效发芽及移栽研究

以原产于新疆伊犁地区的"新薰一号"薰衣草为试验材料,研究了浸种温度、浸种时间和赤霉素浓度等条件对薰衣草种子活力和发芽率的影响。结果表明,(1)在黑暗条件下,经过浸种温度20℃、浸种时间24 h的处理,薰衣草种子的活力最高,有活力种子占比达到93.30%;(2)用浓度300 mg/L的赤霉素浸泡6 h,种子发芽率最高,达到53.35%;(3)薰衣草种子萌发较适宜于低温环境15~20℃,较高温度即25℃以上虽然可促进种子提早萌发,且发芽相对整齐集中,但其发芽率却降低。     

Gas exchange responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. africana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. robusta</Emphasis> to varying soil moisture content in semi-arid (Thika) Kenya

A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO₂ concentrations of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g _s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), C. africana (17.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g _s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol⁻¹ and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown trees.     

Gegenwärtige Hauptprobleme der landwirtschaftlichen Schädlingsforschung in Finnland

Zusammenfassung Einige der wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Probleme hinsichtlich der landwirtschaftlichen Schädlinge in Finnland sind folgende:Bei Getreide die Schäden durchCalligypona pellucida am Hafer sowie die Schäden durch die Fritfliege(Oscinella frit) an Saat von Winter- und Sommergetreide, die durch Blasenfüßer(Thysanoptera) u. a. Arten verursachte Weißährigkeit und Schmachtkörnigkeit, deren Bekämpfung noch nicht befriedigend entschieden ist. — Beim RotkleePhytonomus nigrirostris, Apion apricans undA. assimile, Sitona spp. undDitylenchus dipsaci, deren Biologie und Bekämpfung weiterhin fortgesetzt werden, — Bei ÖlpflanzenCeuthorrhynchus assimilis undC. quadridens sowieDasyneura brassicae, deren Bekä mpfung zu ermitteln ist. — Bei Zuckerrübe sowie einigen anderen Kulturpflanzen Bedeutung und Bekä mpfung vonLygus-Arten (besondersL. rugulipennis undL. pratensis). Bekämpfung der Rübenfliege(Pegomyia hyoscyami) bei Zuckerrübenkulturen. — Bei den Wurzelschädlingen von Gemüse und Hackfrüchten Klären von Biologie und Bekämpfung der Kohlfliegen (Hylemyia brassicae undH. floralis), der Fliegenschädlinge von Zwiebeln (Hylemyia antiqua, Eumerus tuberculatus undE. strigatus) und der Möhrenfliege. — Die Wirkung der Spritzungen in Obstgärten auf die wichtigsten Schä dlinge(Metatetranychus pilosus, Doralina pomi, Psylla mali, Carpocapsa pomonella, Argyresthia conjugella) und ihre wirksamsten Feinde.— In Beerengärten bei den ArtenTarsonemus fragariae, Eriophyes ribis undPachynematus pumilio sowie in Obstgärten bei der ArtAnisandrus dispar Intensivierung der Bekä mpfung. — Älchen(Anguillulidae), besondersdas Kleeälchen und Klärung von Lebensbedingungen und Bekämpfung desKartoffelälchens. — Bedeutung und Bekämpfung der Wühlmäuse (besondersMicrotus agrestis, M. arvalis undArvicola terrestris). — Untersuchung der Bedeutung von virusverbreitenden Insektenarten. — Erforschung der Nachteile von Bekämpfungsmitteln für die Pflanzen.     

重庆酸雨区缙云山典型林分冠层酸雨淋洗特征

选取重庆缙云山的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林4种典型林分,观测酸性降水过程中林外雨、穿透雨及干流等林内水分转换分量中的主要离子含量变化,分析林分冠层对雨水化学组成的影响,结果表明:(1)降雨中的离子当量浓度大小依次是SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NH4+＞Mg2+＞K+＞Na+＞NO3-;(2)降雨经过林冠层后pH值降低,干流的酸化程度增加最大;(3)降雨经林冠层后离子浓度明显增加(除灌木林),穿透雨中通量增加最大的阴离子和阳离子分别为SO42-(2.19×103～6.47×103 eq·hm-2)和Ca2+(1.41×103～3.39×103 eq-hm-2),离子来源主要为大气沉降和植物分泌物或淋出;(4)同一离子在不同林分的干流和穿透雨中的通量变化不同,反映出不同林分冠层的离子交换性差异.在针阔混交林中,林下降雨净淋溶量大小顺序为SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞Mg2+＞ Na+;常绿阔叶林为SO42-＞ Ca2+＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞ Mg2+ ＞Na+;毛竹林为Ca2+＞ SO42-＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞Na+＞Mg2+;灌木林为Ca2+＞ NO3-＞ K+＞ Na+＞Mg2+＞ NH4+＞ SO42-.     

