Investigation of Diversity of Local Landscape Plants in Tibet and Analysis of Their Application Potential

To study the basic situation of application of local landscape plants in Tibet, local landscape plants in Tibet was investigated firstly by using "biological five-point method". The results show that 213species(including breed) of local landscape plants were applied in Tibet, belonging to 148 genera and 66 families. In the arbor layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer, the importance of Picea likiangensis Pritz.var. likiangensis Cheng et L. K. Fu, Platycladus orientalis Franco cv. Sieboldii, and Poa pratensis L. were the highest, namely 43.050, 19.696 and 45.950. Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Pinaceae, Asteraceae,and Cupressaceae were applied mostly, including 25, 16, 12, 11, 10, 9 and 8 species of plants, accounting for11.73%, 7.51%, 5.63%, 5.16%, 4.69%, 4.23% and 3.76% of the investigated plants respectively. Based on this, 11 species of good local landscape plants in Tibet were selected to analyze their application potential in gardens. Rational suggestions about the development and utilization of local landscape plants in Tibet were proposed finally.     

森林游憩对张家界国家森林公园金鞭溪植物多样性的影响

为了探明旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园植物多样性的影响,通过调查距离游道不同样带内的生物多样性变化,分析森林旅游开发对植物多样性的影响。结果表明,乔木层、灌木层、草本层三层中物种丰富度指数最低的是1号样带,其值分别为24、4、28,乔木层中2号样带物种丰富度指数最高为37,灌木层和草本层中物种丰富度指数最高的是3号样带,其值分别为7、48;乔灌草三层的Simpson指数与物种丰富度指数呈负相关关系,而Shannon-Wiener指数与物种丰富度指数呈正相关关系;乔灌草三层中的植物重要值大小排序为：3号样带 > 2号样带 > 1号样带;森林游憩对张家界国家森林公园植物多样性有显著影响。     

古田山国家自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性研究

分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物区系和物种多样性。结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物种类十分丰富，计有维管束植物64科114属198种（含变种），其中蕨类植物7科8属19种，裸子植物2科2属2种，被子植物55科104属177种。种子植物区系成分复杂，具有较高的热带成分比例。不同群落类型其物种多样性不同, 4种常绿阔叶林群落类型中以栲树林物种多样性最高，甜槠—木荷林物种多样性最低。在群落垂直结构中，除钩栗林外，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低. 乔木层与灌木层的物种多样性指数差异不显著, 而乔木层、灌木层的物种多样性指数均显著大于草本层。     

八大公山自然保护区珙桐群落结构与物种多样性研究

为了掌握八大公山自然保护区珙桐群落的现状,采用样方法对湖南省八大公山自然保护区珙桐群落的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明,在4000 m2的样地内共有维管束植物73科132属160种,植物区系组成以北温带分布最多,达37属,占25.87%。其次是东亚热带,共23属,占16.08%。珙桐群落区系的温带成分所占比例大于热带成分,其种类组成具有亚热带向温带过渡的特征。群落垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物。乔木层及灌木层不发达,草本层较发达。群落根据Raunkiaer生活型谱划分以高位芽植物占优势(42.8%),与其他亚热带常绿落叶林生活型谱各项比率相近似。种群丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数均表现出相同的趋势,为草本层>灌木层>乔木层。而均匀度指数为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。八大公山自然保护区珙桐种群种类组成具有亚热带向温带过渡的特征,群落处于中期稳定生长期与衰退期之间,未达到一个稳定状态。     

多花木兰人工生态恢复植物群落特征研究

湖南常吉高速公路的边坡主要采用多花木兰人工植物群落进行生态恢复。为了掌握人工植物群落特征,为高速公路边坡恢复奠定理论基础,运用物种组成、植物区系、群落结构、种类组成和重要值等方法进行分析。结果表明：（1）群落中的植物共17种,分属9个科,17个属;（2）在科层次上,群落内世界分布科数量上明显高于热带分布科;属层次上,温带分布属占主导地位;（3）群落垂直结构分为乔、灌、草3层,乔木层树种单一,灌木层以多花木兰占优势,草本层物种较为丰富;（4）多花木兰在群落中占着重要地位,重要值最大为63.5。草本层各物种重要值都较小,不能突显优势种,但丰富了物种多样性。在人工生态恢复植物群落中,多花木兰占着主导地位,具有较强的适应性。     

