落叶松种间交配结实力变异和自交衰退的研究

落叶松种间杂交的结实率普遍较高，但不同种之间有一定差异，其中日本落叶松与兴安落叶松交配结实率最低。种内自由授粉和自交的对比试验显示，示粒种子产生的主要原因是自交。本文讨论了自交不孕无性系的可能利用途径。在不同交配组合下研究了华北落叶松捕捉花粉的过程，确定在传粉期花粉和雌性生殖器官存在一定的相互作用，但无特异性。传粉后约4周，珠心顶端破裂，分泌物进入珠孔道，并与珠被分泌物共同作用于花粉，使花粉向珠心移动。组织化学分析表明，从传粉到受精期间，蛋白质的分布发生区域性变化，传粉期蛋白质几乎分布于整个胚珠，而在受精期则主要集中在颈卵器之上的珠心组织中。初步确定在花粉萌发和受精期，华北落叶松中存在花粉识别与选择系统。     

华北落叶松传粉生物学的研究

本文研究了华北落叶松雌雄球花在树冠上的分布和树冠周围花粉密度变化规律、传粉机制、胚珠接收花粉量及结实状况等。雌球花主要分布在树冠中上部2－4龄枝上，雄球花分布范围较广，且常与雌球花混生；树冠周围花粉密度与雄球花的分布密切相关，中部最大，依次向上下两端减少。依据雌球花形态特征的变化，可将传粉期为5个阶段，整个期间无传粉滴出现，由球被顶端大裂片的珠被毛接收花粉。最佳传粉期约为2天。胚珠平均接收4粒花粉，虽然胚珠接收的花粉数与饱满种子的产量有一定的关系，但并不是造成空粒的主要原因。此外，讨论了不同授粉方式对种子产量的重要意义。     

辐射松、马尾松、长叶松与晚松人工林的生长规律比较研究

对九峰试验林场的辐射松、马尾松、长叶松及晚松人工林生长规律的研究结果表明 :长叶松生长最慢 ,而不宜大面积发展 ;辐射松、马尾松与晚松均表现较好 ,且辐射松与晚松材积生长速率高于马尾松 ,至 2 2a后 ,辐射松材积的生长速率将超过晚松 ;辐射松 4a时胸径连年生长量最大 ( 1 85cm) ,树高速生期为 1 2～ 1 6a,材积速生期为 1 4～ 1 7a,数量成熟龄在 40a之后 ;马尾松 4a时胸径连年生长量达最大 ( 1 30cm) ,1 3a树高连年生长量达最大 ( 3 5 0m) ,材积连年生长量 2 8a最高 ( 0 0 1 60 1m3) ,数量成熟龄为 35～ 40a ;晚松胸径连年生长量在第 3年达最大 ( 1 85cm) ,平均生长量 9a时达最大 ( 1 0 8cm) ,树高速生期为 3～ 8a ,材积速生期为4～ 1 5a ,数量成熟龄为 2 5a。     

中国鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸种间杂交的胚胎学研究*

应用控制授粉、常规石蜡切片技术研究了中国鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸种间杂交后的胚胎发育过程。结果表明：（１）控制授粉后花粉正常萌发，并有较多的花粉管进入柱头，但花粉管在花柱内生长缓慢甚至解体；（２）花粉萌发６ｄ后花粉管经花柱沟、珠孔塞和珠心冠原组织进入胚囊进行珠孔受精，２０ｄ时游离核胚乳细胞化，发育形成２～４个细胞厚的狭长组织，３５ｄ后可观察到球形胚；（３）随着胚和胚乳的发育，珠被发育形成种皮。授粉时，胚珠具２层珠被，外、内珠被均由外表皮、中层和内表皮组成；胚与胚乳发育期间，珠被各层发生了一系列的变化，最终种皮由外珠被的外表皮细胞形成的膜层和中层细胞形成的气室以及内、外珠被内表皮细胞形成的硬化层组成；（４）受精时成熟胚囊及到达珠孔的花粉管的数目较少，受精频率较低；（５）受精过程基本正常，但胚和胚乳发育不协调，导致胚在发育早期败育，很难观察到后期胚的发生。     

