红松人工林优树个体结实量与生长因子关系的研究

为探讨红松生长指标对结实量的影响,调查了草河口地区30～80年生5个林龄红松人工林优树个体结实量和胸径等生长指标,利用灰色关联度方法分析结实和生长因子之间的关系。结果表明,与个体结实量关联度较大的3个生长因子是树高、胸径和侧枝长。因此,除了个体结实量外,树高、胸径和侧枝长可作为红松结实型优树选择的重要依据。     

STUDY ON THE TREE GROWTH, ARCHITECTURE AND STAND STRUCTURE OF KOREAN PINE PLANTATION

lNTRODUCTIONTherhythInofKorcanpinegrowingandtrpearchitectUreissubjectedtoitsownl1crcd-ityandforeststructUre.Tl1cil11portantefTcctsofgapdynamicsarethereasonsthatmaketl1cKoreanpinetrceformhighqualityoftimbcr.Whilecurrentn1anagemcntofKoreanpincforestmainlyfocusesonpurestand,thccco-logicalrelationshipsbetWcenKoreanpineandothcrsPecicsinaconununityareneglected,thcprimitivebiologicalconditionislost.TheKo-reanpinetrecsinplantationcasilydivergeonthctOpofmainsten1,thesescverelyaITectthcgrOedqu…     

红松高生长模型的研究(英文)

高生长模型是定量研究树木生长过程的有效途径,本文应用双曲线方程、Logistic方程、三个参数的Richards方程及四个参数的Richards方程对红松的高生长进行了研究。结果表明四个参数的Richards方程在模拟红松高生长时最为合适,且当其参数取不同的数值时,该方程可转化为其它理论方程。在使用四个参数的Richards方程时,可根据立地条件事先给定树高最大值,这样可使模型更符合实际情况。此外,文中还对一种以固定年龄时实际树高为参数值的模型进行了讨论,该模型对于计算给定树木的高生长将更为有效。     

孟家岗红松母树林疏伐密度效应分析

对黑龙江省孟家岗林场40年生红松母树林300、450、600、700和1 300株/hm2(对照)疏伐处理后14个性状的进行统计分析,结果表明,疏伐处理对14个性状均产生极显著影响.除枝下高外,其余性状均值均有较大程度的提高,其中单株结实质量、树冠体积和公顷结实质量分别提高了47.79％、33.6％和28.65％.此外,不同性状之间存在极为复杂的相关性.聚类分析和主分量分析将上述性状分成3大类,分别代表了树冠、种子品质和结实性状.这3类性状在各主成分上得分值的加权和比较分析表明,孟家岗林场42年生红松母树林疏伐抚育最佳密度是450株/hm2.     

红松人工林不同间伐强度对降雨再分配的影响

为研究间伐对红松人工林水源涵养功能的影响程度,该文以本溪县草河口地区70 年生不同间伐强度(对照区、中度区、极强区)的红松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度对红松人工林树干径流、穿透雨及林冠截留的影响,结果表明:红松人工林的穿透雨、树干径流以及林冠截留都会随降雨强度增加而增加,穿透雨量随间伐强度增加而增加,不同间伐强度的穿透雨率差异显著(p<0.05),树干径流率差异不显著。林冠截留量随间伐强度增加而减小,且不同间伐强度的林冠截留率差异显著(p<0.05)。     

Impacts of thinning on structure,growth and risk of crown fire in a Pinus sylvestris L. plantation in northern Spain

