畜牧工作者科学应对甲型H1N1流感

为了解甲型H1N1流感、猪流感的概念和流行状况，阐述其发病特点，提出畜牧工作者科学应对甲型H1N1流感的方法，了解甲型H1N1流感远没有非典和禽流感那么可怕。我们即有防控非典的经验，又有疗效确切的抗病毒药，所以甲型H1N1流感是可防、可控、可治的。     

从“猪流感”到“甲型H1N1流感”看当前动物检疫工作

2009年3月墨西哥与美国先后出现甲型H1N1型流感,并在很短时间内席卷全球,WHO不仅将此次流感疫情称谓由“猪流感”变更为“甲型H1N1流感”,而且将其预警级别也提高到了6级。目前研究表明甲型H1N1流感是由新的流感病毒引起,该毒株包含有猪流感、禽流感和人流感等三种流感病毒的基因片段。其易感人群的年龄段主要为儿童和青壮年,且人群间传染性强。临床表现除一般流感症状外,表现出特异的呼吸道和消化道疾病症状,病死率高于一般流感。本文对猪流感、甲型H1N1流感的特征及其相互关系以及对动物检疫工作的影响等进行简述。     

从"猪流感"到"甲型H1N1流感"看当前动物检疫工作

2009年3月墨西哥与美国先后出现甲型H1N1型流感,并在很短时间内席卷全球,WHO不仅将此次流感疫情称谓由"猪流感"变更为"甲型H1N1流感",而且将其预警级别也提高到了6级。目前研究表明甲型H1N1流感是由新的流感病毒引起,该毒株包含有猪流感、禽流感和人流感等三种流感病毒的基因片段。其易感人群的年龄段主要为儿童和青壮年,且人群间传染性强。临床表现除一般流感症状外,表现出特异的呼吸道和消化道疾病症状,病死率高于一般流感。本文对猪流感、甲型H1N1流感的特征及其相互关系以及对动物检疫工作的影响等进行简述。     

上海地区猪群中H1N1甲型流感抗体检测

对2009年H1N1甲型流感流行前后的上海地区养殖场户410份猪血清样品,分别采用血凝抑制试验（hemagglutination inhibition,HI）和酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）进行检测H1N1甲型流感病毒和猪流感病毒（Swine in？uenza virus,SIV）。检测结果表明,除2007年外,2008~2010年猪血清中均存在不同水平的HI抗体,阳性率呈显著上升趋势,且抗体水平与猪群饲养周期及饲养密度正相关,而与猪流感病毒的流行无相关性。     

甲型H1N1流感

世界卫生组织4月30日发布公告指出,从即日起,世卫组织在谈到本次流感爆发时,将使用“A／H1N1流感”的名称。联合国粮农组织和世界动物卫生组织也做出了同样的决定。     

甲型H1N1流感、猪流感与兽医公共卫生学的关系及其应对与防治

介绍了甲型H1N1流感、猪流感的流行与防治情况,阐述了其流行特点、病毒的基因组特性、流行病学特点、临床症状.提出了甲型H1N1流感与猪流感的诊断方法和防治措施以及高危人群的主要应对方法.并从兽医公共卫生学角度对其进行了探讨和思考.     

猪流感病毒H1、H3、N1、N2亚型分型 RT-PCR方法的建立

根据GenBank中H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)、神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)和M基因保守序列,分别设计合成了5对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术对SIV的型和亚型进行鉴定。结果表明,该方法的型RT-PCR可以检测出10⁴ EID₅₀病毒量所提取的RNA;H1、H3、N1和N2的亚型RT-PCR均可以检测出10⁴ EID₅₀病毒量所提取的RNA。除每对特异性引物所对应的亚型外,对其他亚型及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的检测均为阴性,应用该方法对临床样品进行检测,其结果与病毒分离结果符合率为100%。结果表明,该方法特异性好、敏感性高,有望成为SIV的一种特异、敏感、快速的分型检测方法,为猪流感分子流行病学的调查奠定了良好的基础。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速检测甲型H1N1流感病毒[Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09]的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,本研究根据甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因保守序列,设计并合成了特异性引物和TaqMan MGB探针,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测甲型H1N1流感病毒。使用含有选定检测序列的重组质粒pMD-HA标准品绘制标准曲线,其相关系数为0.999,敏感性可达50 TCID50。本研究中,甲型H1N1流感病毒TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR方法与经典H1N1、类禽H1N1、类人H1N1、H1N2、H3N2、H5N1和H9N2流感病毒无交叉反应。结果表明,该方法可以在人类和动物间有效地检测甲型H1N1流感病毒。     

甲型H1N1流感对猪市的影响预测

2009年猪价从年初的12-14元／千克，跌至4月下旬的8～10元／千克，比笔者年初预测的走势还差。按正常走势，应该接近年内低点，下半年预期会有小幅回升。可墨西哥的人感染猪流感（国内后来更名为甲型H1N1），给了中国养猪人当头一棍，这一事件在国内公开的第3天即4月29日，国内肉类加工企业率先发难，把生猪收购价一天内压了2元／千克!这一行动当然受到猪农的抵制，加之有关部门可能干预的压力下，第二天（4月30日）部分地区即开始回升。     

