有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

有机酸对水稻镉吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,在水稻开花期向土壤添加有机酸类物质,研究有机酸对水稻吸收镉的影响,特别是对水稻籽粒中镉含量的影响。结果表明,添加乙二胺四乙酸处理可明显抑制水稻对镉的吸收,即水稻籽粒中镉含量明显降低;而用柠檬酸和苹果酸处理时,对水稻籽粒中镉含量影响不大。     

细胞分裂素类物质对玉米幼苗镉吸收和转运的影响

以玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗为材料,采用水培试验研究了喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米镉吸收及转运的影响。结果表明,0.5mg/L镉处理条件下,细胞分裂素类物质能促进玉米幼苗的生长及其对镉的吸收和地上部镉的分配,对镉的转运系数影响较小。提高6-BA喷施浓度使玉米幼苗的生长量、镉吸收量及地上部镉分配增高,提高KT喷施浓度也使镉在地上部的分配比例增加,但当KT喷施浓度为70mg/L时玉米幼苗的生长量及镉的吸收量最高。表明细胞分裂素类物质可缓解镉对植物的毒害作用,提高植物提取水或土壤环境中的镉的效率,但其作用的最佳浓度因细胞分裂素类物质的种类不同而异。     

镉修复土壤中磷酸盐对镉的形态转化和植物吸收的影响

Phosphate was found to have neither influence on Cd transformation nor effect on plant Cd uptake in three Cd-amended upland soils.However,on submerged red earth,high phosphate dressing inhibited the transformation of Cd from exchangeable fraction to other lower-available ones.Cadmium uptake by rice plants increased simultaneously with increasing phosphate supply though plant resistance to Cd also increased at high phosphate level.Application of phosphate as an amendment for Cd-contaminated soil was therefore not recommended in view of the increasing influx of Cd into food chain especially on flooded soils.     

水稻镉吸收与转运机理的研究进展

长期食用高含镉(Cd)的大米会严重危害人体健康,引起一系列的疾病,因此控制稻米Cd含量对粮食安全具有重要意义.本文从根部Cd吸收、根向茎叶的转运和茎叶向籽粒转运3个角度系统总结,从生理角度综述了这3个重要过程涉及的生理机制,从分子生物学角度总结了相关基因的分子调控机制,归纳并讨论了一些存在争议的问题.深度探讨了调控吸收...     

外源有机酸对美人蕉耐性和Cr吸收、迁移的影响

采用营养液培养试验,研究外源有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸)对Cr污染水体中美人蕉(Canna indicaL.)的耐性、对Cr的吸收和迁移能力的影响。结果表明,各有机酸均不同程度地增强了美人蕉的耐性,促进Cr吸收和向地上部迁移。不同有机酸和同种有机酸不同浓度(4,8,16 mmol/L)的影响效果不尽相同。就耐性特征而言,16 mmol/L的草酸能够明显提高美人蕉生物量和促进根系生长,其影响效果要大于柠檬酸和酒石酸;就Cr吸收和迁移特性而言,影响大小为柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸,尤以16 mmol/L的柠檬酸效果最为显著,而酒石酸和草酸分别在8 mmol/L,16 mmol/L时最利于Cr的吸收和迁移。因此,在本试验条件下16 mmol/L的柠檬酸较适合Cr污染水体的植物修复。     

有机酸对污染土壤中镉释放的影响

There is limited information on the release behavior of heavy metals from natural soils by organic acids. Thus, cadmium release, due to two organic acids (tartrate and citrate) that are common in the rhizosphere, from soils polluted by metal smelters or tailings and soils artificially contaminated by adding Cd were analyzed. The presence of tartrate or citrate at a low concentration (≤ 6 mmol L^-1 for tartrate and ≤ 0.5 mmol L^-1 for citrate) inhibited Cd release, whereas the presence of organic acids in high concentrations (≥ 2 mmol L^-1 for citrate and ≥ 15 mmol L^-1 for tartrate) apparently promoted Cd release. Under the same conditions, the Cd release in naturally polluted soils was less than that of artificially contaminated soils. Additionally, as the initial pH rose from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate, a sequential valley and then peak appeared in the Cd release curve, while in the presence of tartrate the Cd release steadily decreased. In addition, Cd release was clearly enhanced as the electrolyte concentration of KNO₃ or KCl increased in the presence of 2 mmol L^-1 tartrate. Moreover, a higher desorption of Cd was shown with the KCl electrolyte compared to KNO₃ for the same concentration levels. This implied that the bioavailability of heavy metals could be promoted with the addition of suitable types and concentrations of organic acids as well as reasonable field conditions.     

