High nitrate reductase activity in sprouts of Phyllostachys pubescens

We investigated the distribution of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) among leaves, roots, culms, twigs, sprouts, culm sheaths, and new leaves of Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel in May, when many sprouts emerge above ground and new leaves of adult culms expand. We found that the NRA differed among parts, and that sprouts showed high NRA. These results indicate that different tissues of P. pubescens vary in nitrate reduction, and sprouts possess high nitrate reduction capacity. We also found that culm sheaths showed high NRA, indicating that they have a high potential for nitrate reduction, even though they are shed in the way of sprout growth.     

基于热消散技术的毛竹林蒸腾耗水估算

【目的】试验不同长度热消散探针(TDP)测量毛竹液流的可行性,分析年龄对立竹液流的影响,并据此对立竹液流进行尺度扩展,估算桂北毛竹林的蒸腾耗水,为区域毛竹林的生态水文效应研究和指导关键生态功能区植被结构调整提供依据。【方法】显微镜观察毛竹输水结构在竹壁上的径向分布。基于热消散方法,用5 mm和10 mm长度的TDP探针对1～2年生立竹和3龄以上立竹的基部液流进行连续测量,并同步测定环境因子。【结果】维管束在毛竹竹壁上不均匀分布,竹壁外侧维管束小而密,导管分化不完全,竹壁内侧维管束大而疏,导管分化完全,直径较大。10 mm TDP探针测得的液流密度显著高于5 mm探针,其平均液流密度是5 mm探针的4.03倍。在生长旺季的7月,基于10 mm TDP探针测量的1～2年生立竹正午液流密度显著高于3龄以上立竹,而在早上和傍晚二者基本相同。1～2年生立竹液流的平均日通量在测量生长季内均高于3龄以上立竹,二者的平均日液流通量分别为51.15和33.80 g·cm^-2 d^-1。以立竹年龄和基径作为液流尺度扩展依据估测的桂北毛竹林日蒸腾耗水量在观测生长季内为0.01～0.72 mm·d^-1,平均日蒸腾耗水量为0.31 mm·d^-1。【结论】10 mm长度的TDP探针较5 mm探针更适宜用于毛竹液流的测量。1～2年生立竹比3龄以上立竹具有更高的液流密度和日液流通量,因此年龄是毛竹液流由立竹到林分尺度扩展时除立竹直径外另一个必须要考虑的因素。     

浙江安吉毛竹二新变型

描述了毛竹的2个新变型,即紫筋毛竹和安吉紫毛竹.前者不同于毛竹在于秆分枝一侧纵沟槽紫褐色,节间或有紫色或淡黄色纵条纹；后者不同于毛竹在于新秆从基部开始逐渐出现紫色斑点,以后整个节间变成淡紫色.     

不同林龄樟子松叶片养分含量及其再吸收效率

树木叶片的养分再吸收效率能够反映树木对养分保存、利用以及对养分贫瘠环境的适应能力。以科尔沁沙地东南缘章古台地区樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析了11、20、29、45年生树木叶片的基本特征、养分含量及其再吸收效率。结果表明:叶片衰老后其质量和面积明显减少;叶片凋落前的平均养分含量没有表现出随樟子松年龄增加而出现有规律的变化;凋落叶片中的N、P、K、Mg含量表现出随年龄增加而增加的趋势,而Ca的趋势与之相反;11年生和20年生的樟子松叶片N、P、K的再吸收效率相似,都显著高于29年生和45年生樟子松(P<0.05),而樟子松叶片对Mg的再吸收效率表现出随年龄增大而显著降低,Ca随叶片的衰老而不断累积,再吸收效率表现为负值,20年生的樟子松叶片Ca再吸收效率最大,11年生和45年生最低。樟子松叶片的N、P、K、Mg养分再吸收效率随年龄增加而降低的趋势表明,随年龄增加樟子松对贫瘠养分生境的适应能力逐渐降低,反映了樟子松养分保存方面的衰退特征。     

