Study on Spatial Structure of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Clanism

"China's deep-rooted family culture and the resulting family spirit is one of the basic characteristics of Chinese society that differs from western society," said by Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong. German sociologist Max Weber defi nes Chinese society as "family structure society"[1]. And sociologist Fei Zhengqing believes that the villages in China are organized by families. In sociological studies, the traditional villages are divided into three types: single-clan villages with only one dominating family, main-clan villages which are mainly composed of several families, and multi-clan villages where some coequal families live together[2]. The authors believe that traditional villages are organized social communities with kinship as a link. They are products of the family system. There is a close connection between a village's family composition and its space construction. Single-clan village is an introverted spatial organization mode entirely based on kinship, ancestral hall is located in the center and the whole spatial structure grows toward it. Main-clan village is a decentralized family aggregate based on the ties of blood as well as region. And the organization of its village space depends on temples and pavilions where families enshrine and worship ancestors and gods. It owns obvious features of collage and collaboration. M ulticlan village is a collaborative and extroverted complex spatial system led by relationship of colleagues, where large public buildings are taken as the core to organize commercial activities. Its form is similar to the form of small towns. Taking sociological term "family" as the starting point and cases of national historic cultural villages including Hong Village, Zhuge Village, Zoumatang Village, Suzhuang Village and Guoyu Village into further study, this article analyses the correlation between kinship composition and spatial form of villages, tries to reveal the essential structure of traditional space of villages and to provide a new perspective on spatial study as well as basis for preservation of traditional villages.     

Spatial Evolution of Tourism-Oriented Rural Residential Space: A Case Study of Xiaochuanfangyu Village,Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village in Jizhou District,Tianjin

Currently, rural residential space can't continue to meet the growing demand for tourism receptions because of the development of rural tourism, resulting in the evolution and reconstruction of residential space in rural areas. In the past decade, rural tourism has become the main driving force for industrial transformation and economic growth in rural areas of China. Taking three tourism-oriented villages in Jizhou District, Tianjin, namely Xiaochuanfangyu Village, Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village, as the objects of the research, this paper analyzed the influence of rural tourism on the evolution of rural residential space from the perspectives of the spatial pattern and architectural style at the microscopic scale.     

偃师市耕地时空变化及驱动力分析

为从县级层面上了解耕地变化的趋势特点,更好地实现耕地资源保护及可持续利用,笔者研究了偃师市1997—2004年耕地时空变化情况,并运用主成分分析法,对影响耕地变化的主要驱动力因子进行了定性与定量分析。结果表明,1997—2004年偃师市耕地变化分为数量增加和数量减少两个阶段;变化幅度区域分布不同,经济发达乡镇高于落后乡镇,中心城区、重点乡镇高于一般乡镇,山区乡镇高于平原乡镇。其变化除受政策、观念等因素驱动外,经济发展也起到了重要的促进作用,并在此基础上提出了耕地保护的建议。     

Renovation Project of Vernacular Dwellings against the Background of Historical and Cultural Tourism

Taking the renovation project of vernacular dwellings in Chadong Village in Nanlang Town, Zhongshan City for example, historical background of historical and cultural tourism and concrete situation of the project were combined to elaborate the principles, methods and implementation measures of vernacular dwellings in such projects. Renovation projects of vernacular dwellings could protect historical buildings, coordinate regional historical images, and improve the quality of history and culture, so it could be widely applied in historical and cultural tourism of villages and towns.     

县域高标准农田建设项目遴选布局方法——以舒兰市为例

本研究旨在为科学布局高标准农田建设项目提供技术支持。从分析建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析的项目区遴选方法,并在吉林省舒兰市进行实证研究。结果表明：舒兰市高标准农田建设潜力较大,高适宜区和中适宜区合占耕地总面积的74.91%,主要分布在北部乡镇;空间稳定性与建设适宜性的空间分布大致相同,整体呈现“北部高于南部”的特征;高标准农田建设呈现明显的“北部易于南部”特征,其中优良协调类占耕地总面积的52.92%,主要分布在平安镇、金马镇、七里乡、开原镇、水曲柳镇和天德乡等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小,高标准农田建设难度最小;高标准农田建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度的热点区主要分布在法特镇、莲花乡、天德乡、平安镇、七里乡等北部乡镇,是高标准农田项目的优先选择区域。结合研究区实际,确定舒兰市“十三五”期间高标准农田建设区总面积10828.89 hm ²。     

