杉木、马尾松裸根苗水分关系研究

Water relation parameters of bare-root seedlings of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)were measured and changes of root growth potential as well as field survival rate of both species were studied after the bare-root seedlings were exposed in a sunny field condition.the results showed that masson pine had a lower osmotic potential(-2.07Mpa) at turgor loss point and at full turgor(-1.29Mpa),compared with Chinese fir(-1.80Mpa and -1.08Mpa respectively).The parameter Vp/Vo(63.27%) of Masson pine was higher than that of chinese fir (58.03%).This means that Masson pine has a stronger ability to tolerate desiccation,compared to Chinese fir according to analysis of above water relation parameters.Root growth potential and field survival rate decreased with prolonging duration of exposure.The field survival rate of both species was reduced to less than 40% after the seedling being exposed only two hours.Water potentials of -1.60 Mpa and -1.70 Mpa were suggested to be critical values for Chinese fir and Masson pine respectively in successful reforestation.     

低磷胁迫下不同杉木家系根系H^+流动态变化

通过分析不同杉木家系在不同供磷处理下根系H^+流变化规律,探讨根系H^+流与杉木适应低磷胁迫调控的关系,为揭示磷高效利用杉木适应低磷胁迫的内在机制提供科学依据。以前期筛选出的不同磷利用效率杉木家系M28与M32为研究对象,通过设计3个供磷处理[正常供磷(H-P),31 mg·L^-1;中度缺磷(L-P),16 mg·L^-1;重度缺磷(N-P),0 mg·L^-1]和3个时间处理梯度(3、8、15 d)室内水培试验,并利用非损伤微测技术(NMT)分别测定两个家系在不同供磷处理和不同时间处理梯度下完整根系及不同部位的H^+动态变化规律。结果表明:不同杉木家系完整根系H^+全程表现为内流,但二者H^+流变化存在显著差异,M28完整根系H^+吸收表现为8 d>15 d>3 d,M32在不同时间处理下H^+的变化无显著差异(P>0.05)。结合根系不同部位H^+流向分析可得,M28与M32仅在L-P和N-P处理3 d时表现出少量H^+外排现象,其中M28对外界磷环境的感应比M32更为敏感,在L-P处理下就发生H^+外排现象,M32在N-P处理才发现H^+外排。随着时间推移,在处理8、15 d后,两个杉木家系均未观测到H^+的外排,可见低磷胁迫下根系H^+外排是一种应激反应。不同杉木家系根系H^+流在低磷环境下表现出不同的适应性变化,其中M28根系的H^+流对外界磷环境的改变更为敏感。     

杉木轻基质网袋容器育苗技术

文章介绍了应用轻基质网袋容器培育杉木壮苗的新技术。以沙壤土为基质进行播种,幼苗高5-8cm时移入轻基质网袋容器,基质以松皮粉60％＋锯末25％＋炭化锯末15％为宜,约1a生时85％以上苗木的地径大于0．50cm、苗高大于25cm,这时即可出圃造林。     

