滇-型杂交水稻质核雄性不育恢复基因的SSR分子标记

用混合品集分析方法(BLA),在保持系和恢复系中的DNA各取20个样混合,对PMRF、OSR-33、RM294、RG304、RG257和RM228六对引物进行筛选,结果发现PMRF、OSR-33和RM228三对SSR引物在保持系和恢复系的混合之间有遗传差异.用这三对引物分别对不同的40个保持系和60个恢复系DNA样品进行扩增.另外,用滇-型杂交粳稻的保持系40份和恢复系60份与不育系进行测交,杂种F1花粉的育性经1%的I-KI染色,其花粉的可育率有高有低.用扩增出的带型与F1花粉的育性进行相关分析,结果表明扩增出带型与花粉的育性呈显著正相关,两种带型对应的花粉可育率均值经t测验差异极显著,表明PMRF、OSR-33和RM228标记与滇-型细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因连锁,并且PMRF、OSR-33sSR和RM228引物是设计在第10染色体长臂的中部,所以,滇-型细胞质雄性不育育性恢复的一个基因可初步定位于第10染色体长臂的中部.     

滇1型杂交水稻质核雄性不育恢复基因的研究

用混合品系分析方法(BLA)，在滇1型杂交水稻的保持系和恢复系中的DNA各取20个样混合，对OSR—33引物进行筛选，结果发现OSR—33引物在保持系和恢复系中有遗传差异。然后又用这对引物分别对保持系和恢复系的单株DNA样品进行扩增。另外，用滇1型杂交粳稻的保持系和恢复系与不育系进行测交，杂种F1花粉的育性经1％的I—KI染色。用扩增出的带型与F1花粉的育性进行相关分析，结果表明扩增出带型与花粉的育性呈显著正相关，两种带型对应的花粉可育率均值经t测验差异极显著，表明OSR—33标记与滇1型细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因连锁，由于OSR—33引物是设计在第10染色体长臂的中部，所以，滇1型细胞质雄性不育育性恢复的一个基因可初步定位于第10染色体长臂的中部。     

水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型细胞质雄性不育系的PCR标记鉴别

中国用于杂交粳稻生产的细胞质雄性不育系仅有滇Ⅰ型和BT型,它们的不育系产生的花粉都为染败型,而且具有相同的恢保关系、同为配子体不育。因此,基于花粉败育特点和恢保关系等常规技术无法鉴别这两种不育系。本研究利用线粒体特异引物LD24对27个滇Ⅰ型不育系和9个BT型不育系进行PCR扩增,结果显示滇Ⅰ型不育系无扩增片段,BT型不育系具有1个605 bp的片段。该片段的DNA序列与水稻LD型雄性不育细胞质线粒体基因组的一个604 bp片段相似性达99%,该片段包括一个位于rps1基因下游的一段230 bp序列及rps1与orf187基因间隔区上游的一个374 bp序列。本研究的结果说明利用LD24标记的PCR产物可以有效地鉴别水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型雄性不育细胞质。     

Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系细胞质效应在春小麦上的表现

具有粘果山羊草和偏凸山羊草细胞质的K、Ven小麦雄性不育系与普通小麦的核质互作及细胞质的不良效应较低，在小麦杂种优势的利用上最有价值和利用前景，试验针对西北春麦区生态条件，直接引用由西北农林科技大学培育的Ven、K质113／1R易位小麦雄性不育系和保持系，利用西北春麦区现主栽或新育成的春麦品种（系）作为广泛测交的测验种，应用于春性杂种小麦。结果不育系表现育性稳定，细胞质效应小，春性较春麦品种弱，生长发育快，株高较接，丰产性较差。因此，今后生产应用应转育丰产性好的春性Ven质和K质雄性不育系及其保持系，测交筛选高恢复性恢复系。     

滇Ⅰ型粳稻不育系花粉败育状况分类研究

对供试的114个滇I型粳稻不育系花粉镜检，结果表明：滇I型不育系的大部分材料中均有染败花粉粒，但染败花粉粒所占比率因保持系来源的不同而有差异。其中有23份材料的花粉粒全部为圆败和碘败，这些材料以圈败花粉粒所占的比率较大，圆败花粉率占50％以上的有16份，占无染败花粉材料的69．56％，滇I型不育系中未发现全部为碘败花粉的材料。用败育程度较高(花粉粒全部为圆败和碘败)的不育系材料分别与南29和南34测交，杂交组合育性均可恢复，南29和南34对败育程度较高的滇I型不育系仍具有恢复力。     