太行山南端外来树种火炬树群落的水保效应

为了全面了解外来树种火炬树的生态服务功能,从林冠层截留量、枯落物层持水率、林地贮水性能和渗透性能4个方面,研究了6年、11年火炬树,12年刺槐、15年侧柏及荆条灌丛的水保效应。结果表明：灌层截留量：11年火炬树>15年侧柏>6年火炬树>12年刺槐>荆条灌丛,4个树种冠层截持率分别为侧柏35.89%,火炬树32.40%,荆条26.53%,刺槐3.50%;枯落物层持水率为：11年生火炬树>12年生刺槐>6年生火炬树>15年生侧柏>荆条灌丛;林地贮水性能：11年生火炬树>15年生侧柏>12年生刺槐>6年生火炬树>荆条灌丛;林地渗透性能为：11年生火炬树>15年生侧柏>12年生刺槐>荆条灌丛>6年生火炬树,在太行山低山丘陵区困难立地上,火炬树群落具有良好的水土保持作用。     

Survey of Plant Community Characteristics in Bamenwan Mangrove of Wenchang City

According to natural conditions and vegetation distribution characteristics of Wenchang Bamenwan Mangrove Forest, sample plots were set up to investigate plant community characteristics in this area, and to explore the diversity characteristics of different subareas and calculate importance values of various tree species in the study area. According to the investigation, there are 48 plant species of 42 genera and 28 families in Bamenwan Mangrove Forest, including 29 tree species of 24 genera and 17 families. Among the tree species, those on the top 5 in the importance value list are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Bruguiera sexangula, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Xylocarpus granatum. There are 3 shrub species of 3 genera and 3 families, including Atalantia buxifolia, Lantana camara and Streblus asper. And there are 16 herbal species of 16 genera and 11 families, including Acrostichum aureum, Vernonia cinerea, Acanthus ilicifolius, Alocasia macrorrhiza, Synedrel a nodiflora, Gynura japonica and etc.. Diversity of the mangrove in different areas varies greatly, Shannon-Wiener index and richness index of semi-mangrove forest are both higher than those of other 3 mangrove forests. Bamenwan Mangrove Forest is characterized by diversified species and complex structures, but the community diversity is unevenly distributed because of the interventions from many factors. More human efforts are suggested to enhance the mangrove protection, so as to enrich the community diversity.     

石栎次生林群落特征及多样性指数的尺度效应

天然次生林科学经营已成为我国森林提质增效的重要途径,而群落结构特征是次生林科学经营与保护的重要依据。笔者以庐山常绿阔叶林中的典型石栎次生林为对象,按照网格法建立100 m×100 m的大样地,对木本植物进行了调查统计,分析石栎次生林的群落结构特征、多样性指数及其尺度效应。结果表明：样地中共有木本植物162种,其中乔木层（胸径≥1 cm）104种,共5101棵;群落按重要值排序前3种植物依次为石栎、山苍子和檵木,按照相对优势度排序前3种分别为石栎、檵木和甜槠,依次占36.1%、14.3%和9.2%;庐山石栎次生林的物种多样性指数存在尺度依赖性,随样方尺度面积的增大,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈先明显增加后趋于稳定值,Evenness均匀性指数则呈先减少后趋于稳定,Simpson’s-Dominance则出现最大值后再逐渐减少;当样地面积达4900 m2时,石栎乔木层多样性指数基本处于稳定状态,而灌木层出现稳定值的尺度面积约2500 m2。研究结果对亚热带常绿阔叶林区次生林的物种多样性调查、植被恢复与重建提供参考。     

海南普通野生稻居群植被物种多样性研究

为了摸清海南岛现存普通野生稻原生境植被物种的数量和种类,探究其植被群落物种特征,分析普通野生稻原生境伴生物种的特征特性,对海南岛境内普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff)原生境群落进行了调查和分析。通过调查,记录样地生境信息、野生稻居群大小,统计不同样点普通野生稻伴生物种种数。结果表明：海南岛普通野生稻原生境共记录植物119种,属28科。普通野生稻原生境的植被按乔木层、灌木层、草本层进行分类,乔木共计5种,分属5科;灌木层共计13种,分属9科;草本层共计101种,分属14科。原生境中物种数总体表现为：乔木层极少、灌木层较少,草本层为主的特征,其中草本层又以禾本科和莎草科植物为主。生境中外来入侵种成功入侵和人类的经济活动,共同构成了影响海南岛普通野生稻原位保护的主要因素。     