杉木施肥引发基因表达响应机制的转录组分析

【目的】从基因表达水平上,研究施肥引起杉木基因表达变化规律,为杉木施肥理论与MAS育种实践,提供科学依据。【方法】以开化1年生的杉木无性系开6扦插苗为研究对象,4种施肥处理,每处理三个重复,采用Illumina HiSeq4000高通量测序技术进行测序,对测序结果进行无参转录组分析。【结果】1)转录组测序共产生clean reads5.0E+07 nt到7.1E+07 nt,总拼接长度724341090 nt,通过Trinity组装,获得了74288个unigenes(基因),然后将组装序列在6个数据库(Nr,Swiss-prot,eggNOG,KEGG,Pfam,GO)进行BLASTX分析,获取功能注释信息;2)韦恩图揭示基因对不同施肥处理的响应是:在-P-N1-VS-WT比较组中,未施肥处理,有4650个特异表达基因,其中包含了若干耐性基因,其它比较组也获得了相应的结果。杉木施肥诱导一些基因的开启和上调,同时也导致一些基因表达的关闭或下调;不同处理间的表达差异基因数在不同施肥组间变化很大,显著差异表达基因从施磷与对照比较组的429个到施磷与施氮比较组的4942;3)差异表达极显著基因的热聚类分析结果,揭示同一比较组,不同处理间基因表达是互补的关系:同一基因要么高表达,要么低表达;4)GO富集与分类显示施肥对杉木影响显著的基因主要定位在叶绿体、细胞骨架、细胞膜、细胞核、细胞质上;5)GO富集分析的结果表明施氮(磷)肥,不仅可以促进氮(磷)的吸收与代谢,而且也能促进磷(氮)的吸收与代谢;6)对施磷肥与氨酰基-tRNA大分子化合物合成的生理生化过程进行了分析。基于以上研究结果:今后可对转录组分析获得的重要基因进行研究,其结果可用于指导杉木施肥和杉木营养遗传育种MAS选择。【结论】RNA-seq高通量测序技术,对于研究非模式植物(包括基因组比较大的针叶树)施肥分子机制,是一种快速而简便的方法。研究结果表明,施肥不仅激活了与N、P的吸收、转运和利用有关的基因表达,还下调了与生长发育和光合作用有关的基因表达。施肥促使杉木的生长发育向着适应环境、竞争资源和生长发育的方向发展。     

杉木精油的制备及其成分分析的研究

本文研究了杉木精油的提取方法及其化学成分。采用了四种蒸馏装置来提取杉木精油。结果表明：大部分精油在蒸馏的2小时内被提取出；装置3具有较高的提取效率；杉木精油的主要化学组成为松柏醇；精油获得率随蒸馏时间段的增加而逐渐减小；采用CO2-超临界流体萃取法提取杉木精油，压力为100kg／cm^2和温度为40℃时为其最佳条件。图1表4参10。     

杉木对低磷胁迫的响应和生理适应机制

[目的]研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗各种抗氧化酶等生理指标的变化影响,探讨抗氧化酶活性与杉木耐低磷能力的关系,揭示低磷胁迫下杉木养分吸收的适应机制,阐明杉木体内生物大分子对低磷胁迫的响应。[方法]通过设置不同磷浓度(0、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L~(-1))Hoagland营养液,模拟低磷胁迫试验,测定低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗的生理指标的影响,研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响机制以及测定杉木幼苗不同部位的光谱特性。[结果]随着缺磷程度的增加,杉木幼苗中SOD活性、CAT活性以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均先升后降,根系中POD活性呈现出升高的趋势、MDA含量先降再升后降,叶片中POD活性和MDA含量先降后升。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片吸收利用营养元素有显著影响。杉木苗根系所含的Mn随着缺磷程度的增加呈上升趋势,而Al和Cu先降后升,Fe和K则有所下降,Ca先升后降。此外,杉木叶片中Fe和Mn的积累量呈降低的趋势,Cu和K先升后降。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片组织在3 367、2 924、1 736、1 630、1 380、1 150 1 000 cm~(-1)处特征峰吸光值影响不同。[结论]低磷胁迫下,杉木幼苗的根系和叶片会通过改变保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性抑制MDA形成,降低膜脂过氧化对细胞膜系统的破坏,通过增加对其他养分元素的吸收来规避损伤以及通过改变不同部位糖类、氨基酸和蛋白质等物质含量来适应低磷环境。     

基于CODEHOP克隆杉木种子14-3-3基因片段

对于未测序的物种,利用常规的引物设计很难扩增出蛋白质组获得的蛋白质基因。利用CODEHOP设计杉木种子14-3-3蛋白质的简并引物来进行反转录PCR,从杉木未成熟的种子中扩增出1 000 bp左右的产物。将PCR产物构建p MD-19Vector载体上并转化JM109菌感受态细胞中,菌落PCR扩增测序。结果显示,利用CODEHOP方法设计简并引物扩增的目标片段的大小及序列与预期的一致。这将为杉木其他蛋白质基因的克隆和研究提供参考。     

Organic acid exudation from the roots of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana seedlings under low phosphorus stress