上阔下竹复合经营模式对毛竹生长的影响

为给科学、合理、可持续经营毛竹林提供参考数据,以上阔下竹复合经营模式和毛竹纯林经营模式的竹林为研究对象,对两种经营模式下毛竹的竿形生长和地上各部分生物量等指标进行了测定,研究了上位阔叶林对下位毛竹林生长的影响情况。结果表明:同在上坡位的毛竹,上阔下竹复合经营模式的毛竹其胸径、竿高、壁厚、竹竿质量、竹叶质量等指标均显著大于或高于毛竹纯林经营模式的,毛竹的相对竿径随竿高而变化的趋势也较纯林模式的平缓,而毛竹的相对壁厚随相对竿高的变化趋势较纯林模式的陡峭。两种经营模式的毛竹其胸径、竿高、壁厚、竹竿质量、竹叶质量等指标在中坡位和下坡位的竹林间均无显著差异。     

川西高原退化草地的中国沙棘生长及土壤养分研究

以川西高原退化草地人工种植1~3年的中国沙棘为研究对象,分析了其生长、土壤养分及叶片养分回收情况。结果显示:随着种植年限的增加,沙棘幼苗株高、冠幅、叶长及叶宽逐渐升高,侧枝数目和根长先升后降。与同区域康定柳相比,种植3年的中国沙棘根际土壤中全磷、有效磷和有机质含量较高,水解性氮含量相对较低。中国沙棘叶氮、磷含量(Ng、Pg)分别为23.24 mg·g^-1和1.84 mg·g^-1,低于北方典型沙生植物叶片养分水平(27.42 mg·g^-1和3.68 mg·g^-1),叶磷回收效率(PRE)高达69.35%,受土壤有效磷供应不足的影响;康定柳叶磷回收效率为负值,叶氮回收效率(NRE)达59.88%,受土壤有效氮的限制更多,中国沙棘根系固氮作用能够补偿退化草地上土壤氮供应不足的限制。     

毛竹及其变种叶功能性状与影响因素

以毛竹、黄槽毛竹、花毛竹、厚壁毛竹、金丝毛竹为研究对象,分析比较其不同年龄立竹间叶功能性状特征,筛选主要叶功能性状指标,并探究影响毛竹及其变种叶功能性状的主要影响因子。结果表明:不同年龄毛竹及其变种叶功能性状存在差异,而竹种比年龄(1、3、5 a)对叶功能性状的影响程度大;主成分分析表明,影响毛竹及其变种叶功能性状的主要指标为叶全氮、叶全磷、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量、比叶面积、叶含水量;叶全碳、叶全氮、叶全磷、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量、叶面积、叶厚度、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶含水量、叶组织密度均与土壤养分呈显著相关。毛竹及其变种叶功能性状受土壤有效磷、全磷、碱解氮、有机质、全钾、速效钾含量的共同影响,其中有效磷、全磷、碱解氮含量是影响其叶功能性状的主要因子。叶养分元素(全氮、全磷)、叶绿素、叶形态性状(比叶面积、叶含水量)可作为毛竹及其变种筛选的主要叶功能性状指标,毛竹及其变种通过多性状间的功能协调形成最佳功能组合进而使其自身适应环境变化。     

Foliar resorption in Quercus petraea subsp. iberica and Arbutus andrachne along an elevational gradient

? The resorption of nutrients (mainly N and P) from senescing leaves may be a key component of adaptive mechanisms that conserve scarce nutrients. Resorption may be expressed in two ways as resorption efficiency (RE) which is the ratio of the resorbed amounts of nutrient losses during leaf senescence in relation to its prior amount deposited in leaves and resorption proficiency (RP) is the level to which nutrient concentration per unit leaf mass is reduced in senescent leaves.

? There is still much debate whether or not different life-forms (i.e. deciduous and evergreen species) show different foliar resorption patterns. Two sympatric species, namely Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. subsp. iberica (Steven ex Bieb.) Krassiln. (deciduous) and Arbutus andrachne L. (evergreen) along an elevational gradient were compared with each other to determine whether or not nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency varies along the elevational gradient and which leaf parameters were as related to RE and RP.

? NRE was found to be rather low in Q. petraea subsp. iberica compared to other deciduous species. Similarly, PRE in A. andrachne was rather low compared to other evergreen species. Mean residence time (MRT) measures how long a unit of nitrogen (MRT_N) and phosphorus (MRT_P) is present in the plant. MRT_N and MRT_P were found to be considerably higher in A. andrachne compared to Q. petraea subsp. iberica. In both species, the foliar N/P ratio was below 14 along the elevational gradient and, according to this threshold value, N-limitation occurred in the study area. Although both species in the present study show incomplete resorption deciduous species was more proficient as compared to evergreen one due to low N and P concentrations in senescent leaves. Based on the significant correlations (p < 0.05 and 0.01) between MRT and foliar resorption, it can be concluded that MRT could interfere with the mechanisms controlling nutrient resorption.