Characters and Species Diversity of Torreya fargesii Franch. Community in the Jinfo Mountains

This paper aims to study characteristics and biodiversity of the Torreya fargesii community in the Jinfo Mountains to provide baseline information related to the protection of T. fargesii. The results indicated that among the 5 plots(100 m2 each) set along an altitudinal gradient, 176 species of vascular plants, 136 genera and 64 families were recorded. These included 7 species of pteridophytes, 6 genera and 4 families, 3 species of gymnosperms, 3 genera and 2 families, and 166 species of angiosperms, 127 genera and 58 families. The community physiognomy was mainly dominated by phanerophytes with medium-sized herbaceous and simple leaves. The proportions of phanerophytes among the fl oristic spectrum, frequency spectrum and vegetational spectrum are 68.75%, 73.13% and 67.48% respectively. The vertical structure can be divided into the shrub and herb layers in this community. The dominant species in shrub layer were T. fargesii, Zanthoxylum ovalifolium, Rubus coreanus, Kerria japonica, Cotoneaster horizontalis etc.. The dominant herbs included Miscanthus sinensis, Carex gibba, Artemisia lactifl ora, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Pilea notata, Aster ageratoides etc.. Species richness(S) and the Simpson(D), Shannon-Wiener(H') and Pielou evenness(Jsw) indices of shrub layer species richness are higher than those of the herb layer; the distribution of the species in the community is obviously uneven. The species richness and diversity indices increase with the rising altitude.     

Resources of Colored-leaf Trees and Their Phenological Ornamental Characteristics in Lhasa City

By using biological five points,expert consultation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the species,phenological ornamental characteristics,and landscape application of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were surveyed systematically. The results show that there are 42 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City,belonging to 31 genera and 18 families,of which there are 5,19,and 18 species of spring,autumn,and common colored-leaf trees,accounting for 11.90%,45.24% and 42.86% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. It is clearly seen that there are too few species of spring colored-leaf trees in the city. There are 19 and 17 species of trees possessing red and yellow leaves,while the leaves of other 6 species of colored-leaf trees are shown in other colors,and the number of their species accounts for 45.24%,40.48% and 14.28% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. The best ornamental periods of spring,autumn and common colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City average 38.4,41.8 and 251.8 d respectively. Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f. atropurpurea Rehd.,Ulmus pumila L.,Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu,and Salix alba are applied most frequently in Lhasa City,and their relative frequency is 18.67%,10.29%,9.91% and 8.95% respectively. According to the comprehensive assessment value of their ornamental characteristics,the ornamental characteristics of 15 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City are good or very good,and there is a positive correlation between the comprehensive assessment value and relative frequency. Based on the investigation,the current application situation and problems of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were analyzed,and solutions to the problems were proposed.     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松群落多样性分析

以内蒙古大兴安岭牙克石林管局下属6个林区的兴安落叶松群落为研究对象,通过对群落物种多样性的量化分析,探讨大兴安岭兴安落叶松群落物种多样性分布规律。结果表明：兴安落叶松群落种群物种多样性总数分布范围为0~28种,垂直结构上变化规律明显,草本层物种数最多,其次是灌木层,最小的是乔木层。群落丰富度最大的为阿里河西陵梯林场,主要是灌木层,草本层物种较多。最小的为克一河库亚林场的兴安落叶松群落,该群落草本层物种较小。     

江西省不同林龄杉木碳储量分配格局

在省级尺度上分析不同林龄杉木碳储量数据,以掌握江西省杉木人工林碳储量动态分配格局。本研究对江西省杉木林生态系统进行了野外调查,并对现有杉木生物量数据进行了综合分析。结果表明：江西省杉木人工林碳储量变化范围为27.82~82.61 t/hm²,其乔木层碳储量占94.2%以上。杉木林和乔木层碳储量随林龄先增加后略微下降,而各龄林的灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量均没有显著差异。幼龄林、近熟林、成熟林各组分碳储量大小排序均为乔木层>凋落物层>灌木层>草本层,而在中龄林和过熟林中则为乔木层>凋落物层>草本层>灌木层。幼龄林各器官碳储量大小排序为树干>叶>根>枝,而其他林龄中的排序均为树干>根>枝>叶。     