线粒体DNA由来的RAPD标记能鉴别水稻雄性不育和可育细胞质

以野败型细胞质的水稻雄性不育系珍汕97A及其保持系珍汕97B的总DNA为模板,从100个引物中筛选到OPA12对珍汕97A能扩增出一条1600 bp的特异带.用OPA12扩增野败型细胞质的龙特浦A及其保持系龙特浦B、矮败型细胞质的协青早A及其保持系协青早B、恢复系明恢63、珍汕97A/明恢63的F1和F2个体的总DNA,不育系、F1和F2所有调查个体都有16     

食荚豌豆雄性不育突变体的遗传研究

对国内首例豌豆雄性不育突变体的不育度、遗传特点及稳定性进行研究。观察发现：在生育前期。不育株外部形态特征与正常株没有明显差异;现蕾后,剥开花蕾可看到不育株的花药呈淡黄色半透明状。而可育株的花药呈橙黄色。用I2-KI染色法镜检花粉的可染性,发现不育株的花药内没有花粉粒,败育彻底,为典型的“无花粉型”雄性不育。用不育株作母本,与同品系的正常可育株进行姊妹交,F1全部可育,F2可育株与不育株的分离比例为3：1。用不育株作母本,其他品系作父本进行测交,同时用其他品系作母本,姊妹交F1作父本进行反交,正反交后代的育性表现一致。F1全部可育。F2可育株与不育株呈3：1分离。结果表明：该雄性不育突变体的不育性是可遗传的,属单隐性基因控制的核不育类型,与细胞质遗传物质无关。在不同年份、不同季节下,不育性状表现稳定。     

甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育系缺绿及恢复的研究初报

用白菜型、甘蓝型两个类型油菜品种与甘蓝型萝卜细胞质雄性不育系进行测定，对缺绿和育笥进行观察。结果表明：１ 缺绿观察结果，不缺绿组合４个，占测交组合３。．１７％，微缺绿组合９个，占测交组合的７．１４％，轻缺绿绷３４个，占测交２５．９８％，次重缺绿５７个，占测交组合的４５．２％，重抽绿２２个，占测并组合１７．４％。２ 育性观察结果，测交组合多为彻底不育，多为保持系；但部分组合出现全恢（全部为微粉）和部     

大白菜胞质雄性不育线粒体基因特异分子RAPD标记及克隆

用随机引物对大白菜细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA的RAPD分析,在不育系与保持系的线粒体基因组间存在明显的差异,用引物S259在不育系中扩增并克隆得到特异片断(mt)S259~600bp,序列分析表明该片断与油菜线粒体基因NADH脱氢酶第四亚基序列有部分相似性,片段与雄性不育的关系还需进一步研究。     

大白菜细胞质雄性不育的分子鉴定及序列分析

为了获得3种大白菜细胞质雄性不育系Ogu CMS,Pol CMS,CMS96和保持系间的多态性以及定位大白菜CMS96不育系所属的不育类型,利用设计的atp6,orf222单一和混合引物PCR扩增3组11份同核异质大白菜细胞质雄性不育系和保持系mtDNA。结果表明,atp6引物在大白菜Ogu CMS不育系扩增的200 bp片段为其特异带;orf222引物仅在大白菜Pol CMS和CMS96不育系有扩增产物,但二者有3点完全不同:大白菜Pol CMS不育系扩增产物为675bp,CMS96不育系扩增产物为669 bp,二者相差6个核苷酸,后者定名为大白菜CMS96-orf222。大白菜CMS96-orf222与甘蓝型油菜Nap CMS的nad5c基因和Nap-orf222基因同源性均为99%,E值为0.0;大白菜Pol CMS的675 bp序列具有ORF224开放阅读框,没有保守结构域,而大白菜CMS96的669 bp序列具有ORF222开放阅读框和保守结构域YMF19。另外,atp6和orf222混合引物多重PCR扩增产物存在明显多态性:800 bp为大白菜保持系的差异带型;2 300 bp和1 500 bp为大白菜Pol CMS不育系特异带型;200 bp为大白菜Ogu CMS不育系特异带型;690 bp为大白菜CMS96不育系特异带型。该方法仅用一次PCR反应快速地将3种大白菜细胞质雄性不育系和保持系一次性全部区分开,为大白菜分子育种和常规育种更好地相结合提供了简单、快速、准确和重复性好的方法和手段。     

滇一型杂交粳稻恢复基因的分子鉴定研究

用位于水稻第10染色体的微卫星标记OSR33、RM228对285份滇型材料进行恢复基因的分子鉴定研究，结果表明：①OSR33、RM228标记的基因型依材料的不同而出现分子量不同的带型，且带型与材料有关；②OSR33和RM228鉴定材料的准确率分别为96％和90％；OSR33、RM228标记的基因型值与黑染花粉率极显著正相关，可用于鉴别恢复系；③用Mapmaker／QTL软件分析供试材料的表现型，在OSR33、RM228之间，探测到1个与育性恢复有关的主效QTL，可解释83．2％的表型变异，与OSR33和RM228的遗传距离分别为3．3cM和7．0cM。     

