山东省梨优势产区施肥现状分析

对山东中西部梨优势产区5个县(市、区)有代表性的21个梨园种植和施肥状况的调查表明,当前山东中西部梨优势产区梨树施用有机肥的比例较高,且以鸡猪牛羊杂粪为主,商品有机肥施用很少或几乎不施;所施用的化肥以尿素和复合肥(15-15-15)为主;果农比较重视基肥的施用,叶面追肥梨园的比例达100%,且多在幼果期和果实膨大期进行。     

山东省梨树施肥现状、存在问题及对策

合理施肥是梨树优产稳产的前提。在调研山东省梨树施肥情况的基础上,总结分析了施肥中存在的主要问题有有机肥施用比例不低但培肥效果不明显、化肥施用量大且配比不合理、中微量元素施用不平衡、施肥方法相对单一;针对性提出了施肥管理建议,果园生草、施用腐熟有机肥和生物有机肥、测土配方施肥、采用水肥一体化技术等。     

北方优势产区梨品种果实品质评价

对我国北方梨优势产区56个主栽品种105份样品进行了果实外观品质和内在品质的鉴定评价。结果表明:北方梨品种砧木以杜梨为主,占68.57%;果实形状以扁圆形居多,占28.57%;果形指数0.78¹.67,平均值1.04;单果重50.01.67,平均值1.04;单果重50.0⁶46.0 g,平均值252.8 g;果皮颜色以黄色和绿黄色居多,分别占50.48%、21.90%;果锈无或极少、少的占90.48%;早红考密斯、龙园洋梨、朝鲜洋梨等品种果点不明显;果心中等的最多,占64.76%;果肉颜色以白色和淡黄色为主,分别占65.71%、24.76%;每100 g果肉石细胞含量为0.010646.0 g,平均值252.8 g;果皮颜色以黄色和绿黄色居多,分别占50.48%、21.90%;果锈无或极少、少的占90.48%;早红考密斯、龙园洋梨、朝鲜洋梨等品种果点不明显;果心中等的最多,占64.76%;果肉颜色以白色和淡黄色为主,分别占65.71%、24.76%;每100 g果肉石细胞含量为0.010².645 g,平均值0.337 g,早酥、七月酥、黄金、巴梨石细胞含量极低;可溶性固形物含量8.90%2.645 g,平均值0.337 g,早酥、七月酥、黄金、巴梨石细胞含量极低;可溶性固形物含量8.90%¹6.64%,平均值12.45%,最高的是黑龙江的龙园香梨;可溶性糖含量6.95%16.64%,平均值12.45%,最高的是黑龙江的龙园香梨;可溶性糖含量6.95%¹2.00%,平均值9.24%;可滴定酸含量0.08%12.00%,平均值9.24%;可滴定酸含量0.08%¹.27%,平均值0.28%;糖酸比8.871.27%,平均值0.28%;糖酸比8.87¹10.75,平均值47.19,最高的为石家庄肖家营的中梨1号。综合评价表明,黄冠、早酥、黄金、圆黄、红香酥、玉露香、早红考密斯、巴梨、龙园洋红、南果、新梨7号、朝鲜洋梨等品种综合性状优良。     

山东省苹果优势产区的发展研究

根据山东省各苹果产区的气候特点、地貌特征、土壤类型、经济基础、栽培历史、品种资源、果品质量、管理技术、营销市场等,依据相关的区划资料,经过综合研究,划分出山东省生产苹果4个栽培优势区,即半岛丘陵晚熟苹果优势区、沭东丘陵早中晚熟苹果优势区、鲁中南山地丘陵中晚熟苹果优势区和鲁南丘陵早中熟苹果优势区.分析了山东省苹果生产各优势产区的自然生态条件和优势,提出了山东省苹果生产发展的建议.     