We studied the combined effects of thinning on stand structure, growth, and fire risk for a Scots pine thinning trial in northern Spain 4 years following treatment. The thinning treatments were: no thinning, heavy thinning (32–46% of basal area removed) and very heavy thinning (51–57% of basal area removed). Thinning was achieved via a combination of systematic and selective methods by removing every seventh row of trees and then by cutting suppressed and subdominant trees in the remaining rows (i.e., thinning from below). Four years after thinning, mean values and probability density distributions of stand structural indices showed that the heavier the thinning, the stronger the tendency towards random tree spatial positions. Height and diameter differentiation were initially low for these plantations and decreased after the 4-year period in both control and thinned plots. Mark variograms indicated low spatial autocorrelation in tree diameters at short distances. Diameter increment was significantly correlated with the inter-tree competition indices, and also with the mean directional stand structural index. Two mixed models were proposed for estimating diameter increment using a spatial index based on basal area of larger trees (BALMOD) in one model versus spatial competition index by Bella in the other model. As well, a model to estimate canopy bulk density (CBD) was developed, as this variable is important for fire risk assessment. Both heavy and very heavy thinning resulted in a decrease of crown fire risk over no thinning, because of the reduction in CBD. However, thinning had no effect on the height to crown base and thus on the flame length for torching. Overall, although thinning did not increase size differentiation between trees in the short term, the increase in diameter increment following thinning and the reduction of crown fire risks support the use of thinning. Also, thinning is a necessary first step towards converting Scots pine plantations to more natural mixed broadleaved woodlands. In particular, the very heavy thinning treatment could be considered a first step towards conversion of overstocked stands.     

Modelling the impacts of various thinning intensities on tree growth and survival in a mixed species eucalypt forest in central Gippsland,Victoria, Australia

The response of tree survival and diameter growth to thinning treatments was examined over 29 years, in various thinning treatments established in a 21-year-old even-aged mixed species regenerating forest in Victoria, Australia. The treatments were control, crown release, strip thinning and three different intensities of thinning from below (light, moderate, and heavy). Each treatment was replicated three times in a complete randomised design. Logistic and multilevel regression analyses showed that tree survival, growth and thinning response (change of tree growth due to a thinning treatment) were functions of tree species, size, age, removed and remaining competition, as well as time since the treatment. Mean annual tree diameter growth in unthinned stands was highest for Eucalyptus sieberi L. Johnson (1.9 mm) followed by Eucalyptus baxteri (Benth.) Maiden & Blakely ex J. Black (1.6 mm), and lowest for both Eucalyptus consideniana (Maiden) and Eucalyptus radiata (Sieber ex DC) combined (0.7 mm). Diameter growth increased with tree size for both E. sieberi and E. baxteri, but not for E. consideniana and E. radiata. Smaller trees were more likely to die due to shading and suppression than their larger counterparts. A mortality model suggested, however, that both shading and suppression had very little effect on trees in both E. consideniana and E. radiata species, which were less likely to die compared to trees in the other species. This result indicates that both E. consideniana and E. radiata species may be relatively shade tolerant compared with the other species. Total thinning response was a sum of positive (increased growing space) and negative (thinning stress) effects. Following thinning, smaller trees showed signs of thinning stress for the first one or two years, after which the highest percentage thinning response was observed. While larger trees were initially less responsive to thinning, the rate of decrease in the response for subsequent years was greater in smaller trees than larger ones. The average amount of thinning response showed similar trends to diameter growth increasing from E. sieberi (1.7 mm) through E. baxteri (0.6 mm) to both E. consideniana and E. radiata (0.5 mm). This translates into low average percentage thinning response in E. baxteri (34%), twice as much in both E. consideniana and E. radiata (69%) and highest overall percentage response in E. sieberi (87%). Thinning response and the duration of this response appeared to increase with thinning intensity and was still evident 29 years after thinning. Heavy thinning did, however, reduce the number of trees to a severely under-stocked condition, which prohibited optimum site occupancy, requiring 29 years of post-thinning development for the heavily thinned stands to regain their pre-thinning stand basal area.     

