Characterization of aryl acylamidase activity from propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] Beauv.)

The enzyme, aryl acylamidase, was characterized in propanil-susceptible and propanil-resistant barnyardgrass with respect to kinetic parameters, the effects of inhibitors, and the levels of activity in dark- and light-grown tissues. The enzyme reaction in the resistant tissue preparation proceeded linearly with time over a 5 h time course, while activity in the susceptible tissue preparation was 2- to 4-fold lower and the activity tended to decrease after 2 h. The apparent K_m values were 62.1 mmol L⁻¹ and 3.1 mmol L⁻¹ for the enzyme activity in the susceptible and resistant tissue preparations, respectively. Two herbicides (anilofos and piperophos), previously shown to synergize propanil injury against the resistant biotype, were found to be potent inhibitors of the in vitro aryl acylamidase activity.     

Propanil‐resistant barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv.] in Sri Lanka: Seedling growth under different temperatures and control

Experiments were conducted to (i) evaluate the efficacy of propanil formulations available in Sri Lanka in controlling Echinochloa crus‐galli; (ii) study the seedling growth of propanil‐resistant (R) and ‐susceptible (S) biotypes of the weed under different temperatures; (iii) quantify the level of resistance in R biotypes and; (iv) to suggest alternative control measures for R biotypes. Field studies showed that retail propanil formulations (36% a.i., EC) applied at 2.7 kg a.i. ha^?1 gave less than 30% control of E. crus‐galli collected from several locations of the north dry zone of Sri Lanka. Chemical analysis revealed that there was no adulteration of propanil formulations at the retailer level. Growth studies conducted in controlled environments indicated that per cent germination and seedling growth of R and S biotypes were similar at the day/night temperature regimes imposed. However, per cent germination for plants grown under a 34/31°C (day/night) regime was 27–29% higher compared to those grown at 28/24°C. At the higher temperature regime, R and S biotypes reached the 2–3 leaf stage five days earlier, and the 4–5 leaf stage seven days earlier. The ED₅₀ values from the dose–response experiments indicated that the R biotype was four times more resistant to propanil than susceptible ones. The resistance index (RI) did not vary significantly under different temperature regimes. Quinclorac (25% a.i., SC) applied at 200 g a.i. ha^?1 and bispyribac‐sodium (10% a.i., SC) applied at 30 g a.i. ha^?1 (recommended dosages) successfully controlled propanil‐resistant biotypes of E. crus‐galli. Conversely, oxadiazon and propanil (8% and 23% a.i., EC, respectively) applied at 280 + 805 g a.i. ha^?1 did not result in satisfactory control.     

禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究

 病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用.     

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) biotype susceptibility to postemergence-applied imazamox

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the level of imazamox tolerance in five red rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and four barnyardgrass (three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and one Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritch) morphologically distinct biotypes collected from rice fields in northern Greece. The susceptibility of barnyardgrass biotypes to propanil was also studied. Red rice biotypes were not controlled by imazamox applied at 40 g ha⁻¹. In contrast, 80 g imazamox ha⁻¹ provided 56–84% red rice control (averaged across shoot number and fresh weight reduction). Not all barnyardgrass biotypes were susceptible to imazamox applied postemergence. However, propanil applied at 2.6 kg ha ⁻¹ controlled the E. crus-galli biotypes well, but propanil applied at rates of 2.6 and 5.2 kg ha ⁻¹ was not effective in reducing the shoot number and fresh weight of the E. oryzoides biotype. Propanil applied at 10.4 kg ha ⁻¹ reduced the shoot number and fresh weight of this biotype by 78 and 85%, respectively. In most cases, a linear equation ( y  = % of control, x  = g ha⁻¹) provided the best fit for regressions between red rice or barnyardgrass shoot number or fresh weight and imazamox rates. The results of this study suggest that postemergence application of imazamox is not effective against all red rice and barnyardgrass biotypes found in the rice fields of Greece and that significant variability regarding herbicide efficacy among biotypes might exist.     