缙云山不同植物群落空间结构及其与土壤肥力的关系

为了给保护缙云山植物群落多样性,维持良好的植物群落空间结构指明方向,采用比较法探讨了缙云山的灌木林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林植被的空间结构分布和物种多样性的变化特征,并分析了不同植被群落中土壤养分与物种多样性的相关关系。结果表明：不同植被类型空间结构层次分化明显,乔灌草层优势树种有着明显的综合优势;灌木林和针阔混交林的乔木层与灌木层物种多样性大于常绿阔叶林,草本层的物种多样性则以常绿阔叶林最高。土壤肥力养分因子pH值,随着土壤层次的增加有显著增大趋势,反之,有机质、有效氮磷钾含量水平则呈不同程度的降低;综合各养分因子含量情况,灌木林土壤的养分含量最高,常绿阔叶林次之,针阔混交林最低。另外,物种多样性与土壤肥力相关性分析得出,乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物多样性均与土壤肥力呈现出不同程度的相关关系。     

湖南舜皇山植物群落α多样性分析

对湖南舜皇山不同海拔高度植物群落的Patrick指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Pielou指数(E)进行分析,得出以下主要结论：(1)在海拔400～600 m内,R、H的顺序为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层(P＜0.05),E为灌木层＞(乔木层≈草本层)(P＜0.05);在海拔600～1500 m内,R、H的顺序为灌木层＞(乔木层≈草本层)(P＜0.05),E为乔木层＞(灌木层≈草本层)(P＜0.05);(2)在相同的植物层中,(乔木层)[(400～600 m)(R, H)]＞[(600～1500 m)(R, H)](P＜0.05),E变化规律与R, H相反,(灌木层)[(1000～1500 m)(R, H)]＞[(600～1000 m)(R, H)]＞[(400～600 m)(R, H)](P＜0.05),(灌木层)[(400～600 m)(E)]＞[(600～1500 m)(E)](P＜0.05),(草本层)[(600～1000 m)(R, E)]＞[(400～600 m或1000～1500 m)(R,E)](P＜0.05),(草本层)[(600～1000 m)(E)]＞[(1000～1500 m)(E)]＞[(400～600 m)(E)](P＜0.05)。因此,不同海拔生境异质性是形成不同样点植物群落多样性的差异根本原因。     

沈阳天柱山油松栎林群落结构调查与研究

油松栎林群落是具有沈阳地域特色的地带性植物群落,城市园林在构建植物配置时,要遵循地带性植物群落结构的规律。因此,研究油松栎林群落的结构对城市园林建设有一定的指导意义。采用典型样地调查法对油松栎林群落的结构进行研究,得出对其产生影响的相关指标。沈阳天柱山油松栎林群落有种子植物122种,分属38科74属,通过对重要值大小的分析比较,得出乔木层的主要优势种为油松、蒙古栎、辽东栎和花曲柳,灌木层的主要优势种为胡枝子、榛子、花木兰和接骨木;对油松栎林群落生活型进行分析,可知地面芽植物所占比例最多（38.12%）,其余依次为高位芽植物（27.64%）、隐芽植物（22.87%）、1年生植物（8.1%）和地上芽植物（3.27%）;油松栎林群落分为乔木、灌木和草本3个基本层,其中灌木层的优势较差;油松栎林群落水平结构的特点是同类植物成片状均匀分布,各物种间混交性差,其中乔木层的平均郁闭度为0.75,灌木层的平均盖度为0.27,草本层的平均盖度为0.46。     

民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型植被群落物种多样性特征分析

为了探索绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被群落物种多样性特征,以及不同生活型植物在维持物种多样性和群落稳定性方面的机理,对民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带8种典型植被群落的物种组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性进行研究。结果表明：（1）灌木层在物种组成和数量上占有绝对优势,除红砂群落外,其他群落中灌木所占比例均在56.86%以上,多年生草本植物所占比例较小,在整个群落中仅占0.30%~3.14%（除沙蒿群落6.65%）,数量较稳定;（2）8个群落中白刺重要值最高,达84.41%,猫头刺群落最低为20.70%,其余6个群落在56.78%~68.07%之间;（3）8个群落多样性指数由大到小排列顺序为：猫头刺群落>绵刺群落>红砂群落>沙蒿>沙拐枣群落>珍珠猪毛菜群落>膜果麻黄群落>白刺群落,群落多样性指数均偏低,物种丰富度较低,生态优势度较高,种间相遇率偏低,群落中物种分布不均匀。说明民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带群落物种主要以矮化的小灌木、小半灌木为主,多年生草本植物所占比例较小,优势种群在荒漠灌木群落中的地位和作用非常突出,对群落结构、生态系统的功能过程和群落的演替方向,具有比其他物种更重要的作用,荒漠灌木群落由于缺乏冗余物种的支持,是一类不稳定的群落。     

