龙头山公园森林广场的空间区划与植物配置

龙头山森林公园由龙头山、卧龙湖及公园前后广场组成,是城区居民欣赏南亚热带常绿阔叶林及其近自然生态系的开放公园。广场面积35000m2,以入口广场、水系和背景山体为中轴线,由片林群落构造"围合-敞开-通透-深幽"的园林空间,并形成"绿树-繁花-色叶-茂林"之景致;经由步道系统的串联,森林广场与万木葱郁、时有繁花的森林公园融为一体。       

Solar equivalent leaf area: an efficient biometrical parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands

The solar equivalent leaf area (A(s)), a simply and easily determined biometrical parameter of leaves, trees and stands, was derived theoretically. The parameter is defined as projected leaf area weighted for the time integral of irradiance at a given location in the canopy relative to that of fully irradiated leaves at the top of the canopy. The efficiency of A(s) as a basis for estimating stand-area transpiration of a mature oak (Quercus robur L.) forest from measurements of transpiration by individual trees was compared with that of other stand and tree characteristics. Stand transpiration estimates based on A(s) were more precise and less prone to systematic error than estimates based on basal area, timber volume, projected tree crown area, projected leaf area, or leaf dry mass. Solar equivalent leaf area reflects both the amount and the physiological properties of leaves and can be used as a measure of tree size and functional capacity. It can be calculated from ordinary forest inventory data on trees and stands, adjusted according to simple phyllometric data. It appears to have wide application in ecological and forestry studies for relating the physiological characteristics of individual leaves to those of entire trees or stands.     

印楝叶解剖结构与抗旱性关系初步研究

对印楝叶解剖结构的观察和分析，研究发现印楝叶具旱生结构特征：a)较厚的角度层；b)有大量贮水细胞；c)栅栏组织发达，初步具有双栅叶特征；d)叶组织细胞排列紧密，栅栏组织细胞密度大；e)维管系统发达，具维管束鞘的伸展区；f)表皮层较厚，气孔密集；g)含晶细胞分布广，数量多。从解剖学的角度证实印楝是一种抗旱植物，适宜于我国干热河谷地区生长。     

淮北相山8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征

对淮北相山杂灌丛和混交林中8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征进行研究.结果表明,优势种叶片解剖可塑性显著大于亚优势种.叶片厚度、维管束厚度、海绵组织厚度、气孔密度、木质部韧皮部厚度比、栅栏组织厚度和栅栏组织海绵组织厚度比(S/P)等性状,在物种或生境之间的变异较大,称为关键解剖性状.与杂灌丛群落的阳生叶相比,混交林叶片表现出阴生特点:表皮及角质层薄,叶片较薄,栅栏组织不发达,S/P较大,输导组织相对不发达.8个树种叶片对其生境表现出多样化的适应方式,大致可分为3类:阳性旱生植物、耐荫性中生植物和阳性中生植物.演替早期植被中优势种多为阳性植物.     

Leaf optical properties in Venezuelan cloud forest trees

Leaf optical properties and related leaf characteristics were compared for thirteen cloud forest tree species differing in successional status. Sun leaves were sampled for the eight pioneer species and sun and shade leaves were sampled for the five climax species. Sun leaves had a slightly higher absorptance than shade leaves, although differences were small. Sun leaves had a higher leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and a lower chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf mass, resulting in similar chlorophyll concentrations per unit leaf area and hence similar light harvesting capacities as shade leaves. However, shade leaves realized a higher efficiency of absorptance per unit leaf biomass than sun leaves. There were few differences in leaf characteristics of sun leaves between the climax and pioneer species. Absorptance values of cloud forest species were comparable with values reported for rain forest and more seasonal forest species. Intraspecific variation in leaf absorptance was largely the result of variation in LMA, whereas interspecific variation in leaf absorptance was largely a result of variation in chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf area.     