Joint action of Cochliobolus lunatus and atrazine on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

The potential of the endemic fungus Cochliobolus lunatus as a biological control agent against Echinochloa crus-galli was investigated. Under appropriate conditions the fungus produced leaf necrosis on E. crus-galli resulting in death of young seedlings. However, plants with more than two leaves mostly recovered after some time. Bean, barley, maize, oat, rye, tomato and wheat were highly resistant to the fungus. In experiments in a climate room or in a glasshouse E. crus-galli with more than two leaves could effectively be controlled by C. lunatus in combination with a sub-lethal dosage of atrazine as low as 2.5 mg m^?2 due to a positive interaction between fungus and herbicide.     

Role of underground parts of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) in its sensitivity to thenylchlor in soil

In the present study, the phytotoxic activity of top-soil applied with thenylchlor [2-chloro- N -(3-methoxy-2-thieny)-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide] on the growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was dependent on the emergence depth in soil but its activity on barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) was only slightly affected by the emergence depth. However, the phytotoxic activity on barnyardgrass and rice was similar irrespective of the different emergence depths in its treatment to all soil layers. Thenylchlor treatment to the mesocotyl of barnyardgrass induced significant inhibition of shoot elongation, whereas the treatment to the coronal root only inhibited the coronal elongation without inhibiting shoot elongation. Absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-thenylchlor in barnyardgrass were determined in water culture. The different amounts of radioactivity per plant among the treatments to the underground parts were due to the plant part that came in contact with ¹⁴C-thenylchlor. The radioactivity per dry weight was found to be higher in the basal part of the shoot than in its upper part in all treatments to the underground parts. It was suggested that the phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of barnyardgrass in soil is induced by its accumulation in the basal part of the shoot through translocation. This primarily occurs after the absorption substantially by the mesocotyl from the herbicide-treated layer and additionally by other underground parts.     

Timing of molinate applications for the control of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. in rice

Application of molinate to young rice (Oryza sativa L.) immediately before the ihird flushing irrigalion, when seedlings of E. crus-galli were in the 2 2½-leaf stage, resulted m bctier weed control and greater increases in crop growth and yield than earlier application prior to ihe second flushing, or than later application prior to permanent flooding, Molinale applied prior to a flushing was lost from the soil rapidly. 79–85% loss within 13 days. Chemical remaining after this time disappeared more slowly and little further loss occurred until permaneni flooding 24 days afier application. Despite the rapid dissipation of molinate. application of 3 kg/ha before a flushing irrigation controlled newly-emerging E. crus-galli until permaneni Hood ing I S days after spraying. Epoque des traiiemenia au molinaie pour la lutte contre Echinochloa crus galli (L.) Beauv. en rizière L'applicaiion du molinate sur du riz [Oryza saliva L.) jeune. immédiatement apres la troisiéme irrigation par submersion, lorsque les plantules d’E crus galliétaient au stade 2 feuilles/2 feuilles 1/2adonné un meilleur résultat et des augmentations de croissance et de rendement du riz plus grandes qu'une appli cation plus précoce. avant la seconde irrigation, on qu'une application plus tardive avant la submersion permanente. Le molinate appliqué avant une irrigation a disparu rapidementdu sol: 79 à 85% de perte en 13 jours, Le produit persistant après cette date a disparu pius leniement et il n'y a euque peude pertes ultérieures jusquà la submersion permanenie. 24 jours apres le traitement. En dépit de la rapide dégradation du molinate. un traitement à 3 kg/ha avant une irrigation par submersion a été efficace contre les E. crus galli nouvellement levés. jusquà la submersion permanentc. 15 jours après le traitement. Der günstigste Zeitpunkt für Anwendung von Molinat zur Bekämpfung von Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. in Reis Die Anwendung von Molinate injungem Reis (Oryza sativa L.) unmittelbar vor der dritten Rieselbewä.sserung. wenn die Pflanzen von E. crus-galli im 2 bis 2 1/2-Blatlsiadium waren. bewirkte eine bessere Unkrautbekämpfung. ein bcsseres Wachstum der Kultur und einen höheren Ertrag alseine Be handlung zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt vor der zweiien Rieselbewässerung. Oder eine spätere Anwendung vor der permanenten Überstauung. Wurde Molmat vor emer Rieselbewässerung appliziert. traten innerhalb von 13 Tagen Herbizidveriuste von 79–85% im Boden ein Der Rest des Herbizids verschwand langsamer. und bis zum Zeitpunkt der permanenten Über-stauung—24 Tage nach der Applikation—ging nur wenig Her-bizid verloren. Troiz des schnellen Veriusts des Herbizids wurden durch die Anwendung von 3 kg/ha Molinat vor einer Rieselbewässerung frisch aufgelaufene E.crus-galli-Pflanzen bis zum Zeitpunki der permanenten Überstauung bckämpft. Der Zeilraum zwischen Spritzung und Überstauung betrug in den Versuchen 1 5 Tage.     