Investigation and Analysis of Woody Landscape Plant Resources in Jinan City

To know the species composition, life form, seasonal features and application of woody landscape plants in Jinan City, woody landscape plants in the city were investigated comprehensively. The investigation shows that there are 535 woody landscape plant species in the city in total(including variants, subspecies and cultivars), belonging to 199 genera of 77 families. Among the 535 species, there are 49 gymnosperm species of 16 genera, 5 families, 486 angiosperm species of 183 genera, 72 families(including 467 dicotyledon species of 174 genera, 69 families, 19 monocotyledon species of 9 genera, 3 families). The fi gures refl ect rich woody landscape plants in Jinan City. There are 286 tree species, accounting for 53.4% of the total species; 216 shrub species, accounting for 40.4% of the total; 33 vine species, accounting for 6.2% of the total, thus tree and shrub species are diversifi ed, while vine species are limited. Among all tree species, there are 103 evergreen species, accounting for 19.25% of the total; 432 deciduous species, accounting for 80.75% of the total; so deciduous tree species occupy a prominent position. Woody plants in Jinan City are applied in diversifi ed forms, but seldom in innovative forms. Problems in the current application of woody landscape plants in the local area are summarized as(a) there are diversifi ed tree species, but only a few of them are applied in high effi ciency;(b) evergreen tree species are less used;(c) indigenous tree species are insuffi ciently used. Therefore, suggestions are given as(i) combine landscape plants scientifi cally;(ii) promote indigenous tree species;(iii) introduce and domestic new species actively. The investigation results provide scientifi c theoretical support for the sustainable utilization of woody plant resources in Jinan City.     

旅游活动对泰山登山中路植物群落种类组成及多样性的影响

泰山是我国第一批世界自然与文化双遗产单位,2007年被批准为世界地质公园。运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合方差分析研究了旅游干扰对泰山登山中路四种群落类型物种多样性的影响及其变化规律。结果表明：⑴旅游干扰造成了群落物种丰富度的降低。⑵不同等级植物主要优势种的相对盖度和相对密度发生了不同程度的变化,干扰等级越轻,伴人植物的相对盖度和相对密度越小,个别物种甚至消失,如萹蓄（Polygonum aviculare）。⑶旅游干扰对乔木植物和灌木植物物种多样性的影响不显著,对草本植物的影响明显。随着干扰等级的降低,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数略有增加,在2级时达到最大值。⑷旅游干扰降低乔木和灌木植物的更新种类、数量和频度。鉴于目前旅游活动对泰山登山中路群落植物多样性的干扰程度,建议应在开展旅游的同时,加强资源的保护和可持续利用。     

高寒城市郊区外来园林树种适应性评价

为了确定外来园林树种在高寒城市郊区的适应性,以典型区域——青海西宁市火烧沟外来园林树种为对象,基于野外定株监测及室内统计分析,对其抗寒性、性状稳定性及生长发育能力等进行了研究,并综合评价了不同树种的适应能力。结果表明：（1）乔木树种紫叶稠李主干基部在晚冬期出现轻微冻裂,其他3种乔木在早春期发生了严重的抽条及轻度的冻害,4者叶色或叶形均明显改变,适应能力依次为：紫叶稠李>金叶复叶槭>金枝国槐>金叶榆。（2）小乔木类树种均发生了较严重的抽条,芽、叶、花出现了明显的冻斑,花朵变色或畸形率低于10%,适应性强弱依次为：西府海棠>独干红叶榆叶梅=绚丽海棠>红叶碧桃。（3）几种丁香属植物抵御冻害能力较强,仅部分物种一年生枝发生了轻微的抽条,但一些物种后期生长发育能力较差,例如黄丁香不发育花器官,综合适应能力大小为：紫罗兰丁香=波峰丁香=红叶丁香>辽东丁香>其他5者。（4）小灌木类树种胶东卫矛和小叶黄杨冬季地上部全部冻干,其他小灌木也发生了不同程度的冻害和抽条,球冠类适应能力为：榆叶梅=珍珠绣线菊>金叶榆>圆柏,绿篱类为：水蜡=紫叶矮樱>金...