Characterization and Distribution of B Cells in the Lymphoid Organs of Goats

The distribution of B cells in the lymphoid organs of the goat was studied using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed against different markers for bovine B cells. Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, caecum and rectum were taken from four 7-month-old male Murciano-granadina goats using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) method on frozen sections as described by Hsu et al. (1981). The mAbs against immunoglobulins (Ig) recognized a large number of cells, particularly in the light zones of the germinative centres of the lymphoid follicles, regardless of the isotype against which they were directed. However, the greatest numbers of B cells in the germinative centres and outer coronas of the lymphoid follicles of the lymph node, spleen and Peyer's patches were recognized by mAbs against the L lambda chain of Ig and against IgM. This was also the case in other locations where B cells were abundant, such as the medulla of the lymph node and the dome of the Peyer's patches. These mAbs recognized not only B lymphocytes but also plasma cells, showing an intracytoplasmatic reaction (numerous in the spleen red pulp and the intestinal lamina propria when mAbs were used against the L lambda chain of the Ig, scarce in the intestinal lamina propria when used against IgM and scarce in spleen red pulp and numerous in the intestinal lamina propria when mAbs against IgA were used). The mAbs BAQ44 A, GC65 A and GB25 A are of interest because, besides marking cells in the B areas where lymphocytes show surface Ig, they give a positive reaction in areas where there are Ig-cells (the dark zone of the germinative centre) and do not immunostain plasma cells. Thus, these mAbs recognize a surface marker which is not an Ig.     

铜中毒对雏鸭免疫器官细胞凋亡影响的研究

选用1日龄天府肉鸭健雏210只，随机分为3组，分别喂以对照日粮(Cu12．16mg，kg)、中毒1日粮(Cu850mg／kg)和中毒11日粮(Cu1050mg／kg)7周，以超微病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察研究了铜中毒对雏鸭免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡的影响。电镜观察，铜中毒Ⅰ组和中毒Ⅱ组免疫器官淋巴细胞发生凋亡的频率明显高于对照组。发生凋亡的淋巴细胞表现为染色质凝聚、边集、细胞核呈新月形、“C”形、花瓣状、圆环状或圆斑状，并出现凋亡小体。流式细胞术测定．2个中毒组免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡百分率也明显高于对照组。上述研究结果表明．铜中毒可以诱导淋巴细胞凋亡。     

Impairment of the Peripheral Lymphoid Compartment in Iron‐deficient Piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neonatal iron deficiency on immune functions in young piglets. While control piglets were not given any iron preparation until the age of 21 days, another group of piglets was given 200 mg of Fe³⁺‐dextran i.m. on day 3. Red blood cell parameters in the former, iron‐deficient group were characteristic of hypochromic anaemia. In addition, the total leucocyte count (P < 0.01), relative and absolute neutrophil count (P < 0.01) and absolute lymphocyte count (P < 0.05) in peripheral blood were found significantly lower in iron‐deficient piglets than in their iron‐supplemented counterparts. Lymphocyte activity as measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation test was impaired in iron‐deficient piglets. A statistically significant decrease in circulating B‐lymphocyte numbers was found in non‐supplemented animals. Iron deficiency apparently negatively influenced the immunocompetence in piglets.     

Z系北京鸭内脏器官生长发育规律研究

生产性能测定是北京鸭选种育种工作的基本环节,掌握性状的变化规律有助于育种工作者做出正确的育种规划,优化育种方案。本研究以配套系中的父系(Z系)为研究对象,系统分析了北京鸭10种内脏器官的生长发育规律,并探讨了其合适的生长模型。分析结果表明,相对于北京鸭整体而言,气管是晚熟器官,而其他器官属于早熟器官,其中肠道和胰脏发育最早。曲线拟合结果表明,Logistic曲线能够较好地描述公鸭内脏器官的发育,其拟合优度均大于其他曲线模型。对于母鸭而言,除胆囊和食道外,Logistic曲线的拟合优度最大,而Brody和Gompertz模型分别对母鸭胆囊和食道拟合优度最大。本研究结果对于优化北京鸭饲养管理方案,指导北京鸭育种提供了重要参考资料。     