Organic acid exudation from the roots of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) seedlings under low phosphorus stress was studied using the solution culture method. The results revealed that organic acid exudation from the roots of Chinese fir and Masson pine seedlings under low phosphorus stress increased. Compared with P₃ (KH₂PO₄, 0.5 mmol/L), the average organic acid exudation from the root of Masson pine seedlings under P₀ (KH₂PO₄, 0 mmol/L), P₁ (KH₂PO₄, 0.03 mmol/L) and P₂ (KH₂PO₄, 0.09 mmol/L) increased by 328.6%, 267.9% and 126.4% respectively. Masson pine from Zhejiang Province in China had the highest organic acid exudation. Under low phosphorus stress, the increase in organic acid exudation from the different provinces of Chinese fir and Masson pine varied. Masson pine from Zhejiang Province mainly increased oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid exudation, that from Guangxi Province mainly increased oxalic acid and tartaric acid exudation, and that from Guizhou Province, China mainly increased oxalic acid, tartaric acid and malic acid exudation. Chinese fir mainly increased oxalic acid and tartaric acid exudation. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2007, 31(2): 9–12 [译自: 南京林业大学学报]     

杉木生态系统生物量与固碳能力的分析与评价

杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)是我国特有的优良速生针叶树种,分布地域广阔,在碳循环及维护生态系统平衡等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。本文通过分析大量文献,讨论了立地条件、分布区域和经营方式等因素对杉木林生态系统生物量和生产力的影响。根据文献资料对杉木林生态系统生物量和固碳能力进行了初步估测。结果表明:①中国杉木林生态系统平均生物量约为36.516 t.hm-2,平均生产力约为8.412 t.hm-2.a-1。杉木林生产力的最大值在杉木中心分布区的中亚热带,尤以中亚热带南部亚地带的最高,其生产力平均达13.50 t.hm-2.a-1;中亚热带北部亚地带平均为11.95 t.hm-2.a-1;南亚热带和北亚热带分别是8.83 t.hm-2.a-1和5.54 t.hm-2.a-1;北热带地区杉木林的生物生产力最低,平均为5.02t.hm-2.a-1。②1994年以前的统计数据,中国杉木林生态系统的总植物碳储量为:幼龄林9.98×106t,中龄林31.61×106t,近熟林11.73×106t,成熟林7.50×106t,过熟林2.87×106t,总计为63.69×106t。③目前,中国杉木林面积达1 239.1×104hm2,蓄积量为47 357.33×104m3,换算成生物量约为18 938.20×104t,总固碳量约为5 211.65×104t.a-1。目前,杉木林生态系统的碳储量的估算没有包括土壤以及凋落物层的碳含量,因此,所估算的杉木林固碳能力和总的碳储量可能偏低。     

水分和热胁迫处理对三个针叶树种苗木叶绿素荧光的影响

本文测定了三个周期水分和热胁迫处理对杉木、马尾松和北美乔柏苗木叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明：三个树种的可变荧光与最大荧光之比值(Fv／Fm)对水分胁迫的反应不同。水分胁迫处理后北美乔柏的(Fv／Fm)值大大降低，而杉木的(Fv／Fm)值只有轻微下降，马尾松的(Fv／Fm)值则没有显著变化。实验结果还表明：热胁迫处理对三个树种的(Fv，Fm)值都有显著影响。就三个水分和热胁迫周期而言，研究发现：在每个水分和热胁迫周期结束时测定的杉木和马尾松(Fv／Fm)值没有显著差异。但随着胁迫时间的延长，北美乔柏的(Fv／Fm)值显著下降。图4表4参20。     

The Development of Microspores，Macrospores and Embryos in Relationship to Seed QualityofChinesefir

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C and N stocks under three plantation forest ecosystems of Chinese fir, Michelia macclurei and their mixture