间伐强度对红松人工林下草本植物多样性及其组成的影响

通过测定和比较红松人工林下光照条件的差异,植被组成及多样性的变化,研究5种不同间伐强度对红松林群落组成的影响。结果表明:随间伐强度增大,林内散射光强度增大,单子叶植物科的数量增多,双子叶植物减少。间伐强度不同,红松林内草本建群种不同。间伐可改变群落的植物多样性、均匀度和丰富度,其中以弱度区最明显。运用关联度分析得出:不同间伐强度红松林下的无截取散射光量对植物多样性各指标影响的大小顺序为丰富度指数>均匀度指数>多样性指数>优势度指数。综合分析认为,合理间伐红松林,使其密度维持在1 000~1 600株.hm-2最有利于维护红松林的稳定。     

不同抚育强度对冠下红松生长影响的调查与分析

对上层林木采取大强度、中强度、小强度抚育,林分郁闭度分别保持在0.60、0.65、0.70左右时的林分生长量进行调查分析,结果表明:大强度抚育林分冠下红松的树高、胸径、蓄积生长量分别是小强度抚育林分的2.26倍、3.24倍和6.50倍;从整个林分蓄积生长量看,采取大强度抚育林分的生长量最高,是小强度抚育林分的1.30倍...     

红松球果主要害虫的防治

危害红松球果和种子的害虫很多，其中红松球果种蝇Hylemya sp．和红松球果种小蜂Euytoma sp.是主要害虫，它们危害红松球果、种子，造成种子产量降低，有时造成绝产。为了控制危害，对张广财岭东坡的红松人工林球果害虫的密度及为害率进行了调查，并进行了防治试验。其中粘虫胶法和烟雾机防治具有效果好、成本低等优点。     

Effects of thinning level and site productivity on age-related changes in stand volume growth can be explained by a single rescaled growth curve

In this study, I developed a nonlinear mixed-effects model based on the Richards curve that describes the effects of thinning and site productivity on stand volume growth. I fitted the model to data from 29 long-term experimental monitoring plots in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations in northeastern Japan. Simulations using the model on high-productivity sites and at moderate thinning intensities indicated that net yields after ca. 80 years were lower in unthinned stands than in thinned stands; in other cases, such as at younger ages and at sites with low and average productivities, net yields were similar for each thinning intensity (including no thinning). These results could be attributed to the fact that the net current annual increment in stand volume (CAI_net) in the thinned stands exceeded that of the unthinned stands after a certain age (the “inversion” age) and to the negative correlation between site productivity and the inversion age. In addition, I found that a single rescaled growth curve was capable of describing the growth in stand volume at sites with different thinning histories and site productivities. This rescaled curve simply and clearly explained the effects of thinning and site productivity on stand volume growth. The existence of a single curve suggests that the positive effect of thinning on stand volume growth does not depend on site productivity, but it will require patient measurements over longer periods to reveal a positive effect at sites with low productivity.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.     

Long-term impacts of harvest residue management on nutrition, growth and productivity of an exotic pine plantation of sub-tropical Australia

Residue retention is an important issue in evaluating the sustainability of production forestry. However, its long-term impacts have not been studied extensively, especially in sub-tropical environments. This study investigated the long-term impact of harvest residue retention on tree nutrition, growth and productivity of a F1 hybrid (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) exotic pine plantation in sub-tropical Australia, under three harvest residue management regimes: (1) residue removal, RR₀; (2) single residue retention, RR₁; and (3) double residue retention, RR₂. The experiment, established in 1996, is a randomised complete block design with 4 replicates. Tree growth measurements in this study were carried out at ages 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years, while foliar nutrient analyses were carried out at ages 2, 4, 6 and 10 years. Litter production and litter nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) measurements were carried out quarterly over a 15-month period between ages 9 and 10 years. Results showed that total tree growth was still greater in residue-retained treatments compared to the RR₀ treatment. However, mean annual increments of diameter at breast height (MAID) and basal area (MAIB) declined significantly after age 4 years to about 68–78% at age 10 years. Declining foliar N and P concentrations accounted for 62% (p < 0.05) of the variation of growth rates after age 4 years, and foliar N and P concentrations were either marginal or below critical concentrations. In addition, litter production, and litter N and P contents were not significantly different among the treatments. This study suggests that the impact of residue retention on tree nutrition and growth rates might be limited over a longer period, and that the integration of alternative forest management practices is necessary to sustain the benefits of harvest residues until the end of the rotation.     