5个紫薇品种花粉萌发的荧光显微观察

利用荧光显微镜对5个紫薇品种‘红蝶飞舞’、‘红蝶飞舞’×福建紫薇、‘红蝶飞舞’×南紫薇、‘红蝶飞舞’בRPN74C’及‘多花紫’花粉萌发及花粉管生长过程进行观察。结果显示,授粉后2～6 h内花粉萌发形成花粉管,花粉管生长速度由快到慢;‘多花紫’自交授粉后不同时段均没有发现花粉粒的萌发现象,花粉粒全部干瘪而死,说明紫薇不接受同源花粉,自交不亲和。     

Temporal and spatial variation of pollen yield in natural populations of Pinus roxburghii

Male components of the reproduction process in Pinus roxburghii were investigated for their variation in time and space as well as pollination,viz.flowering phenology,pollen production variability and pollen dispersal,for five successive years at two different locations (at the lower and higher elevations).The study reveals that elevation and the hour of the day are the main determinants of anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence,because both are related to temperature and humidity.The receptivity of ovulate cone strobili or female strobili occurred earlier at the lower elevation than at the higher elevation,with a longer receptivity period in the latter case.The phenology of male and female cones varied significantly between years and elevations.The determinations of pollen yield considered various sources of variability,i.e.,the number of pollen strobili per branch,strobili per tree,microsporangia per tree and pollen grains per tree.Each of these parameters revealed significant year-to-year and elevation effects.Year-to-year variation in the production of pollen cone and pollen grains with mass production after a three-year period revealed a three-year cycle of masting in pollen production in P.roxburghii.The pollen dispersal decreased quickly with distance from the pollen source.As a consequence,a distance of 600 m was proposed as a minimum to prevent contamination by pollen in the management of seed orchards.The results ultimately suggest that the ample production of pollen grains per tree along with flowering synchrony and long dispersal of pollen grains results in homogeneity in large populations.     

Success rate of supplemental mass pollination in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L.

Two experiments (Expt 1, Expt 2) with supplemental mass pollination (SMP) were carried out in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L. in order to assess the biological and operational prospects for SMP. The success of the SMP was studied by means of allozyme markers. In Expt 1 the pollen mix was applied very close to each female strobilus. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 66% and 84%. When supplemental pollination was done at peak receptivity, one single pollination was enough to obtain high success rates. In Expt 2 the pollen mix was dusted over clusters of receptive strobili on whole‐trees. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 10% and 23%. The success rates improved when the trees were pollinated on more than one occasion per day during the receptive period. The overall conclusion is that SMP is practical for P. sylvestris seed orchards.     

新西兰辐射松遗传改良研究新进展

新西兰已成为世界上在人工造林事业中取得辉煌成就的少数几个国家之一.新西兰人工造林的成功在很大程度上得益于对辐射松进行的遗传改良研究.本文根据最新资料对新西兰辐射松的遗传改良策略、育种体系、种子园经营技术、无性系林业的发展等方面进行了全面的综迷, 并提出了加快我国林木遗传改良研究进程的对策.     

黑松花粉体外萌发与花粉管生长的研究

应用荧光标记和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术研究了黑松花粉和花粉管的形态结构,结果表明:黑松成熟花粉含2个退化的原叶细胞、1个生殖细胞和1个管细胞;花粉水合12 h后才开始萌发,花粉萌发后管细胞核移动进入花粉管内,而生殖细胞仍留在花粉粒内;伸长的花粉管可分淀粉粒区和透明区;花粉管内原生质的流动呈喷泉式;花粉管壁具纤维素层;年青的花粉管壁有胼胝质沉积,而较老的花粉管壁不具胼胝质层,花粉管内亦不具胼胝质塞;花粉管易于形成分枝,培养基中蔗糖浓度与分枝的形成有关;培养基中高浓度蔗糖可抑制花粉管的伸长.裸子植物在花粉结构、花粉萌发和花粉管的形态结构方面与被子植物存在较大差异.     