Identification of the Rf gene conferring fertility restoration of the CMS Dian-type 1 in rice by using simple sequence repeat markers and advanced inbred lines of restorer and maintainer

Cytoplasmic male sterility of Dian‐type 1 (CMS‐D1) was developed 30 years ago in Yunnan. A major gene conferring fertility restoration for the CMS‐D1 system was detected by microsatellite markers in advanced inbred lines consisting of 196 maintainers and 62 restorers developed in breeding programmes of hybrid rice involving the CMS‐D1 system. The gene was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers, OSR33 and RM228, on chromosome 10, and was temporarily designated as Rf‐D1(t). The genetic distances of the gene to the two microsatellite markers were 3.4 and 5.0 cM, respectively. This linkage was confirmed by using an F2 population derived from a cross between a CMS‐D1 line and a restorer. This study also demonstrated that using OSR33 was reliable and efficient for identification of restoring lines in hybrid rice breeding with the CMS‐D1 system.     

RAPD markers linked with restorer genes for the C-source of cytoplasmic male sterility in rye (Secale cereale L.)

The study was aimed at the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to genes controlling male sterility in rye with the C‐source of sterility‐inducing cytoplasm. Markers of male sterility were distinguished using bulk segregant analysis, carried out on the two F₂ crosses between male sterile and male fertile inbred lines. Screening of polymorphisms revealed by 1000 arbitrary 10‐mer primers allowed the detection of 10 markers in the cross between 711‐cmsC and DS2 lines and seven markers in the cross between 544‐cmsC and Ot0‐20 lines. Five markers were common for the two crosses, which allowed comparative mapping to be performed. Ten markers were mapped on the 4RL chromosome arm where two linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) for male sterility were discovered. Additional QTL of minor effect on male fertility were detected between the two linked markers provisionally assigned to the 6RS chromosome arm. The effectiveness of the marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for male‐sterile genotypes was evaluated.     

Molecular mapping of S-c, an F1 pollen sterility gene in cultivated rice

Hybrids between indica and japonica rice varieties usually show partial sterility, and are a major limiting factor in the utilization of heterosis at subspecific level. When studying male-gamete (pollen) abortion, a possibly important cause for sterility, six loci (S-a, S-b, S-c, S-d, S-e and S-f) for F₁ pollen sterility were identified. Here we report genetic and linkage analysis of S-c locus using molecular markers in a cross between Taichung 65, a japonica variety carrying allele S-c ^j, and its isogenic line TISL5, carrying alleleS-c ^j. Our results show that pollen sterility occurring in the hybrids is controlled by one locus. We used 208 RFLP markers, as well as 500 RAPD primers, to survey the polymorphism between Taichung 65 and TISL5. Six RFLP markers located on a small region of chromosome 3, detected different RFLP patterns. Co-segregation analysis of fertility and RFLP patterns with 123 F₂ plants confirmed that the markers RG227, RG391, R1420 were completely linked with the S-c locus. The genetic distances between the markers C730, RG166 and RG369 and the S-c locus were 0.5 cM, 3.4 cM, and 3.4 cM respectively. Distorted F₂ ratios were also observed for these 4 RFLP markers in the cross. This result suggests that the `one locus sporo-gametophytic' model could explain F₁ hybrid pollen sterility in cultivated rice. RG227, the completely linked marker, has been converted to STS marker for marker-assisted selection. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

应用GISH与STS标记鉴定小麦-中间偃麦草抗黄矮病端体系

由大麦黄矮病毒引起的小麦黄矮病毒病是一个严重病害,至今在小麦属内还没有发现抗源。中间偃麦草2Ai-2染色体携带一个高抗黄矮病基因,对该基因的染色体臂定位将为制定抗病基因向小麦转移策略,筛选、开发特定的、与抗性连锁的分子标记的研究提供重要信息。本文对由小麦-中间偃麦草二体附加系Z6衍生的3个抗黄矮病端体系进行鉴定,通过分析端体的遗传构成、筛选与端体共分离的STS标记以确定端体在遗传上的染色体臂归属,从而明确BYDV抗病基因的染色体位置。以拟鹅冠草基因组[Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) Löve,St]DNA为探针,中国春基因组(Triticum aestivum L., ABD) DNA作封阻分别对抗病亲本Z6及抗病端体系N530的根尖体细胞染色体进行原位杂交,结果表明,N530体细胞中有2个端体显示出与Z6中外源染色体2Ai-2短臂相似, 而与长臂不同的杂交信号。以小麦第2同源群的5个RFLP探针的DNA序列为基础,设计了6对PCR引物,对小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系、二体代换系和端体系进行扩增,结果表明,基于短臂探针psr126,psr131序列设计的2对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体及端体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,而基于长臂探针psr112序列设计的1对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,但不能在端体系进行特异扩增,证明外源端体为2Ai-2染色体的短臂。本研究不仅将黄矮病抗性基因定位于2Ai-2染色体的短臂上, 而且由RFLP探针psr126、psr131和psr112序列转化的标记STS₁₂₆ (sequence tagged site) STS₁₃₁和STS₁₁₂还可分别作为追踪2Ai-2染色体短臂和长臂的分子标记,用于抗病易位系辅助选择。     