Influence of thiobencarb on nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and DCPIP photoreduction in rice and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) (barnyardgrass)

Summary. The influence of thiobencarb at 1500 ppm on levels of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and on 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) photoreduction was studied in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) (barnyardgrass) to understand the different sensitivities of these two plants to the herbicide. The herbicide treatment did not cause appreciable inhibition of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rice leaf sections. In barnyard grass, the treatment strongly lowered nitrite reductase activity. DCPIP photoreduction by isolated chloroplasts of the treated rice leaves was not greatly affected. On the other hand DCPIP photoreduction by both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts from treated barnyardgrass was inhibited by 70%. Herbicide caused accumulation of nitrite in treated barnyard grass leaves when compared to rice. Thiobencarb phytotoxicity to barnyard grass may be due to impairment of the Hill reaction that in turn caused accumulation of nitrite in the leaf tissue.     

Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in Arkansas,USA

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha^?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha^?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha^?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha^?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha^?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha^?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha^?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha^?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha^?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.     

Use of wild Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. to improve triazine resistance in cultivated S. italica (L.) by hybridization

Interspecific hybrids were obtained between two triazine-resistant forms of the wild species Setaria viridis and the triazine-susceptible cultivated foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The main agronomic characteristics of the hybrids were generally intermediate between the parental forms, except for fertility which was low. Some differences were observed according to the wild parent used. Progeny analysis confirmed the cytoplasmic inheritance of the resistance. The creation of resistant cultivars would allow the use of triazines in foxtail millet cultivation.     

Differential ability of alcohol fermentation between the seeds of flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

Seed germination and respiratory metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were studied in the flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli with an identical genome and common ancestry . In the flooding-tolerant E. crus-galli var. formosensis , the seeds imbibed under nitrogen could germinate and exhibited an I/N quotient > 0.6. They accelerated glycolysis and concomitantly produced large and equimolar quantities of carbon dioxide and ethanol, suggesting that the seeds of this variety showed operation of the Pasteur effect and respired through alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions. The seeds excreted most of the toxic fermentation product. In contrast, the seeds of the flooding-susceptible E. crus-galli var. praticola were capable of germinating only under aerobic conditions through the conventional aerobic respiration and were unable to anaerobically respire to germinate through alcohol fermentation regardless of the presence of both sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase activity and a high redox charge of the pyridine nucleotides.     

Comparative effects of different types of tank‐mixed adjuvants on the efficacy,absorption and translocation of cyhalofop‐butyl in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli [L.] Beauv.)

The efficacy of cyhalofop‐butyl with tank‐mixed adjuvants on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli [L.] Beauv.), as well as the physico‐chemical properties, absorption and translocation, was evaluated and compared. The efficacy experiment showed that the treatments with tank‐mixed adjuvants were approximately twofold more effective than with cyhalofop‐butyl alone at 2% (v/v) (silwet 625 at 0.05%). The surface tension decreased and the droplets could spread automatically on the leaves after adding the adjuvants. The spreading speed increased significantly with the adjuvants. The epidermal cells and wax layer were damaged by the adjuvants. The absorption of cyhalofop‐butyl was increased significantly after adding the tank‐mixed adjuvants. GY‐T12 and silwet 625 were conducive to upward translocation and all six tank‐mixed adjuvants promoted the downward translocation of the herbicide. The results demonstrate that adjuvants can have a considerable influence on the efficiency of cyhalofop‐butyl on barnyardgrass.     