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a type of subtropical fast-growing conifer tree, is widely distributed in South China. Its plantation area covers more than 7 × 10⁶ hm², accounting for 24% of the total area of plantation forests in the country. In recent decades, the system of successive plantation of Chinese fir has been widely used in southern China due to anticipated high economic return. However, recent studies have documented that the practice of this system has led to dramatic decreases in soil fertility and forest environment as well as in productivity. Some forest ecologists and managers recognize the ecological role performed by broadleaf trees growing in mixtures with conifers, and a great deal of studies on mixture effects have been conducted, particularly on mixture species of temperate and boreal forests, but these research results were not completely consistent. Possibilities include dependence of the mixture effects in large part to specific site conditions, the interactions among species in mixtures and biological characteristics of species. Although some researchers also studied the effects of mixtures of Chinese fir and broadleaf tree species on soil fertility, forest environment and tree growth status, little information is available about the effects of Chinese fir and its mixtures with broadleaves on carbon and nitrogen stocks. The experimental site is situated at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province (26°40′–27°09′ N, 109°26′–110°08′ E). It is located at the transition zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the low mountains and hills of the southern bank of the Yangtze River at an altitude of 300–1,100 m above mean sea level. At the same time, the site is also a member of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This region has a humid mid-subtropical monsoon climate with a mean annual precipitation of 1,200–1,400 mm, most of the rain falling between April and August, and a mean temperature of 16.5°C with a mean minimum of 4.9°C in January and a mean maximum of 26.6°C in July. The experimental field has red-yellow soil. After a clear-cutting of the first generation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation forest in 1982, three different plantation forest ecosystems, viz. mixture of Michelia macclurei and Chinese fir (MCM), pure Michelia macclurei stand (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stand (PCS), were established in the spring of 1983. A comparative study on C and N stocks under these three plantation forest ecosystems was conducted in 2004. Results showed that carbon stocks were greater under the mixtures than under the pure Chinese fir forest and the pure broad-leaved forest, and the broadleaves and the mixtures showed higher values in nitrogen stocks compared with the pure Chinese fir forest. The spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen stocks was basically consistent, the value being greater in soil layer, followed by tree layer, roots, understory and litter layer. The carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil layer were both highly correlated with the biomass in understory and litter layer, indicating that understory and forest litterfall exerted a profound effect on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantation ecosystems. However, correlations among soil carbon, nitrogen stocks and below ground biomass of stand have not been observed in this study. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(12): 3,146–3,154 [译自: 生态学报]     

杉木火力楠混交林和杉木纯林的生物量及分布格局研究

分析比较了16年生杉木火力楠混交林以及杉木纯林生物量及其分布格局。结果表明:杉木火力楠混交林乔木层生物量为189.35 t·hm-2,高出杉木纯林49.3%;其凋落物层生物量则为纯林的3.48倍。混交林中火力楠枝叶生物量分布高度高于杉木,有利于提高光能利用率;火力楠根系分布深度低于杉木,有利于提高土壤养分利用率。因而,杉木和火力楠混交林能形成较好的林分结构,可促进林分生产力的提高和地力改善,是值得推广的杉阔混交林模式。     

杉木间伐材低浓纸浆流变特性

对不同浓度、温度、打浆度、剪切速率对低浓杉木间伐材机械浆流变特性的影响进行了实验研究,并对不同因素引起浆料表观粘度变化的机理进行了分析。结果表明:浆料浓度、打浆度、温度及剪切速率都会对浆料的表观粘度产生影响。随着浆料浓度的增加,浆料表观粘度呈指数式增加;随温度的升高,浆料表观粘度则缓慢下降;打浆度影响浆料的微观结构,随着打浆度的升高,纸浆的表观粘度呈下降趋势;低浓纸浆的表观粘度则随剪切速率提高而递减。在实验测量范围内,杉木间伐材低浓纸浆为满足幂律关系的非牛顿流体,拟合的本构方程的流变特性指数n<1,因此其在测量范围内为假塑性流体。低浓纸浆流变特性的研究纸浆模塑生产线流送系统设计提供了依据。图12表2参16。     

植物对低磷胁迫的适应机制的综述

P是植物生长必要元素,但土壤中有效P含量低,P成为阻碍植物生长的因素之一。在长期进化过程中,植物形成了多种适应机制,包括根系变化、根系分泌有机酸等等。本文综述了植物在磷胁迫下的适应机制,以期为磷胁迫研究提供一些借鉴,并对磷胁迫的研究方向进行了展望。     