高铜对雏鸡淋巴细胞凋亡影响的研究

1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮（Cu 11 mg/kg）和高铜日粮（Cu 100mg/kg,高铜Ⅰ组;Cu 200 mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu 300 mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu 400 mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组;Cu 500 mg/kg,高铜Ⅴ组;Cu 600 mg/kg,高铜Ⅵ组）6周,以流式细胞术和透射电镜的方法观察研究了高铜对雏鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡的影响。电镜下观察,与对照组比较,高铜Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组免疫器官淋巴细胞发生凋亡的频率明显增高。发生凋亡的淋巴细胞表现为染色质凝聚、边集,细胞核呈新月形、“C”形、花环状（或圆斑状）及花瓣状。流式细胞术测定显示,高铜Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡百分率也明显高于对照组和高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。上述研究结果表明,饲粮铜含量超过300 mg/kg可以诱导淋巴细胞凋亡。     

北京鸭／番鸭杂交体系肝脏组织基因表达差异的研究

以番鸭、北京鸭及其杂交后代半番鸭为研究对象,利用mRNA差异显示技术得到肝脏组织基因表达差异图谱.mRNA差异显示表明,肝脏组织的基因表达在纯种群和杂种群之间存在着显著的质和量的差异;5对引物组合显示出41条差异带;分属于7类10种基因表达模式,其中量的差异有3类4种,质的差异有4类6种.这些基因差异表达模式说明了杂种的基因表达调控方式发生了变化,可能是mRNA水平上杂种优势形成的分子遗传基础.     

北京鸭/番鸭杂交体系肝脏组织基因表达差异的研究

以番鸭、北京鸭及其杂交后代半番鸭为研究对象,利用mRNA差异显示技术得到肝脏组织基因表达差异图谱。mRNA差异显示表明,肝脏组织的基因表达在纯种群和杂种群之间存在着显著的质和量的差异;5对引物组合显示出41条差异带;分属于7类10种基因表达模式,其中量的差异有3类4种,质的差异有4类6种。这些基因差异表达模式说明了杂种的基因表达调控方式发生了变化,可能是mRNA水平上杂种优势形成的分子遗传基础。     

Ⅰ型雏鸭肝炎病毒侵染后鸭组织中ALB基因表达的分析

检测Ⅰ型雏鸭肝炎病毒侵染后ALB基因mRNA以及ALB蛋白分别在肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、大脑、小脑、腿肌和胸腺等组织中的相对表达量和含量并分析其意义。分别利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术和ELISA法检测ALB基因在易感组、抗病组和对照组各组织中mRNA的表达量以及ALB蛋白含量。总体而言,除腿肌外,ALB基因mRNA在易感组中的表达量极显著低于对照组和抗病组(P<0.01),抗病组显著或极显著低于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);各处理组间,肝、小脑和胸腺中ALB蛋白含量与ALB基因mRNA相对表达量规律一致,在其他组织中,各处理组间ALB蛋白含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。RT-PCR与ELISA的结果比较可见,两者在肝脏、胸腺、小脑等与雏鸭肝炎病直接相关的指示性组织中表现一致。本试验研究结果,进一步揭示了ALB基因为Ⅰ型雏鸭肝炎病的抗性基因,与前期抑制性消减杂交法得到的结果一致,其表达量的变化可以作为区分易感鸭和抗病鸭的标志。     

Impact of invA‐PCR and Culture Detection Methods on Occurrence and Survival of Salmonella in the Flesh,Internal Organs and Lymphoid Tissues of Experimentally Infected Pigs