张家界市武陵源区贫困村空间分布规律研究

为加速张家界市脱贫攻坚进程及其他旅游地区旅游扶贫提供重要依据。以该区2016 年初贫困村数据为基础,运用GIS 空间分析方法中的叠加分析、缓冲分析和密度分析3 种方法,通过探索张家界市武陵源区贫困村空间分布规律,对该区31 个贫困村空间分布规律进行研究。结果表明：景区和乡（镇）政府辐射作用明显,贫困村的数量呈现出随着景区和乡（镇）政府距离的递减而向外递增的态势;贫困村呈现沿进入景区主要交通干线分布,但主要交通干线对扶贫的作用微弱;贫困村在经济薄弱的地方呈现集聚特征,而在经济较好的地区集聚特征不明显。因此加强景区的带动和辐射作用是核心,提升基础设施建设是关键,强化政府机构扶贫职能是保障,为新形势下其他地区旅游精准扶贫提供重要的理论参考。     

Landscape Feature Construction of Traditional Villages against the Backdrop of Tourism Development:A Case Study of Youshan Village in Zhentou Town,Wuyuan County

As a large province committed to developing ecological civilization,Jiangxi province is among the top provinces that boast the largest amount of traditional villages.Although maintaining a relatively intact ecological environment,Jiangxi Province is relatively backward in economy,which makes it an urgent mission for the local authorities to vigorously develop traditional village tourism.But many traditional vil ages landscapes have been destroyed in the process of development since there is no specific guidelines or regulations.This paper analyzed the development of Youshan Village-a traditional village that has made remarkable achievements in developing its tourism resources while conserving its original landscape features,concluded the methods and principles of constructing traditional village landscapes of Jiangxi province and expected to further explore the development mode for prospering tourism in the traditional villages.     

内生式乡村旅游发展演变、困境与调控

内生式乡村旅游是以乡村意境为核心吸引物的一种自我主导的,农民广泛参与的旅游形式,是农民致富的一种重要方式。但是部分内生式乡村旅游地经过多年的发展后面临环境恶化、乡村意境破坏、社会矛盾凸显、发展停滞等问题,严重制约了乡村旅游地的可持续发展。本文对长沙市桃花岭村农家乐发展进行个案研究,半结构访谈40名经营业者与管理者,研究发现内生式乡村旅游的演变历程分为探索期、发展期和稳定期（停滞期）,市场需求满足、制度创新与技术创新是内生式乡村旅游地发展的核心要素,未来应该是将外生式发展理念与内生式发展理念相结合,才可摆脱内生式乡村旅游地发展的困境。     

Application of Landscape Gene Information Chain in Tourism Development of Traditional Human Settlements:A Case Study of Daqitou Village in Sanshui District,Foshan City

Based on the aspect of historical and cultural geography, the value of "landscape gene information chain" in the tourism development of ancient villages was verified by taking cultural landscape as the principal line, historical and cultural settlement as the carriers, and traditional buildings as the entry points. Taking Daqintou Village in Sanshui District, Foshan City for example, the theory of "landscape gene information chain" was applied to design a tourism planning scheme for Daqitou Village.     

Multifunctional Landscape Actor-Network Construction from the Perspective of Rural Tourism Experiences

During the construction of multifunctional landscape(MFL) actor-network, economic, social, and ecological functions presented significant differences, which resulted from the different roles and effects of various heterogeneous actors according to the tourism experience. In Hekou Village at the border area between China and North Korea, the roles and effects of heterogeneous actors during the MFL actor-network construction were analyzed by means of the analytic network process(ANP), which verified the Groundings-Entrepreneurship-Markets(GEM) theoretical framework of the MFL actor-network that assumed tourism experiences were core actors, and economic, social, and ecological landscape actors acted as support. Research results showed that in the MFL actornetwork construction, social and economic functions of landscapes were strong, while ecological and tourism experience functions were weak and that folk customs and land utilization were key actors of the MFL actor-network construction. In the MFL actor-network construction, actors played different roles and had different effects on the network. Intelligence facilities and rurality were critical to drive the MFL actor network translation process and pass through "obligatory passage point". By changing the interaction mode and intensity of the actors, the MFL actor-network could be promoted.     