     

毛竹珍稀新栽培变种——绿槽龟甲竹

描述了毛竹的1个新栽培变种——绿槽龟甲竹。其竹秆下部一段的节交互歪斜,上下节在一侧相连,而节间在另一侧偏肿呈龟甲状,竹秆黄色,且龟甲状秆对称绿色纵条纹,分枝一侧纵沟槽绿色,叶片有淡黄色细纵条纹。     

Seasonal changes of nutrient levels and nutrient resorption in Avicennia marina leaves in Yingluo Bay,China

Avicennia marina is a typical mangrove species of subtropical coastlines of China. However, little is known about the retention of nutrients by this species in oligotrophic, coastal environments. In this study, seasonal changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, N:P ratio and total phenolic concentration in A. marina leaves during senescence were studied. Avicennia marina leaves had high N and P concentrations but the seasonal pattern of N concentration was different from that of P concentration. The A. marina forest was N-limited as the N:P ratio of mature leaves was less than 14. Nitrogen resorption efficiency was higher than P resorption efficiency, and the concentrations of N and P in senescent leaves indicated that N resorption was mostly complete whereas P resorption was incomplete. Avicennia marina leaves contained low tannin concentrations, particularly condensed tannins, as the leaf extracts did not react with acid butanol. Total phenolic concentrations were not correlated with N concentrations in mature and senescent leaves of A. marina. These findings suggest that the high N resorption efficiency and low nutrient losses play an important role in nutrient conservation strategies for A. marina forests, whereas low tannin concentations have limited effects on nutrient cycling.     

Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of woody species in response to climatic conditions and soil nutrients: a meta-analysis

Nutrient resorption before abscission is an important nutrient conservation mechanism regulated by climatic conditions and soil nutrients. However, our current understanding of leaf nutrient resorption is primarily derived from site-specific studies or from the use of green-leaf nutrient concentrations to represent those in soils. It remains unknown how nutrient resorption responds to natural soil-nutrient concentrations at a global scale. The effects of plant functional groups, climatic conditions, and soil nutrients and their interactions on leaf nutrient resorption are also unknown. In this study, we established a global database derived from 85 published papers, including 547 reports of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency (NRE and PRE), climatic factors (LAT, latitude; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation) and soil-nutrient data (STN, soil total nitrogen; STP, soil total phosphorus) across 111 research sites. The results demonstrated that mean NRE and PRE were 48.4 and 53.3%, respectively. NRE of trees was lower than those of shrubs. NRE and PRE of coniferous species were both higher than those of broad-leaved species. Evergreen species had higher PRE than did deciduous species. NRE was negatively related to STN, but PRE and STP were not related. Both NRE and PRE decreased with increasing MAT and MAP but increased with increasing LAT. Plant functional groups, climate and soil nutrients jointly explained 22 and 32% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively. It is important to note that climate (especially MAT) explained 12 and 29% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively, implying that continuing global warming will exert an increasingly profound influence on plant nutrient cycles.     

Leaf senescence and late-season net photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in elevated and ambient carbon dioxide concentrations

We examined the effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on leaf demography, late-season photosynthesis and leaf N resorption of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees in the Duke Forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Sun and shade leaves were subdivided into early leaves (formed in the overwintering bud) and late leaves (formed during the growing season). Overall, we found that leaf-level net photosynthetic rates were enhanced by atmospheric CO2 enrichment throughout the season until early November; however, sun leaves showed a greater response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment than shade leaves. Elevated [CO2] did not affect leaf longevity, emergence date or abscission date of sun leaves or shade leaves. Leaf number and leaf area per shoot were unaffected by CO2 treatment. A simple shoot photosynthesis model indicated that elevated [CO2] stimulated photosynthesis by 60% in sun shoots, but by only 3% in shade shoots. Whole-shoot photosynthetic rate was more than 12 times greater in sun shoots than in shade shoots. In senescent leaves, elevated [CO2] did not affect residual leaf nitrogen, and nitrogen resorption was largely unaffected by atmospheric CO2 enrichment, except for a small decrease in shade leaves. Overall, elevated [CO2] had little effect on the number of leaves per shoot at any time during the season and, therefore, did not change seasonal carbon gain by extending or shortening the growing season. Stimulation of carbon gain by atmospheric CO2 enrichment in sweetgum trees growing in the Duke Forest FACE experiment was the result of a strong stimulation of photosynthesis throughout the growing season.     

