甘肃省荒漠种子植物属的区系分析

对甘肃省荒漠区种子植物属的组成及其区系特征进行了研究.结果表明:甘肃省荒漠区分布有种子植物228属,其区系特征为单种属和寡种属多,优势现象明显,植物区系具有温带荒漠性和古老性;区系地理成分复杂多样,包含9个分布区类型和13个变型,温带成分(包括北温带分布及其变型、旧大陆温带分布及其变型和温带亚洲分布)占有绝对优势,占总属的33.76%;地中海区-西亚-中亚分布也是主要的组成部分,占总属的28.98%,特有成分比较低,中国特有成分仅4属,只占总属数的1.57%,起源古老,多为本土发生.     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区种子植物组成及区系地理成分分析

新疆甘家湖自然保护区种子植物共有42科137属233种,植物区系组成中最大科是藜科(24属69种),该科也正是新疆盐生植物区系最大的科;本研究区盐生植物有69属99种,占总属及种数的50.4%、42.5%;除世界分布科外,温带分布科和热带至温带分布科占第一位,各均含10种;属的地理成分中以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布型(含变型)占优势, 有45属,占总属数的39.8%;种的区系以温带成分(53.1%)和古地中海成分(42.4%)占绝对优势,中亚分布型(27.0%)、温带亚洲分布型(25.7%)、旧世界温带分布型(21.6%)比重明显大。区系基本特征表现为:优势科现象明显,单种属和少种属占据比率很高;地理成分优势性显著,来源较广泛,有一定古老成分,特有程度极低,具极为明显的盐生性质和温带干旱区荒漠性质;区系中包含国家级和省级重点保护珍稀濒危植物11种和被认为"新疆可能已消失的物种"中的3个种,都具有极其重要的保护价值。     

金沙江上游干旱河谷维管植物区系特征

为了解金沙江上游奔子栏到羊拉河段干旱河谷的植物区系特征,通过野外调查和查阅文献资料,对该河谷维管植物的组成、分布区类型和区系特征等进行分析。结果表明:(1)金沙江上游(奔子栏-羊拉河段)共调查记录维管植物51科95属111种,含单种的科属较多;(2)植物区基本特征是温带成分占优势而有很多热带成分;特有现象明显,研究区中国特有属2属,中国特有种达60种,有4种金沙江干旱河谷特有种;干旱河谷的植物区系与外地植物区系之间联系广泛;植物区系热带向温带过渡。(3)干旱河谷植被有演变成类似我国西北地区的灌木型温带荒漠植被的趋势,其环境比较脆弱。     

陕西周至黑河湿地自然保护区种子植物区系分析

在野外调查及查阅相关资料的基础上,对黑河湿地自然保护区的种子植物资源进行了区系分析,结果显示:黑河湿地保护区有种子植物860种,隶属于125科、482属;属的地理成分各种温带分布的高达57.6%以上,体现了植物区系的温带属性;植物区系具有物种多样性丰富度较高、区系成分复杂多样、具显著的温带性质、强烈的过渡性和中国特有属、种丰富等特点。     

平湖九龙山国家级森林公园种子植物区系分析

对平湖九龙山国家级森林公园的74科201属263种野生种子植物进行了区系分析研究,结果表明,该植物区系组成相对丰富、地理成分多样,有14个属分布区类型和6个变型,热带分布型属占52.59%,温带分布型属占45.67%,体现了热带、温带共同特征,具有从亚热带向温带过渡的性质,并有较丰富的滨海植物.     