Mapping the effect of spatial and temporal variation in climate and soils on Eucalyptus plantation production with 3-PG,a process-based growth model

In the wet tropics, near the Atlantic Coast of Brazil, drought may reduce plantation yields by as much one-third over a six-to-seven-year rotation. For land owners, annual variation in production cannot be estimated with empirical models. In this paper, we examine whether the process-based growth model, 3-PG is sufficiently sensitive to climatic variation to provide a virtual record of changes in growing stock across 180,000 ha eucalypt plantation estate. We first mapped variation in climate and soil properties, and then ran simulations for the current planted forest with ages varying from one to seven years. Model predictions of stand volume and mean tree diameter agreed closely with measurements acquired on 60 reference plots monitored over the test period; the prediction of mean annual increment (MAI) was less reliable. Available soil water (ASW) and leaf area index (LAI) were also measured and compared with the model estimations. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and ASW accounted for most of the variation in yields. We conclude that this spatial modelling approach offers a reasonable alternative to extensive ground surveys, particularly when climatic variation extends beyond the historical average for a region.     

Effects on stem growth of Scots pine 33 years after thinning and/or fertilization in northern Sweden

Thinning and fertilization are two common and important stand treatments in forest management. In terms of area treated, thinning is the single most common form of stand treatment. The extent of forest fertilization on the other hand, has varied widely in recent decades and is currently not very common. Thinning is done primarily to promote stand properties while fertilization is done to increase growth before future final felling. After thinning stands of Scots pine, overall growth decreases, while growth of residual trees increases. An experiment was established outside Vindeln in northern Sweden where the long-term growth effects after thinning and/or fertilization were evaluated after 33 years. Experimental set-up was a randomized block design including 12 replications of four treatments. Treatments were control, fertilization, thinning, and thinning and fertilization combined. Thinning decreased overall and annual volume growth ha^?1, and increased green crown size and diameter growth at breast height (1.3 m, DBH) for the individual trees. No positive growth responses to fertilization could be seen after 33 years. In summary, this study showed that thinning can have long term effects on the growth of a Scots pine stand in northern Sweden. Possible reasons for the lack of positive response following fertilization are discussed.     

红松不同分布亚区优树群体结实与生长性状分析

对露水河红松无性系种子园中不同分布亚区优树群体的结实和生长性状进行调查与分析,结果表明：在相同立地条件下,结实株率、种子平均产量以南亚区优树群体最高,其次为北亚区,中亚区最低;单株平均结实数、球果平均长度与宽度、单果平均重量、千粒重以南亚区优树最高,其次为中亚区,北亚区最低,与纬度呈现反比状态,而与温度和湿度呈正比。南亚区优树群体的平均树高生长量最大,为10.2 m,分别高出北亚区、中亚区及对照的29.11%、59.38%、92.82%。胸径平均生长量各分布亚区的优树群体之间差异不显著,但均分别高出对照24.87%、21.64%、18.41%。     