植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制

阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。     

有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

Organic Matter Influence in Cadmium Uptake by Sorghum

Abstract

The influence of soil organic matter (OM) in the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by Sorghum will be studied in order to get a better knowledge in the yield and understanding of detoxification mechanisms of soils. Plants were grown for 60 days in a greenhouse pot experiment using a contaminated soil with 4.5 and 35 mg Cd kg^?1, in absence and presence of OM. An Irish peat moss (70 g kg^?1 of soil) was added as OM. In the presence of OM the biomass production of root and shoot was increased with a positive correlation between biomass increment and contamination level. For experiments with 35 mg Cd kg^?1 of soil the biomass production was increased of about 7 times in the presence (vs. absence) of OM. Although the presence of OM had decreased Cd root concentration by decreasing Cd bioavailability in soil, the increase of biomass in presence of OM led to an increase of about 3 times on the Cd amount in shoot, result that can be important in soil phytoremediation.     

田间施用石灰和有机肥对水稻吸收镉的影响

通过大田试验探究不同用量的有机肥与石灰对土壤pH、有机质和Cd有效态含量以及不同生育期水稻各器官中积累Cd的动态变化。结果表明:成熟期水稻各器官Cd含量规律为根>茎>叶片>稻壳>糙米。石灰的施用能显著提高土壤pH,在分蘖期时,低用量石灰与高用量石灰处理下土壤pH分别提高1.35,1.84个单位;有机肥的施用可以增加有机质含量,与对照相比,高用量有机肥处理在分蘖期时有机质含量提高6.60 g/kg,在成熟期提高2.72 g/kg。灌浆期是水稻吸收积累Cd的重要时期,石灰和有机肥的施用均能降低灌浆期土壤中有效态Cd含量,高用量有机肥与高用量石灰处理下土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,分别降低52.05%和46.87%。有机肥和石灰均能显著降低糙米Cd含量,降Cd效果为高用量有机肥>高用量石灰>低用量有机肥>低用量石灰,高用量有机肥处理的效果最好,糙米Cd含量降低68.20%。     

Effect of Organic Acids on Heavy-Metal Uptake and Growth of Canola Grown in Contaminated Soil

Heavy-metal pollution of soils causes many environmental, animal, and human health problems. Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils is an effective and economic technique. Humic acids are naturally occurring phenol body polymerisates, which form chelate compounds with heavy metals. In the present study the influence of soil- applied humic, citric, and malic acids on the lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) uptake from a contaminated soil by canola plant was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The experiment was arranged in factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. The factors of experiment included three organic acids (humic, citric, and malic acid) as first factor and five concentrations [0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, and 0.004 (v/v)] as second factor. The results showed that increase in organic acid concentration significantly increased heavy-metal uptake by canola plant, which accumulated heavy metals in different parts of the plant. In addition, crop growth representing by plant height and plant dry weight as well as seed production significantly decreased. Based on these results, canola can be considered as effective crop for phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils.     