广州市酸雨对不同森林冠层淋溶规律的研究

１９９８年４月至１９９９年３月对广州市白云山马尾松林和常绿阔叶林、广州市龙眼洞马尾松林两试验点进行了酸雨的监测,并测定和分析了林内穿透雨物理量及化学量,旨在探讨酸雨对不同森林冠层养分淋溶规律的影响。结果表明：（１）广州市酸雨占次数的７９．７％或占降雨量的９５．１％。（２）酸雨通过林冠层后,ｐＨ值明显增加。（３）在马尾松林和常绿阔叶林中,某些单次降雨出现ＳＯ４＾２－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＨ４＾＋Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｎａ＾＋的负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子（特别是ＮＯ３＾－、Ａａ＾３＋）具有吸收作用;阔叶林全年的ＮＯ３＾－和Ａｌ＾３＋净淋溶为负值,说明阔叶林比马尾松林对这两种离子具有更强的吸收能力。（４）雨水酸度增加（即ｐＨ值减小）,明显提高阳离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋冠层淋溶面分率。（５）ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾     

Carbon dioxide exchange of a larch forest after a typhoon disturbance

A typhoon event catastrophically destroyed a 45-year-old Japanese larch plantation in southern Hokkaido, northern Japan in September 2004, and about 90% of trees were blown down. Vegetation was measured to investigate its regeneration process and CO₂ flux, or net ecosystem production (NEP), was measured in 2006–2008 using an automated chamber system to investigate the effects of typhoon disturbance on the ecosystem carbon balance. Annual maximum aboveground biomass (AGB) increased from 2.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2006 to 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2007, whereas no change occurred in annual maximum leaf area index (LAI), which was 3.7 m² m⁻² in 2006 and 3.9 m² m⁻² in 2007. Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) had become dominant within 2 years after the typhoon disturbance, and came to account for about 60% and 50% of AGB and LAI, respectively. In comparison with CO₂ fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique in 2001–2003, for 4.5 months during the growing season, the sum of gross primary production (GPP) decreased on average by 739 gC m⁻² (64%) after the disturbance, whereas ecosystem respiration (RE) decreased by 501 gC m⁻² (51%). As a result, NEP decreased from 159 ± 57 gC m⁻² to −80 ± 30 gC m⁻², which shows that the ecosystem shifted from a carbon sink to a source. Seasonal variation in RE was strongly correlated to soil temperature. The interannual variation in the seasonal trend of RE was small. Light-saturated GPP (P_max) decreased from 30–45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 8–12 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the summer season through the disturbance because of large reduction in LAI.     

Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions.     

Five new triterpenoidal saponins from the roots of Ilex cornuta and their protective effects against H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes injury

Five new ursane-type triterpenoidal saponins (1–5), together with five known ones (6–10), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of Ilex cornuta. The structures of saponins 1–5 were elucidated as 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1), 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-ethyl ester (2), 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (3), 3β-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4) and 3β-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester]-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5), on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Protective effects of compounds 1–10 against H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were tested. Compounds 1–5, 7, and 10 showed cell-protective effects. Among them compound 5 exhibited the highest activity. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1–10.     

Canker disease of willow and poplar caused by Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis recorded in China

A new canker disease of Salix alba and Populus alba has been observed in Xinjiang, China. Black circular spots on dead branches and stems are the symptoms of the disease. Sixty‐seven isolates recovered from Salix matsudana, S. alba and Populus alba were identified as Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis based on morphological features and multigene phylogeny. Pathogenicity tests were performed on S. alba and P. alba stems using the C. pullmanensis isolates. Cankers on and Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis of C. pullmanensis from the stems fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed C. pullmanensis as the causal agent of the canker disease. C. pullmanensis is characterized by its yellow stromatic tissue surrounded by a black conceptacle with regularly arranged multiple locules sharing common walls and hyaline, allantoid, aseptate conidia (mean size 7.42 × 1.72 μm). This is the first report of C. pullmanensis causing Cryptosphaeria canker in China, and S. alba and P. alba are new host records for C. pullmanensis.     

Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha⁻¹). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 2.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 308 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 364 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO₂ efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) and control (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO₂ efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg⁻¹) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg⁻¹) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand.     