基于村民感知的旅游扶贫效应研究——以龙湾村为例

旅游扶贫作为新型自身造血式、开放式的扶贫方式,自提出之日便受到学者的广泛关注。在文献查阅的基础上将导致贫困的因素划分为4类并分析旅游发展对这些因素的缓解消除作用。以甘肃省白银市龙湾村为研究区通过利用AHP层次分析法和模糊综合评判法,得出其综合扶贫效应感知值为3.33。其中经济带动效应感知值最高为3.72;权利提升效应感知值次之,为3.45;思想促进效应感知值与资源弥补效应感知值分别为3.31和3.15。在调查问卷数据统计分析的基础上与实地调查相结合探究了其效应感知值的差异原因,在此基础上为提升各类效应感知值提供了政策建议。目的在于为龙湾村旅游扶贫和谐、持续、稳定、合理的发展提供理论支持并尝试探索旅游型乡村发展的新路径。     

贵阳市白云区摆茅村乡村旅游规划设计研究

充分利用贵阳市白云区摆茅村优美的农业自然生态环境,结合村内果蔬种植现状,精心设计,科学规划,积极挖掘民俗风情、农耕文化,以形成农业产业优势,营造乡村气息浓郁的田园风光为目标。将摆茅村规划为6个功能区,分别是自然生态观光区、果树采摘观光区、蔬菜产业观光示范区、高新农业技术示范区、生态珍禽养殖观光区、休闲度假区及民俗农耕文化馆。结合每个园区的主题,构建景观,开发各种旅游形式,最终将摆茅村建设成集观光采摘、休闲娱乐、高新农业技术展示、农事体验参与、科普教育等多功能于一体的都市型现代农业,为贵阳市社会主义新农村建设提供可以借鉴的发展模式。     

Renascence of Agricultural Heritage Tourism from the Ecological Perspective: A Case Study of Longxian Village in Qingtian County

Agricultural heritage ecotourism is a newly emerging tourism type, thus there is no too much referential experience for its development. The plight that Longxian Village is facing in its protection and development was discussed, specifically, the contradictions among residents, economy and society; based on ecological concepts, local social and economic development was elaborated from four perspectives of economic activities, lifestyles, human and nature, development concepts. Finally, suggestions were given to help Longxian Village out of the difficulty in its ecotourism development in terms of establishing multi-party participation, making ecotourism planning, designing reasonable tourist products and constructing a complete eco-industrial chain.     

无法“终结”的中国村庄

乡村“终结”的充分必要条件是工业化和城市具有足够的就业容量,把农村剩余劳动力全部吸纳。中国工业化和城市化没有也不可能复制先行工业化国家资本原始积累的历史前提,不可能复制先行工业化国家的工业结构以及产业结构演变历史进程,非农就业压力以及农民工在城乡之间频繁流动的严峻现实,都表明中国工业化和城市化无法吸纳庞大的农村人口,由此则昭示未来中国的村庄无法“终结”。从而在理论上纠正城市“中心论”,在实践上为社会主义新农村建设、乡村就地城市化提供必要性和正当性的支持。     

The Practice of Planning and Design of Characteristic Rural Areas in Jiangsu Province: A Case Study of Shiye Town,Zhenjiang City

Based on the theory of three living spaces,taking the characteristic rural areas of Shiye Town in Zhenjiang City as the research object,the study analyzed its constituent elements in production,life and ecological space (three living spaces) and put forward the strategy of space optimization.The overall optimization design of the village is made according to the problems by combining with the current situation of pilot villages such as Yongmaowei,Huanqingzhou and group 1 of Xianfeng Village.In addition,special reconstruction measures were formulated for the existing problems of agricultural houses and public spaces in various typical villages.     