银杏雄株开花生物学特性的研究

对从泰安和郯城共５０５０株银杏雄株中筛选出的２６个优良单株的开花生物学特性进行了研究。这些单株具有花期长、花粉量大及花粉生活力强等特点。相关分析和方差分析结果表明,随海拔高度的增加,花期逐渐延长,但小孢子叶球数／短枝下降。每米长枝上的短枝数最高达４５个。短枝长与小孢子叶球数／短枝呈极呈著的正相关。３年生枝段短枝开花率最高,达９６％。每个短枝上小孢子叶球数最高达６４５个,每个小孢子叶球最多含花药５８个,每个花药含有花粉粒最高达２３×１０４个,平均每个小孢子叶球含花粉粒达６５×１０４个。１４＃单株出粉率达６８３％。一株４５年生雄株可产花粉１６５ｇ。花粉生活力平均为９２％。授粉后座果率９０％,有胚率９１％。     

ELISA Quantitation and GC-MS identification of abscisic acid in stigma, ovary and pedicel of pollinated poplar flowers (Populus nigra L.)

A method of fractionation, quantitation and identification of abscisic acid (ABA) in poplar flowers is presented in the context of intra- and interspecific pollination studies in Populus nigra x P. nigra and P. nigra x P. deltoides, respectively. Poplar flowers were dissected into stigma, ovary and pedicel. Abscisic acid concentrations were measured at receptivity and 5 days after pollination in each part of the flower. Abscisic acid was fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC followed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with anti-ABA polyclonal antibody and GC-MS identification of the immunoreactive ABA fractions. Samples were fractionated and ABA was identified by the presence of a cross-reactive metabolite of ABA in the extracts. The interspecific cross (P. nigra x P. deltoides) had a high concentration of ABA in the pedicel, where abscission occurred, whereas in the intraspecific cross, ABA concentration in the pedicel was low. The results are discussed with reference to the control ABA exerts on the abscission of poplar flowers after interspecific incompatible pollinations.     

牡丹种间远缘杂交不亲和的细胞学与生理机制研究

目的 明晰牡丹种间远缘杂交不亲和的细胞学及生理机制,为牡丹远缘杂交提供理论及试验基础。 方法 以牡丹‘凤丹’为母本,保康牡丹为父本,进行远缘杂交授粉亲和性研究,探讨授粉后雌蕊保护酶活性、可溶性物质含量及内源激素含量变化与花粉萌发、花粉管生长之间的联系。 结果 保康牡丹与‘凤丹’远缘杂交亲和性差的细胞学原因是花粉萌发慢,花粉管多有胼胝质沉积、扭曲缠绕严重,生长多无序并伴有分枝现象,只部分能穿过花柱到达子房。生理机制研究结果表明：授粉后,SOD活性快速升高有利于花粉柱头识别及花粉管生长;MDA含量快速增加不利于远缘杂交授粉花粉管的伸长生长;远缘杂交雌蕊较自交雌蕊可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量高,表现为柱头识别作用及雌蕊排异作用加强;自交雌蕊IAA含量显著高于杂交,高水平IAA、GA3、IPA有助于花粉萌发及花粉管生长;远缘杂交雌蕊ABA含量显著高于自交雌蕊,高水平ABA、JA对花粉管生长显示抑制作用,诱发胼胝质沉积,花粉管扭曲缠绕生长无序。 结论 ‘凤丹’与保康牡丹远缘杂交存在受精前障碍,其与雌蕊内部酶活性变化、内源激素含量的动态变化及可溶性物质含量密切相关。     