克拉玛依农业综合开发区外围荒漠种子植物区系研究

调查研究表明:克拉玛依农业综合开发区外围荒漠有种子植物27科90属119种。对该区种子植物区系进行了统计分析,结果表明:①科属构成简单,单种科、少种科和单种属、寡种属占比例大;②科属的地理成分中,温带成分占优势;③属的区系成分有7个分布型和6个变型,其中地中海、西亚至中亚分布型占优势,包含属数占本区系总属数的35.56%,占新疆同分布型种子植物总属数的22.54%。表明本区属于中亚荒漠。     

贡嘎山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

通过对贡嘎山自然保护区高等植物的野外调查数据整理和已有资料的统计分析,结果表明:1)贡嘎山自然保护区有高等植物151科688属2 472种(含种下单位,下同),种子植物有120科631属2 323种。保护区植物科、属、种组成丰富,被子植物占有明显优势,科、属、种分别占总数的77%、90%、93%;2)保护区地质历史悠久,生态环境复杂多样,单种属和少种属数量较多,植物区系起源古老。北温带分布类型、东亚分布类型及泛热带分布类型占据着不同的地域和海拔,并彼此交汇渗透,使该地区植物区系组成复杂;3)保护区各类温带性质的区系成分共计237属,热带性质的区系成分共计162属,表明该地区植物区系具有明显的温带性质;4)保护区东亚分布类型明显高于全国水平,结合保护区所处的地理环境以及与其它植物区系间的关系,表明保护区是某些植物分布的过渡地带,特别是东亚分布类型具有明显的过渡性。     

湖北京山对节白蜡自然保护区种子植物区系研究

通过对京山对节白蜡自然保护区进行野外调查及文献检索,分析其植物物种组成和区系地理成分.结果显示：保护区共有种子植物133科496属939种.区系组成中,在科的层次上,Compositae为保护区内含植物种类数最多的科;在属的层次上,Polygonum为含植物种数最多的属,种的层次上,Fraxinus hupehensis为保护区内绝对优势植物,分布范围极其广泛,从保护区的最低海拔到最高海拔均有分布,并多区域形成群落.初步探讨了该地区植物区系的性质：区系成分具有复杂性和多样性,拥有中国种子植物分布区类型科级水平的12个类型,属级水平的15个类型,各类热带成分共164属,占总属数的37.44％;各类温带分布类型（不包括中国特有分布）共264属,占总属数的60.27％,植物区系偏重于温带性质,具有亚热带向温带过渡的特点.保护区内特有性较突出,有中国特有分布有10属,特别是大洪山南麓区域特有种—Fraxinus hupehensis分布范围极其狭窄,仅分布于京山县和钟祥市接壤的大洪山余脉伸入部分形成的低山高丘类型地区.     

汉玛国家级自然保护区种子植物区系研究

在实地样地调查和标本采集鉴定的基础上,对内蒙古汉玛自然保护区种子植物的组成、分布区类型和区系特征进行了分析。结果表明:保护区有种子植物57科188属414种,其中裸子植物2科4属5种,被子植物55科184属409种;种子植物区系属于温带性质,且深受东北植物区系的影响,同时有蒙古植物区系成分渗透,因此汉玛自然保护区植物区系复杂,区系成分多样性显著,具有交错性质。     

内蒙古汉玛国家级自然保护区种子植物区系研究

在样地调查和标本采集鉴定的基础上,对内蒙古汉玛自然保护区种子植物的组成、分布区类型和区系特征进行了分析。结果表明:保护区有种子植物57科188属414种,其中裸子植物2科4属5种,被子植物55科184属409种;种子植物区系属于温带性质,且深受东北植物区系的影响,同时有蒙古植物区系成分渗透,因此本区植物区系复杂,区系成分多样性显著,具有交错性质。     

Gas exchange responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. africana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. robusta</Emphasis> to varying soil moisture content in semi-arid (Thika) Kenya

A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO₂ concentrations of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g _s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), C. africana (17.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g _s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol⁻¹ and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown trees.     

Gegenwärtige Hauptprobleme der landwirtschaftlichen Schädlingsforschung in Finnland