山东省梨产业现状、存在问题及发展建议

分析了山东省梨产业的现状,指出目前山东省梨产业存在栽培技术落后、生产成本上升、果实品质低、产业化体系薄弱、出口能力不足等问题,提出了提升梨产业竞争力的发展建议。     

武汉地区梨瘿蚊生物学特性及其种群动态变化研究

以梨瘿蚊为研究对象,采用显微观察及田间统计方法,调查了梨瘿蚊的危害症状,梨瘿蚊卵、幼虫、成虫的形态特征及其产卵习性等生物学特性,系统研究了梨瘿蚊成虫种群和幼虫种群动态变化及梨园天敌昆虫的动态变化。结果表明:梨瘿蚊在湖北省梨产区1年发生3代,越冬代成虫羽化出土时间周期较长,从2月下旬出土,一直持续到3月下旬羽化达到高峰,梨瘿蚊幼虫种群在1年中出现3次危害高峰,危害高峰在梨瘿蚊成虫羽化后20~30d后出现;当环境温度高于30℃时,梨瘿蚊幼虫结茧化蛹,不再羽化;梨园中梨瘿蚊的天敌昆虫的种类主要包括草蛉、异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛和蚂蚁等。     

会泽宝珠梨施肥技术

1 看树、看地、看天施肥 1）看树。新梢生长的多少和粗细长短，是树势强弱的重要标志，如新梢生长健壮，发枝多，节与节粗细相称，皮色艳而有光泽，曲枝后富有弹力，能迅速恢复，是健壮树的表现，应减少氮肥的施用，补充磷、硼、钾肥，有利于提高坐果率和果品质量；如新梢生长细弱发枝少，叶色稍黄而小，施肥应注意在施用磷钾肥的基础上增施氮肥，促进树体健壮生长。     

日光温室土壤养分动态变化与平衡施肥技术研究

研究是在多数日光温室采土化验的基础上进行的.温室土壤养分的动态变化较大,这种动态变化受施肥和种植作物的影响.农户习惯在每个生长周期施有机肥(干鸡粪)3.0 t/hm2;化肥以尿素、二铵为主,钾肥施用量偏低.不同种类蔬菜的单位产量养分吸收量不同,而且在所吸收的氮、磷、钾三要素中以钾最多,平均5.49 mg/kg,磷素吸收量最少,平均1.78mg/kg,氮素吸收量平均4.25 mg/kg.一个生长周期中,土壤碱解氮的动态变化受施肥的影响较小,看不出有什么规律,而土壤速效磷和速效钾受施肥的影响较明显.农民每季P2O5施用350 kg/hm2,土壤速效磷土测值增加8～13.5 mg/kg;而K2O施用150 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾土测值下降6～12.4 mg/kg.平衡施肥使P2O5施用量减少50～175 kg/hm2,N 减少100 kg/hm2,增加K2O施用量100～150 kg/hm2,蔬菜增产5 500～11 200 kg/hm2,效益十分可观.     

山东省蔬菜优势产区布局与产业发展目标

近20年来，山东省蔬菜产业发展迅速，生产规模逐步扩大并趋稳定，产品质量显著提高，产品的市场竞争力不断增强，在丰富国内蔬菜市场供应和增加出口创汇方面作出了较大贡献；在农业增效、农民增收，农村剩余劳动力就业和促进社会主义新农村建设等方面发挥了举足轻重的作用。     

汉中发展早熟梨优势分析

1 优越的生态环境 陕西汉中位于我国亚热带北缘,东经105°30′5″～108°6′45″,北纬32°08′54″～33°53′16″,北部有高大的秦岭做天然屏障,是我国亚热带和暖温带气候的天然分界线。汉中气候、土壤、生物均具南北过渡带特点,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑,远离城镇,无工业污染,有着优越的生态环境。     

梨新品种早绿在山东泰安的表现

从浙江引进早绿梨，在山东泰安进行试栽观察。该品种果实椭圆形或卵圆形，平均单果重238g，含河溶性固形物11.0%-12.2%，品质优。在泰安7月下旬成熟。     

山东省苹果园梨园土壤肥力状况及改良技术措施

综述目前山东省苹果园和梨园的土壤肥力状况.内容包括土壤pH值和土壤有机质含量,大、中、微量元素含量,土壤微生物和酶活性及土壤污染状况.提出建立土壤肥力监测信息网、合理耕作、增施有机肥、优化用肥结构,科学施肥、推广秸秆还田、发展绿肥作物、人工放养蚯蚓及控制和清除土壤污染源,使用生物农药、科学使用化学农药、推广生物防治,推广深翻换土和施用抑制剂等土壤改良措施.     