Morphological and physiological adjustment to N and P fertilization in nutrient-limited Metrosideros polymorpha canopy trees in Hawaii

Leaf-level studies of Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. (Myrtaceae) canopy trees at both ends of a substrate age gradient in the Hawaiian Islands pointed to differential patterns of adjustment to both nutrient limitation and removal of this limitation by long-term (8-14 years) nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N + P fertilizations. The two study sites were located at the same elevation, had similar annual precipitation, and supported forests dominated by M. polymorpha, but differed in the age of the underlying volcanic substrate, and in soil nutrient availability, with relatively low N at the young site (300 years, Thurston, Hawaii) and relatively low P at the oldest site (4,100,000 years, Kokee, Kauai). Within each site, responses to N and P fertilization were similar, regardless of the difference in soil N and P availability between sites. At the young substrate site, nutrient addition led to a larger mean leaf size (about 7.4 versus 4.8 cm2), resulting in a larger canopy leaf surface area. Differences in foliar N and P content, chlorophyll concentrations and carboxylation capacity between the fertilized and control plots were small. At the old substrate site, nutrient addition led to an increase in photosynthetic rate per unit leaf surface area from 4.5 to 7.6 micromol m(-2) s(-1), without a concomitant change in leaf size. At this site, leaves had substantially greater nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll content and carboxylation capacity in the fertilized plots than in the control plots. These contrasting acclimation responses to fertilization at the young and old sites led to significant increases in total carbon gain of M. polymorpha canopy trees at both sites. At the young substrate site, acclimation to fertilization was morphological, resulting in larger leaves, whereas at the old substrate site, physiological acclimation resulted in higher leaf carboxylation capacity and chlorophyll content.     

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species diversity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densities of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Comparing with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vecletation in order to improve urban eco-environment.     

马鞍山市不同城市森林类型树种组成及多样性

我国已进入城市化高速发展阶段,在城市人口迅速增加、城市规模不断扩大的同时,人们对人居环境质量特别是对城市自然环境的要求愈来愈高.     

营林措施控制城市公园松突圆蚧危害

通过对发生区内松林进行间伐、修枝等营林措施将松林的郁闭度调整至0.5左右。试区试验结果松突圆蚧的虫口密度从采用营林措施前的2.61头/束下降至0.63头/束,虫口密度下降75.86%,在城市公园规划设计上还应考虑位于不同的坡向营造不同的树种,以防止松突圆蚧的发生和危害。       

江苏虞山国家森林公园的天然植被

江苏虞山国家森林公园的森林覆盖率达96%以上.根据样地调查研究,将虞山国家森林公园约占山地面积为74.8%的天然林依群落优势种划分14类群系,为7类植被型.虞山天然林以马尾松林和马尾松、阔叶树混交林为主,山麓有落叶阔叶林和小面积的常绿、落叶阔叶林.论述虞山天然植被的组成、结构、演替和多样性指数,分析虞山天然林顺向演替的稳定性群落.结果表明:依立地环境可分3种不同类型.从演替规律来研究分析虞山植被,从而提出保护和可持续发展该森林公园植被的建议,并从旅游观光角度提出虞山部分森林类型改造的原则和方法.     

湖州市森林文化建设规划初探

文章分析了湖州市森林文化建设的基础,提出了包含森林公园建设、湿地公园建设、科普教育基地建设、森林主题活动和古树名木保护5个部分的湖州市森林文化建设规划。       

北京城区银杏行道树生长现状与健康状况研究

The planting site, size, and health condition of street tree Ginkgo biloba in Beijing urban area were investigated and the influence factors were analyzed based on filed survey. The results showed that G. biloba were mainly planted in tree pit within strip planting median. The average height, diameter at breast height and canopy diameter were 8.11 m, 13.22 cm and 4.07 m, respectively, 82.9% trees were less than 10 m in height, and most G. biloba trees were still in the initial stage of height and diameter increment. The tree health status was described with three classes: class I (healthy), class II (fair) and class III (unhealthy). The percentage of class I, II and III for G. biloba trees in Beijing urban area accounted for 16.0%, 37.2% and 42.9% respectively. The results of analysis showed that the health status of G. biloba was associated with the site condition, tree size and management practices. The trees planted in urban forest patch grew better than the trees planted in green belts and tree pits; meanwhile, the bigger trees were healthier than the smaller ones. In addition, the effects of urban heterogeneous environment and human activities on the health of Ginkgo biloba were analyzed and the suggestions on management were launched.     