岩溶区县域土地利用与区域协调发展研究 ——以贵州省清镇市为例

土地利用与区域协调发展实际上是分析和预测现有及未来人口、乡村经济和城镇经济发展趋势约束下的土地利用是否有利于生态格局的优化。利用清镇市土地利用详查及其更新数据与相关社会经济数据，运用GIS及相关统计方法和经验评估等，探讨了清镇市土地利用与区域协调发展框架，结果表明：（1）清镇土地利用动态体现为6种利用类型，但土地利用总体上仍以农业景观为主，没有形成城郊混合景观。驱动这一土地利用动态变化的主导因素主要有人口增加，城市化进程的加快，经济结构演进及土地不同用途下比较效益的差异；（2）5年间，清镇各乡（镇）区域经济发展的绝对差异和相对差异均呈扩大趋势但增幅均已放缓，即清镇区域经济发展朝极化方向偏移。几个经济发达地区，如红枫湖镇、站街镇、卫城镇和新店镇等，对于全市经济的影响越来越大。最发达地区与最落后地区的差距在不断增大；（3）土地利用与区域协调发展框架在满足当地城乡居民对农副产品生活的需要的同时，又协调了与经济发展的矛盾，但粮食安全和经济安全的保证又未有碍于生态环境的良性循环；（4）岩溶地区可持续发展必须协调好土地利用与区域发展的关系。     

Method of Gradual Advance for Town Development

The economical construction and development of China can't be separated from the development of rural economy.Due to appearance and development of rural enterprises,surplus labor force of rural areas was accepted, agricultural economy had been developed and farmers' income enhanced. The traditional agriculture had been reconstructed. The construction and development of small cities and towns are connected with the development of rural economy and accelerate the development of city economy. The construction of small cities and towns can have congregation effect and scale benefit. The industry structure of country will be optimized in whole, management cost will be cut down, energy consumption will be reduced, pollution will be lowered and labor productivity will be increased. In this paper, the importance of town construction in economic development of China is elaborated. The achievement and problem in town construction are summarized. A method of gradual advance for town development is put forward and the problems that must be handled in town development are pointed out.     

Study on Landscape Features of Bai People'sTraditional Mountainous Villages in Dali

In view of the vast mountainous areas and abundant mountainous settlement resources of Dali Bai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, the authors proposed the significance and necessity of studying landscape features of traditional mountainous settlements of the Bai Nationality by considering policy requirements of "protection system planning of famous historic and cultural cities, towns, villages and blocks in Yunnan Province" and "construction of mountainous towns". On the basis of investigating traditional mountainous settlements of the Bai Nationality in Dali, 5 typical settlements were analyzed from the perspectives of landscape structure, village layout, landscape element, landscape materials and decorative art. And characteristics of traditional mountainous settlements of the Bai Nationality were summarized as "following the nature, adaptive to actual terrains, multidimensional, human-nature oneness".     

Protection of Historic Villages and Towns in View of Tourism Destination Study

The traditional ways of protecting heritage are often passive when facing the influence of tourism development, which makes the protection measures lag behind relatively. To solve such a problem, this paper analyzes the influence of tourism destination lifecycle and of spatial structure creatively with the theories of Tourism Geography, pointing out that the influences are different in different lifecycle phases with different distinct characteristics, that the special spatial structure always makes tourism destinations facing more complex conditions and take more heavy environment pressure. Therefore, this paper advocates taking active protection, dynamic protection, building protection system to protect the historic villages and towns.     

Spatial Distribution of Natural Villages Surrounding Plateau Lakes: A Case Study of the Yilong Lake in Yunnan

The study of the spatial distribution of natural villages is what local studies, cultural studies, urban and rural planning, and tourism planning need. In the context of gradually extinct natural villages, research on the characteristics analysis and protection of natural villages is of great significance. With the aid of the Arc GIS spatial analysis technology, it was concluded that terrain, traffic, and social economy were important factors influencing the distribution of the natural villages in the study area, so as to provide a technical reference for relevant local administrative departments to construct a livable ecological environment.