Zusammenfassung Einige der wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Probleme hinsichtlich der landwirtschaftlichen Schädlinge in Finnland sind folgende:Bei Getreide die Schäden durchCalligypona pellucida am Hafer sowie die Schäden durch die Fritfliege(Oscinella frit) an Saat von Winter- und Sommergetreide, die durch Blasenfüßer(Thysanoptera) u. a. Arten verursachte Weißährigkeit und Schmachtkörnigkeit, deren Bekämpfung noch nicht befriedigend entschieden ist. — Beim RotkleePhytonomus nigrirostris, Apion apricans undA. assimile, Sitona spp. undDitylenchus dipsaci, deren Biologie und Bekämpfung weiterhin fortgesetzt werden, — Bei ÖlpflanzenCeuthorrhynchus assimilis undC. quadridens sowieDasyneura brassicae, deren Bekä mpfung zu ermitteln ist. — Bei Zuckerrübe sowie einigen anderen Kulturpflanzen Bedeutung und Bekä mpfung vonLygus-Arten (besondersL. rugulipennis undL. pratensis). Bekämpfung der Rübenfliege(Pegomyia hyoscyami) bei Zuckerrübenkulturen. — Bei den Wurzelschädlingen von Gemüse und Hackfrüchten Klären von Biologie und Bekämpfung der Kohlfliegen (Hylemyia brassicae undH. floralis), der Fliegenschädlinge von Zwiebeln (Hylemyia antiqua, Eumerus tuberculatus undE. strigatus) und der Möhrenfliege. — Die Wirkung der Spritzungen in Obstgärten auf die wichtigsten Schä dlinge(Metatetranychus pilosus, Doralina pomi, Psylla mali, Carpocapsa pomonella, Argyresthia conjugella) und ihre wirksamsten Feinde.— In Beerengärten bei den ArtenTarsonemus fragariae, Eriophyes ribis undPachynematus pumilio sowie in Obstgärten bei der ArtAnisandrus dispar Intensivierung der Bekä mpfung. — Älchen(Anguillulidae), besondersdas Kleeälchen und Klärung von Lebensbedingungen und Bekämpfung desKartoffelälchens. — Bedeutung und Bekämpfung der Wühlmäuse (besondersMicrotus agrestis, M. arvalis undArvicola terrestris). — Untersuchung der Bedeutung von virusverbreitenden Insektenarten. — Erforschung der Nachteile von Bekämpfungsmitteln für die Pflanzen.     

重庆酸雨区缙云山典型林分冠层酸雨淋洗特征

选取重庆缙云山的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林4种典型林分,观测酸性降水过程中林外雨、穿透雨及干流等林内水分转换分量中的主要离子含量变化,分析林分冠层对雨水化学组成的影响,结果表明:(1)降雨中的离子当量浓度大小依次是SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NH4+＞Mg2+＞K+＞Na+＞NO3-;(2)降雨经过林冠层后pH值降低,干流的酸化程度增加最大;(3)降雨经林冠层后离子浓度明显增加(除灌木林),穿透雨中通量增加最大的阴离子和阳离子分别为SO42-(2.19×103～6.47×103 eq·hm-2)和Ca2+(1.41×103～3.39×103 eq-hm-2),离子来源主要为大气沉降和植物分泌物或淋出;(4)同一离子在不同林分的干流和穿透雨中的通量变化不同,反映出不同林分冠层的离子交换性差异.在针阔混交林中,林下降雨净淋溶量大小顺序为SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞Mg2+＞ Na+;常绿阔叶林为SO42-＞ Ca2+＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞ Mg2+ ＞Na+;毛竹林为Ca2+＞ SO42-＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞Na+＞Mg2+;灌木林为Ca2+＞ NO3-＞ K+＞ Na+＞Mg2+＞ NH4+＞ SO42-.     

广州市酸雨对不同森林冠层淋溶规律的研究

１９９８年４月至１９９９年３月对广州市白云山马尾松林和常绿阔叶林、广州市龙眼洞马尾松林两试验点进行了酸雨的监测,并测定和分析了林内穿透雨物理量及化学量,旨在探讨酸雨对不同森林冠层养分淋溶规律的影响。结果表明：（１）广州市酸雨占次数的７９．７％或占降雨量的９５．１％。（２）酸雨通过林冠层后,ｐＨ值明显增加。（３）在马尾松林和常绿阔叶林中,某些单次降雨出现ＳＯ４＾２－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＨ４＾＋Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｎａ＾＋的负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子（特别是ＮＯ３＾－、Ａａ＾３＋）具有吸收作用;阔叶林全年的ＮＯ３＾－和Ａｌ＾３＋净淋溶为负值,说明阔叶林比马尾松林对这两种离子具有更强的吸收能力。（４）雨水酸度增加（即ｐＨ值减小）,明显提高阳离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋冠层淋溶面分率。（５）ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾     