Development and use of a two-gene marker-aided selection system for fertility restorer genes in rice

We have established marker-aided selection strategies for the two major Rf genes (Rf3 and Rf4) governing fertility restoration of␣cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS) in rice. Polymorphisms between restorer and non-restorer␣lines were observed using RG140/PvuII for Rf3 located on chromosome 1 and S10019/BstUI for Rf4 located on chromosome 10. DNA polymorphisms associated with these two loci in restorer lines of wild abortive (WA), Dissi, and Gambiaca cytoplasm are conserved, suggesting that similar biological processes control pollen fertility in this diverse cytoplasm. Because of their close linkage to Rf genes and distinct banding patterns, STS markers RG140/PvuII and S10019/BstUI are well suited for marker-aided selection, enhanced backcross procedures, and pyramiding of Rf genes in agronomically superior non-restorer lines. The combined use of markers associated with these two loci improved the efficiency of screening for putative restorer lines from a set of elite lines. Positional analyses of Rf4 and the inheritance pattern of the polymorphism in S10019/BstUI suggest that Rf4, governing fertility restoration in WA-CMS in rice, is likely to be the same gene governing fertility restoration in BT- and HL-CMS that has a gametophytic effect, which explains why 100% pollen fertility in hybrids is impossible to attain.     

Molecular characterization of a novel powdery mildew resistance gene Pm30 in wheat originating from wild emmer

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases in many regions of theworld. A powdery mildew resistance gene, originating from wild emmerwheat (Triticum dicoccoides) accession `C20', from Rosh Pinna, Israel,was successfully transferred to hexaploid wheat through crossing andbackcrossing. Genetic analysis indicated that a single dominant genecontrols the powdery mildew resistance at the seedling stage. SegregatingBC₁F₂ progenies of the cross 87-1/C20//2*8866 wereused for bulked segregant analysis (BSA). The PCR approach was used togenerate polymorphic DNA fragments between the resistant and susceptibleDNA pools by use of 10-mer random primers, STS primers, and wheatmicrosatellite primers. Three markers, Xgwm159/430,Xgwm159/460, and Xgwm159/500, were found to be linked tothe resistance gene. After evaluating the polymorphic markers in twosegregating populations, the distance between the markers and the mildewresistance gene was estimated to be 5–6 cM. By means of ChineseSpring nullisomic-tetrasomics and ditelosomics, the polymorphic markersand the resistance gene were assigned to chromosome arm 5BS and werephysically mapped on the gene rich regions of fragment length (FL) 0.41–0.43 by Chinese Spring deletion lines. As no powdery mildew resistancegene has been reported on chromosome arm 5BS, the mildew resistancegene originating from C20 should be a new gene and is designated Pm30.     

Occurrence and frequency of putatively Y chromosome linked DNA markers in Cannabis sativa L.

DNA from female and male hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants belonging to nine different varieties were screened with180 RAPD primers in a search for sex-associated DNA markers. About 1500bands were produced in total, nine primers were found yielding one or two DNA bands amplified in all nine male DNA bulks and absent in all female DNA bulks. These putatively male-associated markers were then scored in three different F1progenies, deriving from a cross between a common male parent and three different female plants. The sex of the progeny was accurately scored on the basis of the floral phenotype, and the presence of the nine male-associated markers was verified by RAPD analysis. In all three progenies examined, all the male plants showed the DNA markers previously identified by bulk segregant analysis (BSA) on the hemp varieties, while all the female plants lacked them. The fact that the association between these markers and the staminate phenotype is found when examining male plants of distantly related varieties, and that such linkage is never broken when different progenies are examined, strongly supports the hypothesis that the markers found are physically located on the Y chromosome, in a region excluded from recombination during meiosis. Another marker was shown to be present in the male parent, in all the male plants of each progeny, and in 50% of the female progenies, while it was absent in the female parent; the possible occurrence of markers deriving from multiple amplification sites of the genome is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.