山东省茶园水肥一体化现状及建议

茶树属于需水需肥较多的作物,适宜的水肥配比可以节约水源、增产增质。介绍了山东省当前茶园水肥一体化发展现状,对困扰当前茶园全面推广水肥一体化的主要问题进行了分析,并对未来水肥一体化的研究进行了展望。     

鲁西地区老梨园更新改造注意事项

<正>鲁西地区作为传统的果树种植适生区,地势较为平坦,属温带季风气候区,年平均降水量576 mm,日照时数2 454 h,无霜期较长,光照条件较好,昼夜温差大。土壤以沙壤土为主,有机质含量较高。其中聊城冠县地区梨树种植历史悠久,"中华第一梨园"风景区正位于县内。截至2019年,冠县梨树种植面积超过5 000 hm²,总产量13万t,产量位居全县水果的第一位。栽培品种以‘丰水’梨为主,但是随着树龄增长,加之管理不善,     

适宜山东阳信栽培的梨早熟和中熟品种

对近年引进的18个梨早、中熟新品种的外观和内在品质、耐贮性及市场前景等进行综合评定认为,早熟品种伏宝(暂定名)、玛瑙、绿宝石梨,中熟品种晚秀、圆黄、黄冠梨等6个品种适宜阳信栽培。简要介绍了该6个品种在阳信的主要性状表现。     

有机化梨园不同栽培措施节肢动物多样性比较

运用生物多样性指标对北京顺义地区有机化梨园3个不同栽培区节肢动物群落多样性及其动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,在同一园区内,不同栽培区节肢动物群落的丰富度和均匀度在整个生长季中的动态变化较一致,而优势度出现了明显的时序差别。群落个体数稀植区在大部分时间内均高于其它2区。3个区的主要优势害虫及其天敌在发生时间和数量上有一定差异,早春密植区木虱发生数量较大,稀植区中砂潜、金龟子类害虫以及步甲、蜘蛛类天敌数量相对丰富,入秋后稀植区木虱发生量最大,密植区最小。据此,对主要害虫综合防治体系建立提出了讨论意见。     

复合肥与纳米几丁质混合喷施对圆黄梨品质的影响

以0.2%的氮磷钾复合肥与0.003%的纳米几丁质水悬浮液按不同体积比例混配,于圆黄梨幼果期喷施2次,中间间隔10天,研究其对梨果品质的影响。结果表明,二者以0.75∶1混配喷施,比喷施其他混配比例、单喷复合肥、单喷纳米几丁质的果实综合品质指标均佳。比单喷0.2%复合肥的单果重提高12%;果实中蔗糖含量提高42.2%;蔗糖合成酶活性提高1.1倍;蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性提高1.08倍,均差异显著。说明纳米几丁质与肥料配施具有协同增效的作用,起到改善果实品质的效果,且比常规施肥节肥。     