摘心强度对密植骏枣生长和产量的影响

为了探明红枣树的最佳摘心强度,以密植骏枣为试验材料,采取7种不同强度的枣头摘心处理,测定了各处理的枣头、枣吊生长量、花序量、果实数量与果实性状指标,分析了新生枣头不同强度的摘心处理对枣树枝条生长、花量及产量的影响情况。结果表明:摘心处理的枣头枝生长量均极显著短于CK,7种枣头摘心处理的枣头枝生长量由小到大依次为T1T2T3T4T5T6CK。摘心促进了木质化枣吊、枣股枣吊和枣头枝枣吊的增长,增加了各类枣吊的花序数与花朵数;T1处理的木质化枣吊生长量、花序数、花朵数极显著高于其他摘心处理,摘心强度越大则其效果越明显。枣头摘心增加了坐果数,T1处理的木质化枣吊上的坐果数极显著高于其他处理;新生枣头枣吊的坐果数随摘心程度的增强而增加。T4处理的单株坐果数与产量均最高,均极显著高于CK;而T1处理的单株坐果数与产量均最低;各处理的单株产量从大到小依次为T4T3T5T2CKT6T1。不同强度枣头摘心处理的单株产量的构成不同,T1处理的木质化枣吊坐果数占全树坐果总数的81.42%,T2处理的占17.19%,其他处理的均占3.65%;T3、T4、T5、T6、CK的枣头枝枣吊坐果数占全树坐果总数的比例平均为93.78%。同一摘心处理的枣拐生长量、枣吊生长量、枣吊花序量、单果质量从下往上有逐渐增加的趋势。     

Differentiation of seed germination and early seedling growth in ten provenances ofEucalyptus microtheca

An investigation of seed germination and early seedling growth ofEucalyptus microtheca was based on seed collection from 10 widely separated provenances in Australia. Genetic variation of seed germination and early seedling growth was observed among a series of provenances whose natural habitats range from different climatic condition. In the ten provenances, both the model of seed relative germination percentage and the model of seed total germination percentage fitted Logistic regression [y=a/(1+exp(-ex+b))]. In comparison with provenances from four high temperature (mean annual maximum temperature >30.0 °C; mean annual minimum temperature >17.0 °C) areas, six low temperature (mean annual maximum temperature <30.0 °C; mean annual minimum temperature <17.0 °C) areas showed the fast germination rate and the high total germination percentage. For each provenance we have 45 seedlings equally divided into three watering levels (100%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity), and studies on relationship between early seedling growth and climatic factors of the natural habitat of provenance. In control treatment, height growth of the seedling has been associated with intrinsically the driest quarter precipitation in the seed collection areas of provenance. In all the treatments, length growth of the biggest leaf of the seedling was related to mean annual maximum temperature and mean annual minimum temperature in origin of provenance. In contrast, basal diameter growth of the seedling was related to mean annual minimum temperature of the seed collection areas in water stress treatment. From an ecological viewpoint, the fast germination rate and the high total germination percentage of the seed and rapid early growth of the seedling appear to be favourable adaptations to the climatic conditions prevailing in the natural habitat of provenance. Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

[目的]以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础.[方法]在株数强度为31.55％的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分...     

Airborne laser scanning in forest management: Individual tree identification and laser pulse penetration in a stand with different levels of thinning

This study examined the ability of an airborne laser scanner to identify individual trees in the canopy of a Chamaecyparis obtusa stand and investigated the relationship between the penetration rate of the laser pulses and stand attributes under different canopy conditions caused by different levels of thinning. Individual tree crowns were identified from a digital canopy model (DCM) derived from airborne laser scanner data by the watershed segmentation method. The identification rate of individual trees in blocks with heavy thinning (ratio of the basal area of the felled trees to the total basal area, hereinafter thinning ratio of the basal area, 38.0%), moderate thinning (30.4%), and no thinning was 95.3%, 89.2%, and 60.0%, respectively. Individual tree heights were estimated from the DCM values by local maximum filtering within identified individual crowns. Tree height in the three blocks was estimated with a root-mean-square error of 0.95, 0.65, and 0.68 m, respectively. Tree heights determined in a field survey were regressed against those estimated from the DCM, yielding coefficients of determination (r²) of 0.71, 0.87, and 0.85, respectively, for the blocks with heavy thinning, moderate thinning, and no thinning, respectively, and 0.86 overall. The respective penetration rates of the laser pulses through the canopy to the ground were 50.6%, 43.1%, and 9.2%. Regression of the laser pulse penetration rate against the thinning ratio of the basal area and against the total basal area of the remaining trees in 25 quadrats established in the blocks, yielded r² values of 0.89 and 0.74, respectively.