This study evaluated the suitability of invA gene amplification by PCR as an effective means of detecting Salmonella species in pigs experimentally infected with S. Typhimurium DT104. A controlled infection study using 24 pigs was performed in order to compare efficacy, precision and detection rates of the invA‐based PCR method originally described by Rahn, K. De Grandis, S.A., Clarke, R.C., McEwan, S.A., Galan, J.E., Ginocchio, C., Curtiss, R. 3rd, C.L. Gyles, (Mol. Cell. Probes 1992; 6 : 271–279) as a new in‐house invA‐based PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella spp. in pork and different tissue samples of slaughter pigs. Finally, PCR results were compared with culture detection rates obtained by isolation procedures following the ISO 6579:2000, the ‘gold standard’. After slaughtering, 14 different tissue samples of each pig were investigated to verify the usefulness of the two invA‐based PCR methods in different matrices of slaughter pigs. The results demonstrate that the application of the widely used invA‐based primer pair (139 + 141) may result in questionable products if samples gained from selective enrichment in the Rappaport–Vassiliadis medium were investigated. These questionable products can lead to false‐positive results, if no additional hybridization procedure is attached or if unspecialized persons use this method in routine laboratory practice. The newly developed in‐house PCR method used is based on the 3′‐prime region of invA, especially designed and harmonized for the detection of Salmonella in different matrices of slaughtered pigs after bacterial enriched broth culture. In this study, this PCR revealed no questionable products and, furthermore, the specificity of the amplificate could be tested by means of the restriction enzyme NdeI. In comparison with the culture detection procedure, the new PCR method has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. Thus, this method might be used as a meaningful tool in eliminating Salmonella‐positive carcasses at slaughterhouse level and thus, keeping them out of the food chain.     

樱桃谷鸭部分内脏器官早期生长发育规律研究

运用Gompertz模型对1～7周龄樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官进行了分析和曲线拟合研究。结果表明：肝脏、小肠和肌腺胃的生长速度从第4周开始由慢变快。肝脏到第6周达到生长高峰，肌腺胃在第5周达到高峰，之后趋于稳定。Gompertz模型能比较好地拟合樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官发育，拟合度R^2均达到0．9以上。因此，通过模型的建立可以较好地预测樱桃谷鸭内脏器官的生长发育规律。     

鸭传染性浆膜炎病鸭免疫器官的光镜及电镜观察

通过光镜、电镜观察了鸭传染性浆膜炎病鸭免疫器官的病理变化。结果表明：在光镜、电镜下，病鸭脾脏、法氏囊损害严重，胸腺变化轻微。     

禽流感病毒与番鸭呼肠病毒感染番鸭免疫器官细胞凋亡的研究

应用原位末端标记法和免疫组化SABC法,分别以H9亚型禽流感和番鸭呼肠病毒单独感染或混合感染雏番鸭后1、3、5、7、10d对胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏细胞凋亡和P53的动态变化进行检测。结果显示,H9亚型AIV,MDRV单独感染和混合感染均可导致雏番鸭胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏出现淋巴细胞凋亡增多;病毒感染早期各免疫器官组织细胞凋亡明显,感染后期细胞凋亡量逐渐减少;混合感染组脾脏、胸腺细胞凋亡更为显著。P53表达的变化与细胞凋亡呈现相同变化规律,表明P53表达与病毒诱导的细胞凋亡机制密切相关。     

Localization of amylin‐like immunoreactivity in the striped velvet gecko pancreas

Immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the distribution of amylin‐like immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of gecko Homopholis fasciata. Four types of endocrine cells were distinguished: insulin immunoreactive (B cells), pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (PP cells), glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (A/PP cells) and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (D cells). Pancreatic islets contained B, A/PP and D cells, whereas extrainsular regions contained B, D and PP cells. In the pancreatic islets, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to B cells, but not to A/PP or D cells. In the extrainsular regions, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to either B or PP cells. Amylin secreted from intrainsular B cells may regulate pancreatic hormone secretion in an autocrine and/or a paracrine fashion. On the other hand, amylin secreted from extrainsular PP and B cells, and/or intrainsular B cells may participate in the modulation of calcium homoeostasis in an endocrine fashion.     