不同有机物料与石灰对小麦吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染土壤上不同有机物料、石灰及有机物料与石灰配合施用对小麦生长和吸收重金属镉的影响。结果表明,施用猪粪能显著增加小麦产量,小麦产量随猪粪用量的增加而增加;石灰用量超过一定数值后则显著降低小麦产量;而其他处理对小麦产量的增、减作用不显著。施用高量猪粪(Z4)或石灰+低量猪粪(Z2)能显著降低小麦对镉的吸收,使籽粒的镉浓度降至国家食品镉污染限量标准(GB2762-2005)以下。所有石灰+机物料处理都比对照处理明显降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中的镉,但籽粒中的镉浓度都未达到国家食品镉污染限量标准。在受重金属Cd污染土壤上施用高量猪粪或猪粪配施石灰,表现为显著的负交互作用,对控制小麦对镉的吸收以及从秸秆向籽粒的转移,都有显著的效果。石灰与泥炭或活性炭配合施用表现为正的交互作用,会在一定程度上促进小麦对镉的吸收。     

复合改良剂对镉砷化学形态及在水稻中累积转运的调控

为治理镉砷污染农田土壤,选取湘南某矿区镉砷复合污染稻田土壤,以水稻盆栽实验研究了复合改良剂HZB(羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭)对土壤中镉(Cd)、砷(As)赋存形态以及水稻累积转运Cd和As的影响。结果表明,施用HZB能提高土壤p H 0.19~0.79个单位,阳离子交换量增加22.1%~60.4%;施用HZB使活性较大的酸提取态Cd含量降低了6.5%~22.9%,促进了Cd向难溶态的转变,可使有机结合态Cd增加2.5%~56.5%;施用HZB促进活性As向难溶型的钙型As转化,钙型As含量增加2.8%~53.3%,也可使交换态As含量降低7.0%~39.5%,但当施用量超过4.0 g kg-1时则会增加交换态As含量。水稻根系对Cd的富集系数在0.65~1.21之间,对As的富集系数在0.033~0.049之间,富集Cd的能力大于As;谷壳对Cd的转运能力最大,而根系对As的转运能力最大;施用HZB有降低水稻根系富集Cd和As的能力。施用0.5~2.0 g kg-1的HZB能降低水稻地上各部位中Cd和As含量;在2 g kg-1施用水平,水稻糙米中Cd和As含量均低于0.2 mg kg-1,达到国家食品污染物限量标准。     

Endosulfan Plant Uptake Suppression Effect on Char Amendment in Oriental Radish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) immobilization in farm land is an important issue to solve the residue in crop, and char has been considered for the remediation. In here, three commercially available chars like powdered oak char (POC), granulated oak char (GOC), and rice husk char (RHC) including powdered activated carbon (PAC) were investigated for their potential to adsorb and immobilize endosulfan in the soil. The maximum adsorption capacities (mg g^?1) of the applied chars as POC, GOC, and RHC were 714.8, 322.6, and 181.8, respectively, and the capacity of POC was similar with PAC (713.8). In addition, the pore volume (0.138 cm³ g^?1) and the surface area (270.3 m² g^?1) of POC were over 3-fold higher than GOC and RHC. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) reducing effect of α-, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate in oriental radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) was investigated by amendment of three commercially available chars to the contaminated soils. The BCF of total endosulfan was 0.025 in the radish root. POC treatments effectively suppressed the endosulfan uptake (BCF 0.002). However, GOC and RHC showed little BCF reducing effect of endosulfan in radish.     

有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应的影响

[目的]合成有机碳土壤改良剂,为河西内陆灌区制种玉米产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省张掖市甘州区的风沙土,采用田间试验方法,进行有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应研究。[结果]有机碳土壤改良剂施用量与风沙土孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、速效养分、微生物数量、酶活性和玉米产量呈正相关关系;与体积质量、pH值呈负相关关系。施用有机碳土壤改良剂与传统化肥比较,风沙土体积质量、pH值、Hg,Cd,Cr和Pb分别降低8.46%,4.87%,17.95%,27.78%,15.75%和18.03%;总孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加8.15%,23.98%,8.15%,3.16%,0.10%,2.13%和1.18%;真菌、细菌、放线菌、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和玉米施肥利润分别增加59.18%,41.75%,23.28%,57.09%,13.54%,10.71%和2 180.40元/hm2。[结论]施用有机碳土壤改良剂,能有效地改善风沙土理化性质和生物学性质,提高玉米产量。