Über eine Massenvermehrung der stahlblauen Kieferngespinstblattwespe,Acantholyda erythrocephala Chr., im Steinfeld,Niederösterreich,in den Jahren 1964–1967

Summary The present paper reports on an outbreak of the False Pine Webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) in the Steinfeld of Lower Austria, from its detection in July 1964 up to swarming of wasps in April 1967. The course of gradation and resulting damages are described, and data obtained on development, manner of life, and mortality given. In plantations of predominant Austrian Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) and Scots Pine(Pinus silvestris) the former, too, was attacked though to a considerably lesser extent than the latter. Among mortality factors observed, most important was a nuclear polyhedrosis, which, during the first year of outbreak, killed numerous pseudocaterpillars, but sensibly diminished in lethal effect in the further course of calamity. In connection with the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, some other pest occurrences in the plantations are mentioned. A possible competition effect of a previous outbreak ofNeodiprion sertifer, lasting several years, and one ofDendrolimus pini L., lasting two years, resulting in inhibitions of a more precocious development of the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, and in prevention of a nascent gradation ofPanolis flammea by the multiplication ofAcantholyda taking its course, is particularly referred to. Control experiments were done with the fumigant “Kerfex-Nebelk?rper/rd. An effective control by this product, too, must be carried out soon after emerging of young larvae.

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Résumé Le présent mémoire rend compte d'une pullulation de la Lyde bleue du Pin (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) au Steinfeld en Basse-Autriché, à partir de sa découverte au mois de Juillet 1964 jusqu'à l'essaimage des guépes au mois d'Avril 1967. Le cours de la gradation et ses effets nuisibles sont caracté risés avec des données obtenues sur le développement, la manière de vivre et la mortalité de l'insecte. Dans les plantations où dominaient le Pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) et le Pin sylvestre(Pinus silvestris), le Pin noir a aussi été attaqué, mais à un bien moindre degré que le Pin sylvestre. Parmi les facteurs relevés de mortalité le plus important a été une maladie cubique nucléaire, faisant dépérir de nombreuses fausses chenilles pendant la première année de la calamité, mais ne déployant que peu d'activité pernicieuse au cours ultérieur de la gradation. En rapport avec cette gradation deAcantholyda erythrocephala on mentionne quelques autres apparitions d'insectes nuisibles dans les plantations. On met spécialement en relief des effets possibles de compétition de la part d'une précédente calamité de plusieurs années deNeodiprion sertifer et d'une autre, de deux années, deDendrolimus pini L., par rapport à un ralentissement du développement de l'attaque massive del'Acantholyda erythrocephala et à l'empéchement d'une gradation naissante dePanolis flammea par ie déroulement de la gradation deAcantholyda. Des essais de lutte ont été entrepris avec le fumigant ?Kerfex-Nebelk?rper?. Si la lutte doit être efficace, il faut l'exécuter peu de temps après l'eclosion finie des jeunes larves.

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Резюме Настоящая статья доносит о массовом размножении красноголового общественного пилильщика — ткача,Acatholyda erythrocephala L., в Штейнфельде (Нижняя Австрия), от его открытия в июле 1964г. до роения ос в апреле 1967г. Характеризуются ход градащии и вредные действия так как приводятся информации о развитии, способе жизни и смертности. В культурах, составленных преимущестнно из сосен австрийской (Pinus nigra ssp. austriaca) и обыкновенной (P. silvestris) была поражена и австрийская, хотя в значительно менышей степени, чем обыкновенная. Среди действующих факторов смертиности была важнейшим ядерная полиэдровая болезнь, которая убила в первом году бедствия многочисленных лжегусениц, а в далышем ходу показывала уже мало смертного действия. В связи с градацииAcantholyda erythrocephala упомнаются и другие появления вредителей в культурах. Указывается особенно на возможные конкуренцийные действия предшествующей долголетной градацииNeodiprion sertifer и двухлетной таковойDendrolimus pini L. по отношению к торможениям более ранного развития массового появленияAcontholyda erythrocephala и препятствованию возникающей градацииPanolis flammea протекающим размножением акантолиды. Попытки борьбы были установлены фумигантом ?Керфекс -Небелькерпер?. Борьбу, если должна быть успешной, нужно проводить и этим средством скоро после вылупляния молодых личинок.

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Die vorliegenden Beobachtungen der derzeit noch weiter laufenden Kalamit?t schlie?en mit der Flugperiode 1967 ab. Von H. Schmutzenhofer werden bzw. wurden weitere Untersuchungen zum Auftreten dieses Sch? dlings besonders zur Erlangung kritischer Ei- und Larvenzahlen, zur Kl?rung des Problems des überliegens und Auffindung wirksamer Bek?mpfungsmittel durchgeführt.