鸭肠炎病毒感染鸭肝脏组织miRNA表达谱差异分析

为探究鸭感染鸭肠炎病毒（Duck enteritis virus,DEV）后肝脏miRNA表达谱的差异,试验以DEV-GZ株经腿部肌肉接种30日龄麻鸭,于感染后66、90和114 h采集鸭肝脏组织样本,提取组织总RNA,经质检合格后,采用高通量测序技术对对照组和试验组样品进行miRNA测序,筛选出DEV感染鸭肝脏组织的差异表达miRNA,对其进行生物信息学GO功能分类和KEGG信号通路分析,并随机选取部分差异表达miRNA进行实时荧光定量PCR验证。结果显示,鸭感染DEV后66、90和114 h,肝脏组织差异表达miRNAs数量分别为227、225和231个。GO功能注释显示,感染鸭肝脏差异表达miRNA在生物过程分类中主要为细胞过程、单有机体过程和代谢过程类别;在细胞成分分类中主要是细胞、细胞部分和细胞器类别;在分子功能分类中主要是绑定分子功能和催化活性功能类别。KEGG通路富集显示,差异表达miRNA主要涉及PI3K-Akt、JAK-STAT、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路系统、ECM-受体相互作用、MAPK、Wnt、Toll样受体、IL-17、脂质代谢、钙离子信号通路和cAMP等信号通路,其中感染66 h差异表达miRNA主要在生物系统及神经系统中发挥作用;感染90 h主要在内分泌系统及消化系统中发挥作用;感染114 h主要在全身生物、免疫和消化系统等中发挥作用。选取10个差异表达miRNAs进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,结果与高通量测序结果一致。表明DEV感染对鸭肝脏组织miRNA表达具有显著影响,为从宿主miRNA角度揭示DEV致病机制提供了参考依据。     

锌对雏番鸭淋巴器官中肥大细胞数量的影响

选择1日龄健康雏番鸭45只,随机分为3组,分别喂以每kg含锌离子20mg、40mg、200mg的饲料,饲养期为45d。于15日龄、30日龄和45日龄每组随机宰杀5只,取法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺,Carnoy法固定,甲苯胺蓝染色,显微镜观察肥大细胞数量的变化规律。结果表明：15日龄时,低锌日粮组鸭子胸腺和脾脏的肥大细胞数量均比另外两组高,（P〉0.05）,而法氏囊中低锌日粮组肥大细胞数量比另外两组明显高（P〈0.01）。30日龄时,低锌日粮组鸭子胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊中肥大细胞数量均比高锌日粮组显著增多（P〈0.05）,而与正常锌日粮组相比,差异不显著（P〉0.05）。45日龄时,法氏囊高锌日粮组与低锌日粮组和正常锌日粮组差异显著（P〈0.05）;脾脏各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但高锌日粮组肥大细胞数量最多;胸腺低锌日粮组与高锌日粮组和正常锌日粮组差异极显著（P〈0.01）。因此,锌具有稳定免疫器官中肥大细胞数量的重要作用,但长时间添加高剂量锌反而会增加肥大细胞数量。     

锌对雏番鸭淋巴器官中肥大细胞数量的影响

选择1日龄健康雏番鸭45只,随机分为3组,分别喂以每kg含锌离子20mg、40mg、200mg的饲料,饲养期为45d.于15日龄、30日龄和45日龄每组随机宰杀5只,取法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺,Camoy法固定,甲苯胺蓝染色,显微镜观察肥大细胞数量的变化规律.结果表明:15日龄时,低锌日粮组鸭子胸腺和脾脏的肥大细胞数量均比另外两组高,(P>0.05),而法氏囊中低锌日粮组肥大细胞数量比另外两组明显高(P<0.01).30日龄时,低锌日粮组鸭子胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊中肥大细胞数量均比高锌日粮组显著增多(P<0.05),而与正常锌日粮组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05).45日龄时,法氏囊高锌日粮组与低锌日粮组和正常锌日粮组差异显著(P<0.05);脾脏各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但高锌日粮组肥大细胞数量最多;胸腺低辞日粮组与高锌日粮组和正常锌日粮组差异极显著(P<0.01).因此,锌具有稳定免疫器官中肥大细胞数量的重要作用,但长时间添加高剂量锌反而会增加肥大细胞数量.     