Floral biology and breeding behavior in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Floral biology and breeding behavior were studied in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. The inflorescence in this species is a large branching panicle. Fertile florets are intermixed with smaller sterile ones. There are six stamens. The ovary is stipitate and turbinate. The style is long and the stigma is bifid and plumose. Dendrocalamus strictus is typically dichogamous and protogynous. The gynoecium matures 3-4 days before the androecium, effectively preventing self pollination. Flower bloom, which took place over a period of 2 to 3 h, was dependent on air temperature and only occurred between 0600 and 1300 h. Dendrocalamus strictus is anemophilous. Flowers in the male phase were visited by insects. These insects completely neglected the flowers at the female phase. The insects fed on the pollen and were not pollen vectors. When wind was excluded by enclosing the inflorescences in bags there was no seed set, indicating that cross pollination by wind is necessary for fertilization and that parthenocarpy and apomixis are not occurring in this species. Pollen fertility was about 98% as indicated by staining fresh pollen at the time of anther dehiscence and pollen release with Alexander's stain (Alexander 1969). When placed on a modified Brewbaker-Kwak medium containing 1% glucose, the pollen grains germinated well, and the pollen tubes grew to 15-20 times the diameter of mature pollen grains. Although profound protogyny has its disadvantages in times of sporadic flowering, it can be useful in breeding programs because it eliminates the need for emasculation.     

马占相思开花生物学特征研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,对马占相思开花物候、花部形态和传粉效率等进行了研究。结果表明：马占相思于9-11月开花,整个群体花期有6 7个小花期;单株开花同步性强,呈现“集中开花”模式;穗状花序由172.7±27.1朵花组成,每个花序平均有（10.35±7.78）%的雄花,两性花具有雌蕊１枚,含14.11±1.05粒胚珠;柱头凹陷,大小可容纳1 2粒直径为29 35 μm的16合花粉粒,P/O’为1.13/1;马占相思开花时,雌蕊先于雄蕊伸展并成熟,为雌蕊先熟;SEM结果显示：花药在开花第2、3阶段仅有开裂线,在第4阶段之后才开裂,即7：00－9：00开裂,9：00－12：00大量散粉;柱头在开花第1天上午可观察到分泌物,预示柱头可授。此研究结果将为今后加强相思种子园的管理及开展相思杂交育种奠定重要基础。     

基于松属不同树种EST序列的马尾松SSR引物开发

利用松属5个树种的EST序列,分别树种查找SSR位点,采用Primer3．0软件进行引物设计。设计的5个树种的EST-SSR引物中：所占比例最高的均为三核苷酸重复,其次是六核苷酸重复,两者之和都达到了64％以上;四核苷酸重复所占比例均为最低。从设计的引物中分别不同树种各选取20对进行引物合成和通用性检测以及马尾松群体检测,结果表明：松属5个树种的EST序列开发的马尾松SSR引物,其在马尾松中的扩增成功率为60％-80％;最高的是辐射松,最低的是海岸松,平均为72％。通用性最好的为辐射松,属内的通用性为94％;属间和科间通用性也分别达到75％和44％。不同树种序列来源的EST-SSR引物,其扩增成功率在10％-30％;最高的是北美短叶松,其次是辐射松,最低的是扭叶松和火炬松;平均为17％。     

Reproductive biology of the critically endangered tropical tree Talbotiella gentii

Talbotiella gentii is a critically endangered caesalpiniaceous legume endemic to Ghana, restricted in distribution to the margins of the forest zone where there has been extensive fire damage in recent decades. It occurs as isolated, near-monospecific populations, some of which show little seedling regeneration. We studied its reproduction to determine limitations that might inform efforts to prevent its extinction. We report on flowering phenology, pollen dispersal and germination, fruit and seed set, seed size and germination, and seedling survival, using controlled and open pollination. Talbotiella gentii flowers profusely in most years. Although the flowers are coloured and scented, no animal pollinators were observed but pollen can be dispersed by wind. In open pollination, the number of pollen grains on stigmas and their germination was sufficient to fertilise the three ovules, despite competition from heavy stigmatic infestation by fungal spores and hyphae. Fruit set and seed set were low due to high flower losses and fruit abortion during development but ripe seeds showed high germination. Controlled pollination experiments (self, supplemented self, and intra- and inter-population crosses) showed that, while the species is self-compatible, selfing was the least successful treatment in all of the above steps of reproduction, whereas cross-pollination enhanced most steps, the more so for inter-population crosses. Seed size was notably greater in inter-population crosses and was positively correlated with genetic distance of the cross. The larger seeds associated with cross-pollination showed higher germination and seedling survival in the nursery. We conclude that limitations to natural reproduction in T. gentii are principally due to processes between pollen germination and fruit and seed set, including pollen quality (low genetic diversity and inbreeding), fertilisation rates, flower and fruit abortion, and resource limitation. Low seed size in open and self pollination may have implications for seedling establishment. Species fitness might be improved by introducing other genotypes to existing populations, but in situ protection of the populations is essential in the medium term.     

Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak,Quercus macrocarpa

Pollen donors of acorns and saplings in a stand of bur oak were identified by paternity exclusion using microsatellite genotype analysis. Here we examine the influence of several factors likely to affect reproductive success of males with wind-dispersed pollen, including distance of pollen donor from maternal tree, genetic relatedness of pollen donor to maternal tree, direction of pollen donor relative to maternal tree, and size of pollen donor (crown volume and trunk diameter). Surprisingly, none of these factors were strongly correlated with fertilization success, although weak but significant correlations with crown volume and distance were found. The slight influence of distance is actually overestimated here, because our analysis necessarily excluded a large proportion of pollinations that were effected by trees outside the stand. The pollen donors outside the stand were not identified, but were more than 150 meters away. Pollination patterns in this stand of bur oak are quite complicated. Seed parents were fertilized by multiple pollen donors within the stand from all directions and as far as 200 m away. These results caution against the use of models of pollination that are based on simple distance or directional parameters because they will not adequately predict gene flow or male reproductive success. Our results further emphasize the importance of genetically identifying successful pollen donors rather than relying on patterns of physical movement of pollen.     

湿地松加勒比松杂交组合引种试验研究

通过对湿地松、加勒比松杂交组合引种试验研究表明:在生长性状树高、胸径、材积、侧枝总数方面,杂交组合普遍好于对照;在生长性状冠幅方面大部分杂交组合种好于湿地松无性系种子园混合种、加勒比松无性系种子园混合种,少部分比当地马尾松好;在生长性状方面杂交组合间和杂交组合内存在差异。主要生长性状树高、胸径、材积存在极显著相关,因此间接选择也是有效的。在抗寒性方面,加勒比松无性系自由授粉子代、加勒比松无性系种子园混合种CK2抗寒性最差,湿地松无性系种子园混合种抗寒能力较强,没有受冻,加勒比松无性系种子园混合种CK3、当地马尾松、杂交组合种较抗寒且抗寒性相近;在抗虫(松梢螟)性方面无显著差异。     

油松雌性不育无性系的发现及其原因分析

辽宁兴城油松种子园＃28无性系嫁接树,自7a生时雌性孢子叶球就能正常生长、膨大和开裂,经不同杂交组合制种,至15a生时仍不能生产正常的种子。据对大、小孢子叶球发育的观察,胚珠中途停止发育,球果成熟时,胚珠直径仅3mm,内部空瘪。本文首次报道油松雌配子体不育。     

Reduction of pollen contamination in Scots pine seed orchard crop by tent isolation

This study examined the differences in mating system between indoor versus outdoor Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed orchard using DNA markers. By analyzing the paternities in seed crops from isolation tents, we found a significant reduction in contamination rate, from 23% in the outdoor open blocks to 0% inside the tents. Increase in selfing rate and a decrease in genetic diversity in the crops were also observed inside the tents. These undesirable effects can be mitigated to some extent by the supplementation of extra pollen genotypes, e.g. selfing rate decreased from 14.4% to 6.6% and the effective number of fathers increased from 6 to 11.4 in the tents without and with supplemental mass pollination, respectively. Our study showed that tent isolation may become an effective rescuer for seed orchards where pollen contamination is severe.