峦大杉与杉木人工林生物量研究

以福建省国有来舟林业试验场24年生的峦大杉与1.5代杉木对比试验的人工林为研究对象,选取样木进行分层取样测定不同器官生物量,对峦大杉与杉木的生物量进行比较。结果表明:峦大杉和杉木样木单株各器官生物量差异极显著或显著。生物量模型W=a DbHc对峦大杉和杉木生物量模拟效果较好。峦大杉和杉木各器官生物量在垂直结构分布上表现出相同的变化趋势,树干、树皮各区分段的生物量随树干高度的升高而呈明显减小的趋势,树枝、树叶各区分段的生物量随高度的升高呈现出先增加而后又逐渐减少的变化趋势。在相同的立地质量条件下,峦大杉林分生物量为185.20 t·hm-2,杉木林分生物量为133.73 t·hm-2,峦大杉林分表现出的生产力高于1.5代杉木林分的生产力。通过研究初步揭示峦大杉生物量的分布规律,为峦大杉人工林的科学经营提供参考。     

The combustibility of Chinese fir and macclure michelia mixed forest

NATURALCONDITIONS0FTHEEX-PERIMENTALSITETheexperimentalsitcissituatedinXiken,YouxiCountyofEujianProvince,betWeenl17"8'-ll8"6'Elongltudeand25"8'-26"4O'NlatitUde.Theaverageelevationis225m.andaverageslopeis36",incliningnorthwest,fea-whngam0nsoonclimatecharacteristicofbothanintermediatesubtropicalc0ntinentalclimateandamaritimeclimate.TheaverageannualtemperatUreisl5-l9"Candannualrainfallisl600-1800nun.Soilisredformingthemoun-tainlandTheexPerimentalsitewastheslashareaofthesecondgr…     

杉木速生、耐瘠薄营养高效型无性系选育技术

将20个杉木无性系采用双因素随机区组设计,在地位指数为18、16、14的立地条件下进行造林试验,经过14 a的观测,结果表明:20个杉木无性系在地位指数为18的立地条件下交互作用比16、14地位指数条件下变化丰富,大多数杉木无性系在立地条件较好的情况下生长较好,但也有少数无性系在较差立地上生长较好;20个杉木无性系中有11个在不同立地上差异显著,另9个无性系在不同立地上差异不显著;20个杉木无性系材积生长量的前10名中,7个无性系与立地交互作用显著;无性系营养性状的遗传力变化范围为0.077~0.706,平均为0.465,杉木无性系吸收营养受中等遗传控制;16号无性系适应地位指数为14的立地条件,属速生、耐瘠薄营养高效型无性系;13号无性系适应地位指数为16的立地条件,属速生、中等营养高效型无性系;12号无性系适应地位指数为18的立地条件,属速生、高营养高效型无性系.     

杉木育种中GCA与SCA的相对重要性

选取九个待测优树无性系(材料Ⅰ),进行9×9杉木半双列交配试验,以及采用经过生长性状方面GCA测定评选出来的六个速生优良无性系(材料Ⅱ),进行6×6杉木全双列交配试验。杉木配合力分析结果表明：采用Ⅱ类材料,进一步进行遗传测定时,群体一般配合力(GCA)方差σg2小于群体特殊配合力(SCA)方差σs2;而采用Ⅰ类材料,进行遗传测定时则：σg2>σs关键词:杉木育种/一般配合力/特殊配合力/遗传控制     

优质高产杉木新良种选育及高效栽培模式的研究

在长江下游江苏南部沿江宁镇低丘地区研究表明 ,杉木建筑材的主要物理力学性状与木材基本密度紧密相关。木材基本密度在种源、家系、杂交组合子代间有明显的遗传差异 ,而与生长 (材积生长 )无明显的负遗传制约关系。因此 ,可按“生长、材性两个阶段独立选择法”进行生长与材性联合改良。经试验研究 ,选出了亚林 1、亚林 2、林朵 8、林朵 7、林朵 2 5、湘 2等 6个优质高产杉木优良家系 ,它们在 8a时材积比对照 (广西融水种源 )高出 11 4 %～39 8% ,木材基本密度提高了 1 2 9%～ 8 76 % ;选出林朵 19、湘 2等两个生长与对照相近 ,但材质优良的家系 ,木材基本密度比对照高 7 33%～ 10 97%。选出的这些优质高产杉木优良家系可按短轮伐期用材林栽培模式和短轮伐期材、苗 (观赏苗木 )复合栽培模式推广应用 ,能获得较高的经济效益