Changes in foliar carbon isotope composition and seasonal stomatal conductance reveal adaptive traits in Mediterranean coppices affected by drought

We estimated water-use efficiency and potential photosynthetic assimilation of Holm oak(Quercus ilex L.) on slopes of NW and SW aspects in a replicated field test examining the effects of intensifying drought in two Mediterranean coppice forests. We used standard techniques for quantifying gas exchange and carbon isotopes in leaves and analyzed total chlorophyll, carotenoids and nitrogen in leaves collected from Mediterranean forests managed under the coppice system. We postulated that responses to drought of coppiced trees would lead to differential responses in physiological traits and that these traits could be used by foresters to adapt to predicted warming and drying in the Mediterranean area. We observed physiological responses of the coppiced trees that suggested acclimation in photosynthetic potential and water-use efficiency:(1) a significant reduction in stomatal conductance(p0.01) wasrecorded as the drought increased at the SW site;(2) foliar δ13C increased as drought increased at the SW site(p0.01);(3) variations in levels of carotenoids and foliar nitrogen, and differences in foliar morphology were recorded, and were tentatively attributed to variation in photosynthetic assimilation between sites. These findings increase knowledge of the capacity for acclimation of managed forests in the Mediterranean region of Europe.     

城市国家森林公园经营区划方法研究

城市国家森林公园地处城市规划区内,林种为单一的风景林,承担着风景旅游、自然保护、市民休闲等多项职能,决定了城市国家森林公园经营方向的多样性、复杂性。本研究以南京紫金山国家森林公园为研究对象,以森林资源二类调查数据、高分辨率遥感图像QuickBird为主要信息源,结合森林美学评价成果,以ArcGis9.0为空间分析平台,从生态功能、森林美学2个方面将紫金山国家森林公园区划为山北森林游览区、自然保护区、山岳生态保护区、名胜古迹区、山南市民休闲区5个经营单位,从而有效地协调风景旅游、生态保护、市民休闲等多种需求之间的矛盾,为城市国家森林公园的经营区划提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of leaf display of evergreen broadleaved tree species and deciduous tree species in warm temperate conifer plantations

We investigated the sapling leaf display in the shade among trees of various leaf lifespans co-occurring under the canopy of a warm-temperate conifer plantation. We measured leaf-area ratio (aLAR) and morphological traits of saplings of evergreen broadleaved tree species and a deciduous tree species. Although we found large interspecific and intraspecific differences in aLAR even among saplings of similar size in the homogeneous light environment, we did not find a consistent trend in aLAR with leaf lifespan among the species. While deciduous trees annually produced a large leaf area, some evergreen broadleaved trees retained their leaves across years and had aLAR values as high as those of deciduous trees. Among leaf-level, shoot-level, and individual-level morphological traits, aLAR was positively correlated with current-year shoots mass per aboveground biomass in deciduous trees, and with the area of old leaves per aboveground mass in evergreen broadleaved trees. Thus, tree-to-tree variation in the degrees of annual shoot production and the accumulation of old leaves were responsible for the interspecific and intraspecific variations in aLAR.     

Linking morphological and ecophysiological leaf traits to canopy dieback in Persian oak trees from central Zagros

Intraspecific variability in morphological and ecophysiological leaf traits might be theorized to be present in declining populations,since they seem to be exposed to stress and plasticity could be advantageous.Here we focused on declining Persian oaks(Quercus brantii Lindl.var.persica(Jaub and Spach)Zohary)in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran,representing the most important tree species of this region.We selected trees with contrasting crown dieback,from healthy to severely defoliated,to investigate the relationships between canopy dieback and leaf morphology,water content and pigments.We also measured esterase and peroxidase,as enzymatic antioxidants and indicators of contrasting genotypes.Trees showing moderate to severe defoliation showed higher leaf mass area(LMA),reduced relative water content(RWC),and lower stomatal density(SD).Increasing LMA indicates a more sclerophyllic structure,according to drier conditions.We did not find significant differences in leaf pigments(chlorophyll a and b,and carotenoids)among crown dieback classes,suggesting that Persian oak trees are able to maintain accurate photochemical efficiency,while reduced RWC and SD suggest hydraulic limitations.Our results do not provide a consistent pattern as regards enzymatic antioxidant defense in Persian oak.Morphological leaf traits would be important drivers of future adaptive evolution in Persian oak,leading to smaller and thicker leaves,which have fitness benefits in dry environments.Nonetheless,drought responses may be critically affecting carbon uptake,as photosynthetic compounds are less effectively used in leaves with higher sclerophylly.     