Leaf photosynthetic properties in a willow (Salix viminalis and Salix dasyclados) plantation in response to fertilization

Specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic characteristics were studied in upper and lower canopy leaves of Salix viminalis and S. dasyclados grown at two nutrition levels. Fertilization increased SLA and leaf mass-based nitrogen concentration in most cases. Positive effects of fertilization on leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A _max ^A ) and maximum carboxylation rate (V _cmax) were not detected. Significant differences between the leaves from upper and lower canopy layers in area-based nitrogen, A _max ^A , SLA, mass-based chlorophyll, V _cmax and stomatal conductance were found for most plots. We attempted to estimate the fraction of non-photosynthetic nitrogen and found that it tended to be higher due to fertilization. Thus, the insensitivity of leaf photosynthesis to fertilization could be caused by higher proportion of non-photosynthetic nitrogen in the leaves of fertilized plots. Though leaf-level photosynthesis was not increased by fertilization, considerably higher leaf area index of fertilized plots still resulted in increased canopy carbon gain.     

毛竹笋期激素含量及其分布规律的研究

吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉酸(GA_3)、激动素(KT)和脱落酸(ABA)对毛竹生长和发育起着重要的调节和控制作用。本文应用高效液相谱仪对1～8年生毛竹笋期的竹叶、竹秆、竹鞭和当年正常生长的竹笋中IAA,GA_3、KT、ABA的含量及其分布规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:促进植物生长或细胞分裂的IAA、GA_3、和KT都是大年竹株含量高,小年竹株含量低。竹秆中IAA、的含量随年龄增大而下降,其回归式为 Y=6.548-0.778A r=0.914二者呈极显著的负相关。抑制植物生长的ABA在竹叶、竹秆中的含量则大年低小年高。四种内源激素以叶部含量最高,GA_3的含量分布规律是叶>鞭>秆,IAA、KT和ABA都是叶>秆>鞭。吲哚乙酸在竹叶中的含量呈明显的向基性增加,而脱落酸在竹叶、竹秆中的含量都呈明显的向基性减少。生长在同一鞭系上的各株竹子及其所紧连的竹鞭的代谢具有较大的相对独立性,因此用小年留养来改制大小年是可行的。竹笋中IAA、GA_3和KT都是顶部含量高、基部含量低。     

沙地柏对毛乌素沙地3种生境中养分资源的反应

为了揭示沙地柏对毛乌素沙地不同生境中养分资源的适应性反应 ,分析了固定沙地、流动沙地和滩地中土壤养分状况、生物量和养分在植株不同结构中的分配以及植株对不同养分的利用和重吸收效率。结果表明 :(1) 3种生境中的氮、磷、钾、钙和镁含量存在不同程度差异 ;(2 )生物量、氮和磷在叶片中分配比率随氮和磷含量的降低而增大 ,而在根中的分配恰好相反 ;(3)氮和磷重吸收效率、钾利用效率和重吸收效率、钙和镁利用效率随相应养分含量的降低而增大 ,氮和磷利用效率随氮和磷可利用性的降低而降低 ;(4)叶片和根系对养分内循环的贡献恰好相反 ;(5 )根分布对不同养分异质性的影响存在差异。     

Photosynthetic light acclimation in peach leaves: importance of changes in mass:area ratio, nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen partitioning

Photosynthetic light acclimation of leaves can result from (i) changes in mass-based leaf nitrogen concentration, Nm, (ii) changes in leaf mass:area ratio, Ma, and (iii) partitioning of total leaf nitrogen among different pools of the photosynthetic machinery. We studied variations in Nm and Ma within the crowns of two peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees grown in an orchard in Portugal, and one peach tree grown in an orchard in France. Each crown was digitized and a 3-D radiation transfer model was used to quantify the intra-crown variations in time-integrated leaf irradiance, . Nitrogen concentration, leaf mass:area ratio, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic capacity were also measured on leaves sampled on five additional peach trees in the orchard in Portugal. The data were used to compute the coefficients of leaf nitrogen partitioning among carboxylation, bioenergetics, and light harvesting pools. Leaf mass:area ratio and area-based leaf nitrogen concentration, Na, were nonlinearly related to , and photosynthetic capacity was linearly related to Na. Photosynthetic light acclimation resulted mainly from changes in Ma and leaf nitrogen partitioning, and to a lesser extent from changes in Nm. This behavior contrasts with photosynthetic light acclimation observed in other tree species like walnut (Juglans regia L.) in which acclimation results primarily from changes in Ma.     