Carbon dioxide exchange of a larch forest after a typhoon disturbance

A typhoon event catastrophically destroyed a 45-year-old Japanese larch plantation in southern Hokkaido, northern Japan in September 2004, and about 90% of trees were blown down. Vegetation was measured to investigate its regeneration process and CO₂ flux, or net ecosystem production (NEP), was measured in 2006–2008 using an automated chamber system to investigate the effects of typhoon disturbance on the ecosystem carbon balance. Annual maximum aboveground biomass (AGB) increased from 2.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2006 to 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2007, whereas no change occurred in annual maximum leaf area index (LAI), which was 3.7 m² m⁻² in 2006 and 3.9 m² m⁻² in 2007. Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) had become dominant within 2 years after the typhoon disturbance, and came to account for about 60% and 50% of AGB and LAI, respectively. In comparison with CO₂ fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique in 2001–2003, for 4.5 months during the growing season, the sum of gross primary production (GPP) decreased on average by 739 gC m⁻² (64%) after the disturbance, whereas ecosystem respiration (RE) decreased by 501 gC m⁻² (51%). As a result, NEP decreased from 159 ± 57 gC m⁻² to −80 ± 30 gC m⁻², which shows that the ecosystem shifted from a carbon sink to a source. Seasonal variation in RE was strongly correlated to soil temperature. The interannual variation in the seasonal trend of RE was small. Light-saturated GPP (P_max) decreased from 30–45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 8–12 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the summer season through the disturbance because of large reduction in LAI.     

Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions.     

Five new triterpenoidal saponins from the roots of Ilex cornuta and their protective effects against H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes injury

Five new ursane-type triterpenoidal saponins (1–5), together with five known ones (6–10), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of Ilex cornuta. The structures of saponins 1–5 were elucidated as 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1), 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-ethyl ester (2), 19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (3), 3β-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4) and 3β-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester]-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5), on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Protective effects of compounds 1–10 against H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were tested. Compounds 1–5, 7, and 10 showed cell-protective effects. Among them compound 5 exhibited the highest activity. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1–10.     

Canker disease of willow and poplar caused by Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis recorded in China

A new canker disease of Salix alba and Populus alba has been observed in Xinjiang, China. Black circular spots on dead branches and stems are the symptoms of the disease. Sixty‐seven isolates recovered from Salix matsudana, S. alba and Populus alba were identified as Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis based on morphological features and multigene phylogeny. Pathogenicity tests were performed on S. alba and P. alba stems using the C. pullmanensis isolates. Cankers on and Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis of C. pullmanensis from the stems fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed C. pullmanensis as the causal agent of the canker disease. C. pullmanensis is characterized by its yellow stromatic tissue surrounded by a black conceptacle with regularly arranged multiple locules sharing common walls and hyaline, allantoid, aseptate conidia (mean size 7.42 × 1.72 μm). This is the first report of C. pullmanensis causing Cryptosphaeria canker in China, and S. alba and P. alba are new host records for C. pullmanensis.     

Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha⁻¹). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 2.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 308 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 364 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO₂ efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) and control (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO₂ efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg⁻¹) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg⁻¹) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand.     

Über eine Massenvermehrung der stahlblauen Kieferngespinstblattwespe,Acantholyda erythrocephala Chr., im Steinfeld,Niederösterreich,in den Jahren 1964–1967