鸭MyoG基因编码区的克隆及其在鸭心肌组织发育中的表达研究

肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)在胚胎发育中发挥作用,并能与在心脏发育过程中起重要作用的MEF2基因家族协同促进肌肉的分化,而其在心肌发育中的作用却鲜有报道。为研究其在胚胎心肌组织发育过程中的作用,本研究扩增了鸭MyoG基因CDS序列,并采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测了MyoG在鸭E10、E14、E18、E22、E27 d及出生后1周雏鸭(P7 d)心肌组织中共6个阶段的表达变化。基因扩增得到鸭MyoG基因CDS序列共684bp,编码227个氨基酸,预测其含有碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(bHLH)结构域。结果表明:MyoG在鸭E10 d中的表达量最高,显著高于E14、E18、E22和E27 d(P0.05);E14 d与E18 d,E22 d和E27 d之间的表达差异不显著(P0.05);MyoG在鸭出壳前心肌组织中的表达量整体呈现下降趋势,出生后1周,表达量又明显上升,与E22 d和E27 d差异显著(P0.05)。MyoG在鸭心肌组织的发育中起作用,其机理可能是通过MyoG的bHLH结构域直接或以MEF2基因家族介导间接实现对心脏发育的调控。     

新型鸭呼肠孤病毒σB蛋白基因密码子的优化及原核表达

试验旨在优化新型鸭呼肠孤病毒（new-type duck reovirus,NDRV）XX株σB蛋白的原核表达系统,并评价sσB蛋白的免疫原性。根据已测得的NDRV-XX的σB蛋白基因序列,在不改变氨基酸序列的前提下,按照大肠杆菌密码子偏好性对σB蛋白全基因进行优化、合成并连接至pET-32a（+）质粒中,构建原核表达重组质粒pET-32a（+）-sσB,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株,经IPTG诱导表达并优化表达条件。SDS-PAGE结果显示,最佳诱导表达时间、温度及IPTG浓度分别为3 h、32℃和0.25 mmol/L;可溶性分析结果表明,重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在于菌体中。表达菌经超声破碎、变性、复性和Ni²⁺柱亲和层析后,得到纯度高于90%的sσB可溶性蛋白,sσB重组蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株上的表达量较σB蛋白提升了14.6%,前者占细菌总蛋白量的32.3%。Western blotting结果显示,sσB重组蛋白具备NDRV抗原免疫反应原性。本试验成功构建并优化了NDRV-XX株σB蛋白的原核表达系统,提高了σB蛋白的表达量,并获得具有良好NDRV抗原免疫反应原性的σB重组蛋白,为后续NDRV σB蛋白功能及其应用的深入研究、基因工程疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

北京鸭Mx基因克隆及其在鸭呼肠孤病毒感染的鸭胚成纤维细胞中的表达分析

本试验旨在研究北京鸭Mx基因的结构及功能。利用干扰素诱导剂Poly(I:C)诱导鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF),提取细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法扩增北京鸭Mx基因全长编码区序列,并观察其在感染了鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)的DEF中的动态表达情况。北京鸭Mx基因序列分析结果显示,该基因编码区全长2166 bp,编码721个氨基酸残基。通过与GenBank中已登录的脊椎动物Mx基因进行核苷酸系统进化树分析,结果显示北京鸭Mx基因与野鸭Mx基因关系最近。北京鸭Mx序列与其他动物基因序列的比对结果显示,核苷酸同源性为47.8%~99.8%,氨基酸同源性为47.9%~99.4%。DRV孵育DEF后,Mx呈波动性表达。结果表明,本试验成功克隆了北京鸭Mx基因,预测分析证实其编码的蛋白具有脊椎动物Mx蛋白共有的结构特征,北京鸭Mx蛋白全基因的获得为下一步研究禽类Mx蛋白的抗病毒活性、作用机制及干扰素的监测奠定了基础。