森林生态效益评价方法

对森林生态效益评价方法进行了总结和评述,其中包括涵养水源效益、保育土壤效益、固碳制氧效益、保护生物多样性效益和游憩效益,分析了各种方法的不足,并指出了需要进一步解决的问题。     

A study on the measurement for forest ecological benefit

IntroductionForesaw is importsnt part of national economy, notonly an industry but also a public welfare. Forestresource has ecological, economical and socialb6nedtS. At present, the study about forest ecologicalbenefit is mainly on measurement of physical quanhty, and less on measurement of economical quantity(Bat6man 1991, DWyer et al. 1992.) (how to transformphysical quantity to economical quantity). There existmany problems on research of measurement of forestecological benefitS. For ex…     

广州市帽峰山森林公园生态安全的初步评价

随着生态旅游的不断兴起,森林公园已逐渐成为我国最热门的旅游目的地之一.但人类活动和森林公园自身建设的不完善,也给旅游地的生态环境带来了许多负面影响,制约着森林公园的可持续发展.文章以广州市帽峰山森林公园为对象,从资源安全、环境安全和生态服务功能与生态建设三方面构建了森林公园生态安全评价指标体系并进行评价,评价结果显示该...     

森林旅游景区生态安全要素及其景观感知传递性分析

剖析森林旅游景区生物资源等要素的生态安全状态及其相应的景观感知,以及它们之间的传递关系,建立森林旅游景区生态安全与景观感知安全传递关系模型。通过对景区生态安全各要素的分析发现,在景区开发、游客干扰等人类活动的干扰下,我国一些森林旅游景区水体、土壤、空气、声音环境受到严重污染,动植物生长生存条件发生退化,并对游客的景观感知产生了显著的负面影响。对景区生态安全与景观感知安全的传递性分析表明,景观感知安全是人类活动对自然资源的影响转移到自身的一种反映,它对景区生态安全状态有一定的预知作用。在此基础上,结合景区生态安全与景观感知安全之间的传递关系,和对景区生态安全构念的分析,建立了包括生物生存环境安全和生物资源安全要素在内的森林旅游景区生态安全结构,及其与景观感知安全之间的传递关系模型。     

Compensation for forest ecological services in China

The paper discusses methods to compensate for the costs incurred in the supply of forest ecological services (FES), i.e. government dominated and market-based instruments as well as progress made so far in China. Factors which constrain the supply of these services and potential policy improvements are presented.     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的天津市土地生态安全评价研究

从土地生态环境压力、土地生态环境状态和土地生态环境响应3个方面建立了基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型的天津市土地生态安全评价指标体系,综合评价了天津市2005年、2010年和2015年的土地生态安全情况。结果表明:天津市土地生态安全水平呈现出先恶化后改善的趋势。土地压力安全值处在全国平均水平以下,但压力安全值不断上升;天津市土地生态状态均处在全国的下游水平,且安全值呈不断下降趋势;天津市土地生态状态安全值较高,排在全国前列。天津市土地生态安全的主要问题在于人口增加、经济发展和污染造成的生态压力增大。提出了天津市未来应划定土地生态红线,加强土地资源管控立法,开展土地生态安全评价和预警工作,以降低人地矛盾,保障天津市土地资源的可持续发展。     

类乌齐县森林资源分析与评价

根据2012年森林资源规划设计调查数据统计结果,分析类乌齐县森林资源动态变化原因,评价全县森林资源现状和动态变化,为西藏自治230个有林县制定经营管理和科学发展决策提供依据。     

中国吉林森林生态网络现状与展望

本文概要介绍了吉林省生态环境概况、林业建设成就与问题,论述了本省森林生态网络建设面临的任务及亟待解决的八个方面的问题,并对生物技术、信息技术、新材料技术及无公害森林保健技术在森林生态网络建设的应用前景进行了展望。参9。     

玉溪市森林资源动态变化分析评价及发展方向

利用云南省玉溪市2008年和2016年森林资源二类调查资料,对玉溪市森林资源消长情况进行分析。结果为森林覆盖率、林木绿化率、活立木蓄积量、林分面积等均有所增加,活立木年生长量大于消耗量。今后玉溪市森林资源保护与利用应发展并管理好热区现有的柑桔、芒果等经济林,提高经济林栽培管理水平,以天保工程二期森林管护、公益林管护为基础,继续实施新一轮退耕还林等林业生态建设工程。     

A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even- and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria

Because of the gradual shift from pure even-aged forest management in central Europe, existing yield tables are becoming increasingly unreliable for forest management decisions. Individual tree-based stand growth modeling can make accurate stand growth predictions for the full range of conditions between pure even-aged and mixed-species uneven-aged stands. The central model in such a simulator is basal area increment for individual trees. Spatial information is not needed, and age and site index are intentionally not used to gain generality for all possible stand conditions. A basal area increment model is developed for all the main forest species in Austria: spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), larch (Larix decidua), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra), stone pine (Pinus cembra), beech (Fagus silvatica), oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris), and for all other broadleaf species combined. The Austrian National Forest Inventory provided 5-year basal area increment from 44 761 remeasured trees growing on 5416 forested plots in the 1980s. This large sample is representative of forest conditions and forest management practices throughout Austria and therefore provides an excellent data base for the development of an increment model. The resulting increment model explained from 20 to 63% of the variation for all nine species and from 33 to 63% of the variation if the minor species Pinus cembra is excluded. These results compared quite closely with those of Wykoff for mixed conifer stands in the Northern Rocky Mountains. In the Austrian model, size variables (breast height diameter and crown length) accounted for 14–47% of the variation in basal area increment, depending on tree species. The best competition measure was the basal area of larger trees, which provides a tree-specific measure of competition without requiring spatial information; crown competition factor provided only minor improvement. Competition variables accounted for 9% of the variation on average, and up to 15% for some species. Topographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect) explained up to 3% of the variation, as did soil factors. Remaining site factors; such as vegetation type and growth district accounted for a maximum of 3% of the variation in increment. In total, site factors explained from 2 to 6% of the variation. Even though site factors account for a small percentage of the variation, they are not only significant, but serve to localize a particular prediction. These species-specific interrelationships between basal area increment and the various size, competition, and site varibles correspond quite well with ecological expectations and silvicultural understanding of these species in Austria. Because the sample base is so strong, the resulting growth models can be recommended not only for all of Austria but for surrounding regions with similar growth conditions.     

Rethinking recent changes of forest regimes in Europe through property-rights theory and policy analysis

This article studies recent changes in forest regimes in Europe from an analytical perspective, combining both property-rights theory and policy analysis. Important elements of the institutional framework for forests can be identified through the application of theories from institutional economics (property and use rights) and public policy analysis. Different examples of important changes in the institutional framework in European countries illustrate which components were most likely to change in recent years: the order frame of property and use rights in Central and Eastern Europe, due to the breakdown of the socialist systems; the implicit use rights for the public due to growing needs in leisure activities and nature protection; and the implementation arrangement, where the state gradually withdraws from forest management activities. A first analysis of the triggers and dynamics of the changes shows that slow and incremental changes in public policies are much more likely to occur than any reform of the property rights or forest tenures. In order to explain the changing institutional framework, it is necessary to take into account not only the contingent external triggers, but also the logic of learning processes and the actor networks in place.     

美国的森林动态评价模型及其对中国森林健康评价的启示

应用动态模型评价森林健康状况,预测树木或林分的生长与收获,以及在不同立地条件下采用某些特定的营林技术措施后林分的动态变化,一直是森林健康评价及管理的核心问题.当前在美国应用的两个森林动态评价及决策模型SIMPPLLE和MAGIS主要是用来评价当前林分状况、模拟林分发展以及预测不同经营管理方式下林分未来的动态变化状况,通过分析不同决策下森林植被的收获状况,选择最优化的管理措施以及实施措施的时间及地点制定最优化决策.针对现阶段中国森林健康评价中,以建立评价指标体系进行静态评价、缺乏空间信息数据和森林健康经营动态变化规律模型等问题,提出今后应针对中国实际情况开展切合实际的研究,开发出以促进森林健康经营为目的的动态预测模型和决策模型,提高森林健康的预测能力,完善森林健康经营综合评价技术体系.     

The impact of SFM-certification on forest product markets in Western Europe — an analysis using a forest sector simulation model

In the international discussion on labels for sustainably produced wood products based on the certification of sustainable forest management (SFM), little attention has been paid to what is probably the most crucial part of any market-based instrument: the potential impact on forest products markets. This paper analyses the potential impact of SFM-certification on forest products markets using a simulation model of the Western European forest sector. Two scenarios with assumptions regarding certification (chain-of-custody costs, timber supply reduction from certified forests) are projected for the period 1995–2015 and tested against the results of a base scenario (‘business as usual’). In general, the results show that rather modest changes are to be expected from SFM-certification in forest products markets. The market impact of a timber supply reduction from certified forest would be more distinct than the impacts of chain-of-custody costs. Industry gross profits would decrease more than production. Due to the large share of roundwood costs in total costs, the sawmill industry would be affected more by even small changes in raw-material prices than the panel and paper industry.     

长沙县生态公益林经营管理的探讨

对长沙县生态公益林的经营现状及存在的问题进行了分析,提出了解决问题的思路与方法,为促进长沙县生态公益林的可持续发展提供参考.     