Summary The present paper reports on an outbreak of the False Pine Webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) in the Steinfeld of Lower Austria, from its detection in July 1964 up to swarming of wasps in April 1967. The course of gradation and resulting damages are described, and data obtained on development, manner of life, and mortality given. In plantations of predominant Austrian Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) and Scots Pine(Pinus silvestris) the former, too, was attacked though to a considerably lesser extent than the latter. Among mortality factors observed, most important was a nuclear polyhedrosis, which, during the first year of outbreak, killed numerous pseudocaterpillars, but sensibly diminished in lethal effect in the further course of calamity. In connection with the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, some other pest occurrences in the plantations are mentioned. A possible competition effect of a previous outbreak ofNeodiprion sertifer, lasting several years, and one ofDendrolimus pini L., lasting two years, resulting in inhibitions of a more precocious development of the outbreak ofAcantholyda erythrocephala, and in prevention of a nascent gradation ofPanolis flammea by the multiplication ofAcantholyda taking its course, is particularly referred to. Control experiments were done with the fumigant “Kerfex-Nebelk?rper/rd. An effective control by this product, too, must be carried out soon after emerging of young larvae.

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Résumé Le présent mémoire rend compte d'une pullulation de la Lyde bleue du Pin (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) au Steinfeld en Basse-Autriché, à partir de sa découverte au mois de Juillet 1964 jusqu'à l'essaimage des guépes au mois d'Avril 1967. Le cours de la gradation et ses effets nuisibles sont caracté risés avec des données obtenues sur le développement, la manière de vivre et la mortalité de l'insecte. Dans les plantations où dominaient le Pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp.austriaca) et le Pin sylvestre(Pinus silvestris), le Pin noir a aussi été attaqué, mais à un bien moindre degré que le Pin sylvestre. Parmi les facteurs relevés de mortalité le plus important a été une maladie cubique nucléaire, faisant dépérir de nombreuses fausses chenilles pendant la première année de la calamité, mais ne déployant que peu d'activité pernicieuse au cours ultérieur de la gradation. En rapport avec cette gradation deAcantholyda erythrocephala on mentionne quelques autres apparitions d'insectes nuisibles dans les plantations. On met spécialement en relief des effets possibles de compétition de la part d'une précédente calamité de plusieurs années deNeodiprion sertifer et d'une autre, de deux années, deDendrolimus pini L., par rapport à un ralentissement du développement de l'attaque massive del'Acantholyda erythrocephala et à l'empéchement d'une gradation naissante dePanolis flammea par ie déroulement de la gradation deAcantholyda. Des essais de lutte ont été entrepris avec le fumigant ?Kerfex-Nebelk?rper?. Si la lutte doit être efficace, il faut l'exécuter peu de temps après l'eclosion finie des jeunes larves.

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Резюме Настоящая статья доносит о массовом размножении красноголового общественного пилильщика — ткача,Acatholyda erythrocephala L., в Штейнфельде (Нижняя Австрия), от его открытия в июле 1964г. до роения ос в апреле 1967г. Характеризуются ход градащии и вредные действия так как приводятся информации о развитии, способе жизни и смертности. В культурах, составленных преимущестнно из сосен австрийской (Pinus nigra ssp. austriaca) и обыкновенной (P. silvestris) была поражена и австрийская, хотя в значительно менышей степени, чем обыкновенная. Среди действующих факторов смертиности была важнейшим ядерная полиэдровая болезнь, которая убила в первом году бедствия многочисленных лжегусениц, а в далышем ходу показывала уже мало смертного действия. В связи с градацииAcantholyda erythrocephala упомнаются и другие появления вредителей в культурах. Указывается особенно на возможные конкуренцийные действия предшествующей долголетной градацииNeodiprion sertifer и двухлетной таковойDendrolimus pini L. по отношению к торможениям более ранного развития массового появленияAcontholyda erythrocephala и препятствованию возникающей градацииPanolis flammea протекающим размножением акантолиды. Попытки борьбы были установлены фумигантом ?Керфекс -Небелькерпер?. Борьбу, если должна быть успешной, нужно проводить и этим средством скоро после вылупляния молодых личинок.

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Die vorliegenden Beobachtungen der derzeit noch weiter laufenden Kalamit?t schlie?en mit der Flugperiode 1967 ab. Von H. Schmutzenhofer werden bzw. wurden weitere Untersuchungen zum Auftreten dieses Sch? dlings besonders zur Erlangung kritischer Ei- und Larvenzahlen, zur Kl?rung des Problems des überliegens und Auffindung wirksamer Bek?mpfungsmittel durchgeführt.