山茶属主要油用物种叶片解剖特征的研究

本文对油茶属15个主要油用物种的叶表皮和叶片结构进行了观察,发现叶片上下表皮细胞的形状(表面观)为不规则形和多边形。垂周壁为浅波纹、深波纹、平直和弓形。气孔器仅在下表皮存在,为不等型和环列型,发现双气孔和气孔多型。叶下表皮有异型气孔(腺鳞)。叶肉内含石细胞和簇晶。石细胞的形态很复杂,可分为石细胞、柱状、树状、星状和不定形石细胞5大类。这些特征在属级水平上较为稳定,但也显出种间差异,有一定的分类学价值。发现红山茶、浙江红花油茶、厚叶红山茶之间的亲缘关系,较组内其它物种更为接近。     

广州城区公园风景游憩林径级和高度级结构分布

【目的】探明广州风景游憩林群落结构现状以及存在的问题,进一步为城市风景游憩林群落结构调整和配置优化提供理论依据。【方法】以900 m^2样方为单元分别在广州发展公园风景游憩林群落样地设置样方15个,华南农业大学风景游憩林群落样地设置样方25个,火炉山森林公园风景游憩林群落样地设置样方20个,采用群落生态学的方法,研究了不同生态位风景游憩林径级和高度级结构分布。【结果】1)3个样地风景游憩林径级结构呈现一定差异:广州发展公园以大、中径级乔木占绝对优势,华南农业大学样地风景游憩林小径级乔木相对优势明显,火炉山样地风景游憩林群落以中、小径级乔木占绝对优势。2)根据群落中个体的胸径和树高呈现不同的相关关系表明:广州发展公园样地风景游憩林大径级树木开始出现衰退现象;华南农业大学样地风景游憩林由于存在大量小径级的速生树种,导致胸径—树高曲线在初期迅速增高;火炉山样地风景游憩林结构配置拟自然化,胸径—树高曲线增长较为平稳。【结论】根据高度级比重、相对频度和分布均匀度分析结果得出:广州发展公园样地风景游憩林中、大高度级树木比重较大,且分布更为集中,华南农业大学样地风景游憩林的小、中高度级的树木所占比重较高,小高度级树木分布更为集中;火炉山样地风景游憩林小高度级比重,且分布更为集中。建议通过人工择伐、补植特定树种的方式,调控城市风景游憩林群落的径级和高度级结构分布,促进风景游憩林的逐步稳定。     

Study on Tending Operations to Control over Harm of Pine Scale in Urban Park

The change of pine scale (Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi) population density on pine forest in urban park between treatment (tending operations) and CK (no tending operations) was researched in this paper. The results were shown as follows: population density declined to 0.63 head per bundle from 2.61 heads per bundle when crown density of pine in urban park had become 0.5 or so by means of cultivation activities such as felling, pruning and thinning and so on, and drop got to 75.86 percent. The pinewoods would soon get revived once using these cultivation activities, so tending operations was main measures controlling over harm of pine scale in urban park; At the same time, population density of pine scale on pinewoods in the sunny slope was more than that in the somber slope and it had become less and less from sunny slope to somber slope. Therefore, tree species must be chosen in the planning and design of urban park for preventing harm and happening of pine scale.     

干旱胁迫下3个甜角品种幼苗的生理生化响应及抗旱性评价

在大棚模拟持续干旱条件下,测定了3个甜角品种PRAKAYTONG(闪金)、SRITONG(金色)、SRITONGBAO (轻金色)幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性、叶片含水量和叶绿素含量,研究甜角对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应,并用抗旱系数法和隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间的延长及胁迫程度的加重,幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量都呈增加趋势;SOD和POD活性则呈先上升后下降趋势;叶片水分含量和叶绿素呈减少趋势.经抗旱指数法和隶属函数法分析,3个品种的抗旱性从强到弱依次表现为PRAKAYTONG＞ SRITONGBAO＞ SRITONG.