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

lntroductionChina'sterritoryisvast,buttheforestedareaisless.About29%areaofChinaisdesertandbaremOuntains(Zhangetal.1997).ThefourthnationaIforestsurvey,whichwasconductedbytheMinistryofForestryin1989~1993,indicatesthat133.7millionhm2or13.92%oftheIandareaofChinaareforest.Thestockoflivingtreesis11.785bilIionm',ofwhich1o.1biIIionisinforest.Thenetgrowthofstandingvolumeiso.4biIIionm3peryear,whiIethecutisO.3billionm',ofwhichatleastonethirdisfarfueIwood.Sotheforestresourcesarenotrich,forestcoveri…     

基于DPSIR模型的黄河流域兰考县生态安全评价

为探究黄河流域兰考县的生态安全变化,对其生态安全进行定量评价,明确限制区域生态安全的因素,以DPSIR模型为框架,建立5个准则层,选取29个指标构建生态安全评价指标体系,利用熵值法和综合指数法得到生态安全综合指数与生态安全等级。结果表明,兰考县生态安全指数呈现由低到高、逐渐上升的趋势,生态安全等级由“较不安全”向“较安全”转变,警情由“重警”转变为“中警”;从子系统上来看,对区域生态安全贡献最大的是状态、影响和驱动力,响应和压力贡献偏低。研究表明,区域生态系统结构和功能处于稳定状态,区域内生态安全受经济发展水平、人类活动干扰和工业污染物的排放等因素的影响。     

基于GIS与灰关联综合评价模型的生态公益林林分质量评价

文章研究探讨了地理信息系统(GIS)技术与层次分析模型和灰关联综合评价模型的结合在生态公益林林分质量评价中的应用。并以广州市白云区为例,应用ArcGIS进行空间数据采取、处理与分析,选取树种组成、林分郁闭度、林层结构、林龄、覆盖度、凋落物层厚度和平均胸径为评价指标;以小班为评价单元;采用层次分析法确定评价因素的权重;构造灰关联综合评价模型,计算各单元的灰关联综合评价值,得出各单元按质量从劣到优排列的序列,根据评价标准将林分质量分为一、二、三等,分别占全区生态公益林总面积的6.19%,28.52%和65.29%;并应用ArcGIS绘制评价结果图。     

中国木材资源利用管理政策体系

中国林木资源利用管理政策主要包括森林采伐限额管理、凭证采伐林木制度、年度木材生产计划管理、木材运输管理和木材经营加工管理等内容,该文在参考《中华人民共和国森林法》和《中华人民共和国森林法实施条例》等法规和政策的基础上,梳理了中国木材资源利用管理政策,以促进国家木材政策体系的完善.     

Using the LANDIS model to evaluate forest harvesting and planting strategies under possible warming climates in Northeastern China

The Small Khingan Mountains in northeastern China provide most of the timber and wood products in the country. Evaluating the long-term effects of harvesting and planting strategies is important especially as the climate changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the projected climate warming on potential changes in species’ coverage (percent cover), area harvested (percentage of the study area) and species harvested, using the LANDIS model. Our evaluation was based on the harvest and planting plans specified in Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP). Our simulated results show that the coverage of southern species such as Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and ribbed birch (Betula costata) increases, whereas the coverage of northern species like larch (Larix gmelinii), Kingan fir (Abies nephrolepis), spruces (Picea koraiensis and P. jezoensis) and Dahur birch (Betula davurica) decreases under the warming climate in the region. The species harvested primarily consist of the southern species, especially deciduous species under the warming climate. The warming climate leads to 11.2% increase in area harvested compared to that under the current climate, when planting is not simulated. When planting is simulated, tradeoffs between planting and area harvested are complex. The area harvested only increases in places where moderate planting is implemented, and decreases in places with both low (≤5% area planted) and high (≥30%) planting percentage. This is because when the planting percentage is low, the rate of increase of harvestable species due to planting is lower than the rate of decrease of warming-declining species. When the planting percentage is high, the rate of increase of planted species is higher than the rate of colonization of warming-adapted deciduous species, and the planted species delay the establishment of the warming-adaptable species that have short harvest rotations (due to lower harvestable ages). Our results suggest that the management strategy with planting area of 20% is the best among all the scenarios simulated. Under this warming climate, moderate planting area (e.g. 20%) increases the area harvested to about 43%, which is still less than that (58%) designated in the NFPP. These results have important implications for forest managers designing sustainable forest harvest and reforestation strategies for the landscape under the warming climate.     

Ecological water requirement based on ecological protection and restoration targets in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, northern China

Owing to the irrational use of water resources in the Heihe River, northern China, the eco-environment has deteriorated seriously in its lower reaches. Some ecological problems exist (i.e., lake shrinkage, the decline of the underground water table, vegetation degradation, land desertification, and sandstorm damage). Subareas of ecological protection and restoration in the lower reaches of the river are proposed, considering the course of the river, its ecosystem characteristics, and the range of impact of water resource allocation. Based on a comprehensive decision-making method and GIS technology, the targets of ecological protection and restoration in the lower reaches of the river were determined quantitatively. Using a phreatic evapotranspiration model and a groundwater balance equation, the ecological water requirements of the riparian forest ecosystem, the desert ecosystem, the water area ecosystem, and the underground ecosystem, given various eco-restoration targets in different level years, were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the total ecological water requirements of the Shaomaying section were 548 million m³ in 2000 to maintain the normal growth of its natural vegetation and a stable groundwater table in the lower reaches of the Heihe River. The total ecological water requirement of the Shaomaying section is expected to be 632 million m³ in 2010, 635 million m³ in 2020, and 635 million m³ in 2030.