谷子新品种（系）主要农艺性状及茎杆特性的遗传多样性分析

采用主成分分析、聚类分析、相关分析和回归分析对31个谷子新品种(系)的农艺性状和茎杆特性进行分析。研究结果表明,谷子新品种(系)的8个分级性状多样性差异较大,株型、穗型和穗密度多样性较高,谷粒颜色和米色多样性指数较差;8个产量性状中,单穗重、穗粒重和株高多样性丰富,生育期和出谷率多样性差;节长中,变异系数CV变化范围为23.294~26.811,H'变化范围为1.860~2.184,首部第3节CV较大,H'最高,多样性丰富;节粗中,CV变化范围为16.455~25.610,H'变化范围为1.473~2.023,首部第1节CV中等,H'较大,多样性丰富;不同节位的节粗具有一定的群集性,不同节位的节长位点分布较为分散;依据茎杆特性可将谷子新品种(系)划分为两大类群;单穗粒重与茎杆粗H'和茎杆长CV呈正相关(r=0.50,0.46,P0.05),且与茎杆粗CV和茎杆长H'呈负相关(r=-0.51,-0.47,P0.05)。31份谷子新品种(系)农艺和茎杆性状多样性丰富,茎杆长和粗对产量性状具有一定的影响。     

Occurrence,resistance factors and cross-resistance patterns to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Pal. Beauv. in Central Europe

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Pal. Beauv. is one of the most noxious weeds in maize cultivation and has evolved target-site resistance to ALS-inhibiting...     

银胶菊花对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。     

Molecular identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism technique

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques were applied for establishing the reliable practice in identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass). Total DNA was extracted from 18 accessions and 86 individuals of E. oryzicola , 33 accessions and 140 individuals of E. crus-galli var. crus-galli , 23 individuals of E. crus-galli var. praticola , and six individuals of E. crus-galli var. formosensis that were collected from Japan. A partial region of intergenetic spacer between trn T and trn L, and an intron of trn L were amplified separately using a trn-a and trn-b1 primer set, and a trn-c and trn-d primer set, respectively. All individuals of E. oryzicola showed the same fragment amplified by the trn-a and trn-b1 primer set. The fragment was 481 bp in length, and was undigested by Eco R I, whereas all individuals of E. crus-galli , including three botanical varieties, showed the same fragment with a 449-bp length. The fragment was digested by Eco R I into two fragments (178 and 271 bp). The fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. oryzicola was digested by Alu I into two fragments (174 and 452 bp), but undigested by Dra I. In contrast, the fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. crus-galli was digested by Dra I into two fragments (134 and 487 bp), but undigested by Alu I. There was no intraspecific variation in these regions; thus, these two species are easily identifiable by using our method.     

五氟磺草胺等6种除草剂对直播稻田高龄稗草的生物活性及田间控制效果

为筛选防治高龄稗草的有效药剂,用室内盆栽法测定了6种除草剂对高龄稗草的生物活性,并通过大田试验作了进一步验证。盆栽法测得五氟磺草胺和双草醚对高龄稗草的活性最高,其ED50值均为9.3 g/hm2,而噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯对高龄稗草活性最低,ED50 分别为28.7、28.6 g/hm2。其余2种除草剂嘧啶肟草醚和氟吡磺隆对高龄稗草的活性介于以上两者之间,ED50为10.1 g/hm2和11.4 g/hm2。田间试验结果显示,2.5%五氟磺草胺油悬浮剂30、37.5 g/hm2和10%噁唑酰草胺乳油 150、180 g/hm2 4个处理对高龄稗草防效优良,处理后20、40 d防效均在93.0%以上;处理后40 d,10%双草醚悬浮剂3种浓度处理和5%嘧啶肟草醚乳油 80 g/hm2的防效均在91.4%以上;10％氟吡磺隆水分散粒剂和10%氰氟草酯乳油对高龄稗草防效均不理想,药后20、40 d各处理的株防效均不到80%。