不同产区玉露香梨果实品质特性综合分析北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to determine the suitability of geological locations and climatic conditions for production of Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder‘Yuluxiang’) with excellent fruit quality, we measured the fruit quality components such as fruit color, contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), total soluble sugar content (TSSC) and titratable acid content (TAC) of Yuluxiang fruit from five locations with different geographical and climatic conditions in northern China.【Methods】The five locations for Yuluxiang pear production included Xi County, Fenxi County and Ruicheng County in Shanxi Province, Haidian District in Beijing and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang were selected as experimental sites. A representative orchard in each of these sites was then selected for the experiment from 2020 to 2022. Climatic and geographical conditions including average altitude, average annual temperature, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period were investigated in each of these orchards. The experimental Yuluxiang pear trees in each of these orchards were 8 to 10 years old and the tree canopy was in the free-spindle shape. All the orchards were with loam soil and manual fertilizer applied annually in the fall, and managed under the common production practice. There were 3 trees in the experimental unit in each orchard. Four representative fruit at harvest maturity were collected at a height of 1.0-2.5 m in the outer canopy from each of the trees to measure the fruit quality components. The experiment was replicated 3 times in each orchard. Fruit color was measured using the photoshop CS6 to read the Lab color degree (L*, a*, b*) on the fruit photograph and the h°= arccot (a*/b*)×180/π was used for the hue. Anthocyanin in the fruit peel was extracted using the HCl method and chlorophylls were extracted in 80% acetone. Ratio of the anthocyanin content to chlorophyll content was then determined. Fruit firmness in the flesh was determined using a FT327 pressure tester and the soluble solid content was measured with a PAL-1 reflectormeter. Total soluble sugar content and titratable acid content were determined using the anthrone colorimetry and the acid-base titration methods, respectively. Ratio of the sugar to acid was then calculated. Statistical software DPS7.05 was used for ANOVA, regression, cluster, and principal component analyses of the resulting data.【Results】Compared to those from Ruicheng County and Haidian District orchards, pear fruits from Xi County, Fenxi County and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards looked more shiny with greater redness and yellowness in the surface, and in addition, the fruit anthocyanin contents were over 2-fold higher and the chlorophyll contents were 12%-21% lower. The fruit firmness from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment was the highest among those from all the five experimental orchards. The soluble solid content of fruit from the five experimental orchards were in the following order: the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (14.4%)＞Fenxi County (12.2%)＞Xi County (12.1%)＞Ruicheng County (10.9%)＞Haidian District (10.6%). Total soluble sugar content of fruit from the 5 experimental orchards was in the order of the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (12.2 g · 100 g-1)＞Xi County (10.4 g·100 g-1)＞Fenxi County (10.3 g·100 g-1)＞Ruicheng County (9.1 g·100 g-1)＞Haidian District (8.6 g·100 g-1). Fruit titratable acid content from the Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were 7%-10% greater than those from the rest of the orchards. The fruit redness was positively correlated with the altitude of the orchard-site, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, and average annual temperature. Fruit SSC or TSSC were positively correlated with the average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit- color development and average annual sunshine duration. Cluster analysis revealed that fruits from Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were in the same cluster with greater level of SSC, TSSC and TAC, and reduced firmness. Fruits from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards were also in the same cluster but with less TAC. Fruits from orchards in Ruicheng County and Haidian District were in the same cluster with lower level of SSC and TSSC.【Conclusion】When the average altitude of the production orchard was in the range of 900-1100 m, and the average diurnal temperature difference was from 13 to 15 ℃, the excellent fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear was fully reached, whereas in the orchards with an average altitude below 400 m above sea-level, it was not suitable for production of this pear cultivar. Therefore, geographical and climatic conditions determined the suitability of the production of high-quality Yuluxiang pear. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

‘苏翠1号’梨在鲁南地区的试栽表现

山东,作为梨生产大省,多年产量在全国位居第2,烟台、临沂、聊城、滨州和菏泽五市是山东省梨的主产区[1]。当地主栽品种是‘丰水’‘黄金’等中晚熟日韩梨,由于成熟期集中、劳动成本增加、市场变化等因素,这些传统品种市场认可度降低,竞争力下降,经济效益下滑。因此,引进成熟期早,免套袋,便于集约化、省力化栽培的优良品种势在必行。2015年,本中心从江苏省农业科学院果树研究所引进‘苏翠1号’梨[2](江苏省农业科学院果树研究所以‘华酥’为母本、‘翠冠’为父本杂交选育而成,2011年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名)。经过5年的免套袋、省力化栽培试验,该品种表现成熟早,果面平滑、蜡质多,果皮黄绿色,果锈极少,口感酥脆、甜、无渣,早产,丰产,稳产,抗性强。现总结如下。