华山松、油松不同叶龄针叶光合特性对林窗式疏伐的响应

[目的]通过对比研究华山松和油松不同叶龄针叶形态、光合速率、叶绿素和叶氮含量对林窗式疏伐的响应,探讨林窗大小、叶龄和树种对林窗式疏伐后叶光合特性响应的影响。[方法]2008年在30年生华山松和油松混交人工林中,设置对照、小林窗(80 m2)和中林窗(110 m2)处理,2013年以对照样地内和林窗边缘华山松和油松为研究对象,测定其当年生、1年生和2年生叶比叶重(LMA)、单位叶面积叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b含量(Chl b)、氮含量(N)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)等指标。[结果]小林窗和中林窗疏伐对叶光合特性影响一致,均对当年生叶影响不显著,但显著改变了1年生和2年生叶绿素含量、N和PNUE,提高了其Amax。华山松叶LMA、叶绿素含量、N、Amax均低于油松,两树种多年生叶对林窗式疏伐的响应也明显不同:林窗边缘华山松1年生和2年生叶LMA和N与对照差异不显著,但叶绿素含量低于对照,PNUE和Amax显著高于对照;林窗边缘油松1年生和2年生叶LMA和PNUE与对照差异不显著,但N和Amax显著高于对照。[结论]80 110 m2林窗疏伐显著改变叶光合特性,提高其光合潜力;林窗疏伐影响1年生和2年生叶光合特性,对当年生叶影响不显著;华山松和油松对林窗式疏伐的响应特征存在差异。     

大熊猫主食竹新品种‘花篌竹’

花篌竹’Phyllostachys nidularia ‘Huahouzhu’属于竹亚科Bambusoideae刚竹属Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.篌竹P. nidularia Munro。2014年发现于四川省崇州市鸡冠山镇肖家纸槽（厂）的篌竹（白夹竹）原料基地林中,属于刚竹属篌竹的变异植株。‘花篌竹’与‘黑秆篌竹’属近缘分类群,两者成竹竹秆均为灰黑色,关键区别在于前者竹秆基部数节间具黄绿色纵条纹,且叶具黄色纵条纹;而后者竹秆节间和叶均无纵条纹。     

Variability in fibre and parenchyma cell walls of temperate and tropical bamboo culms of different ages

This study tries to clarify the conflicting results from previous studies on cell wall thickening in bamboo culms by applying light and transmission electron microscopy in combination with image analysis. It focused on both fibre and parenchyma wall thickness of both temperate (Phyllostachys spp.) and tropical (Gigantochloa levis and Dendrocalamus asper) bamboo species of different ages in the light of their suitability for the wood industry. The observations indicated a great heterogeneity in cell wall thickness and cell wall layering pattern of fibres within one culm. Nested design ANOVA’s revealed a rising trend in wall thickness of late maturing fibres and parenchyma cells during the first year but significant wall thickening during later years could not be demonstrated. The high variability within one culm and between culms of the same age from 1 year on is partly masking a clear increased cell wall thickening at higher age. Nevertheless, the highest mean values for fibre wall thickness were recorded in culms of 44 months old or older, suggesting that some kind of late cell wall maturing can take place within one culm.     

Seasonal Changes in the Nutrient Concentrations of Leaves and Leaf Litter in a Young Cryptomeria japonica Stand

The leaves and leaf litter of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don was collected from April 1994 to March 1995 to describe the seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations in leaves and leaf litter. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were in the order new leaves > old leaves > leaf litter, whereas calcium (Ca) concentration was in the order leaf litter > old leaves > new leaves during the whole year. N, P and K concentrations were at their highest during the new leaf growth phase, and then decreased as a result of the diluting effect and translocation, whereas Ca increased with time. Magnesium did not show any clear seasonal trend compared with other nutrients. N resorption efficiency was lower than P resorption efficiency. There were two nutrient resorption peaks, which could be attributed to high nutrient translocation to new leaves in the spring and to translocation from old leaves before senescence in the autumn. A significant correlation between N and P resorption was observed.