甲型H1N1流感对生猪生产的影响分析

近年来,生猪市场价格变化波动较大,对养殖户的经济效益带来了很大的影响。同时,甲型H1N1流感在人群中蔓延,对生猪市场价格也造成了较大的影响,使得全国生猪价格不断下跌。本文就主要针对甲型H1N1流感对生猪生产产生的若干影响进行简单的分析。     

甲型H1N1与季节性H1N1流感病毒检测基因芯片的制备与初步应用

建立DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1和季节性H1N1流感病毒的方法,进而探讨该方法用于检测临床标本的可行性。通过生物医学数据库甲型H1N1流感病毒及季节性H1N1亚型流感HA与NA基因进行检索和筛选,应用分子生物学软件,进行序列分析、引物及探针设计,并进行验证。试验所设计的探针可以对甲型H1N1流感与季节性H1N1流感病毒进行区分,用该方法检测了长春市CDC送检的6份疑似甲型H1N1流感病毒临床病例,4份阳性,检测结果同实时荧光定量PCR方法一致。结果表明,利用本研究建立的DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1流感病毒方法,特异性和敏感性强,可作为甲型H1N1流感病毒临床标本检测方法。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒实验室生物风险评估

根据目前掌握的资料,从生物学特性、流行特点、临床表现以及实验室活动等方面对甲型H1N1流感病毒做了初步的风险评估,以期为从事甲型H1N1病毒有关操作的实验室做好相关的风险评估及生物安全防护工作提供依据。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒致病机理研究进展

本世纪首次暴发的甲型H1N1流感大流行,严重威胁了人和动物的健康,是其继1918年对全球进行疯狂肆虐之后的又一次严重打击.甲型H1N1流感病毒的主要蛋白结构包括血凝素蛋白(HA)、神经氨酸酶蛋白(NA)、聚合酶复合体(PB1、PB2和PA)、核蛋白(NP)、基质蛋白(M1、M2)及非结构蛋白(NS1、NS2)等.目前研...     

Two different genotypes of H1N2 swine influenza virus isolated in northern China and their pathogenicity in animals

During 2006 and 2007, two swine-origin triple-reassortant influenza A (H1N2) viruses were isolated from pigs in northern China, and the antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin protein of the viruses were examined. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated different emergence patterns for the two H1N2 viruses, Sw/Hebei/10/06 and Sw/Tianjin/1/07. Sequences for the other genes encoding the internal proteins were compared with the existing data to determine their origins and establish the likely mechanisms of genetic reassortment. Sw/Hebei/10/06 is an Sw/Indiana/9K035/99-like virus, whereas Sw/Tianjin/1/07 represents a new H1N2 genotype with surface genes of classic swine and human origin and internal genes originating from the Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1 virus. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice infected with the Sw/HeB/10/06 and Sw/TJ/1/07 viruses showed an average weight loss of 12.8% and 8.1%, respectively. Healthy six-week-old pigs were inoculated intranasally with either the Sw/HeB/10/06 or Sw/TJ/1/07 virus. No considerable changes in the clinical presentation were observed post-inoculation in any of the virus-inoculated groups, and the viruses effectively replicated in the nasal cavity and lung tissue. Based on the results, it is possible that the new genotype of the swine H1N2 virus that emerged in China may become widespread in the swine population and pose a potential threat to public health.     

Genomic analysis of influenza A virus from captive wild boars in Brazil reveals a human-like H1N2 influenza virus

Influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. In Brazil, H1N1, H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in domestic swine herds. Wild boars are also susceptible to IAV infection but in Brazil until this moment there are no reports of IAV infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. Herein the occurrence of IAV in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. Lung samples were screened by RT-PCR for IAV detection. IAV positive samples were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRRT-PCR), virus isolation, genomic sequencing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Eleven out of 60 lungs (18.3%) were positive for IAV by RT-PCR and seven out of the eleven were also positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRRT-PCR. Chronic diffuse bronchopneumonia was observed in all samples and IHC analysis was negative for influenza A antigen. Full genes segments of H1N2 IAV were sequenced using Illumina's genome analyzer platform (MiSeq). The genomic analysis revealed that the HA and NA genes clustered with IAVs of the human lineage and the six internal genes were derived from the H1N1pdm09 IAV. This is the first report of a reassortant human-like H1N2 influenza virus infection in captive wild boars in Brazil and indicates the need to monitor IAV evolution in Suidae populations.     

Comparative study of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, swine H1N1, and avian H3N2 influenza viral infections in quails

Quail has been proposed to be an intermediate host of influenza A viruses. However, information on the susceptibility and pathogenicity of pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) and swine influenza viruses in quails is limited. In this study, the pathogenicity, virus shedding, and transmission characteristics of pH1N1, swine H1N1 (swH1N1), and avian H3N2 (dkH3N2) influenza viruses in quails was examined. Three groups of 15 quails were inoculated with each virus and evaluated for clinical signs, virus shedding and transmission, pathological changes, and serological responses. None of the 75 inoculated (n = 45), contact exposed (n = 15), or negative control (n = 15) quails developed any clinical signs. In contrast to the low virus shedding titers observed from the swH1N1-inoculated quails, birds inoculated with dkH3N2 and pH1N1 shed relatively high titers of virus predominantly from the respiratory tract until 5 and 7 DPI, respectively, that were rarely transmitted to the contact quails. Gross and histopathological lesions were observed in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of quail inoculated with either pH1N1 or dkH3N2, indicating that these viruses were more pathogenic than swH1N1. Sero-conversions were detected 7 DPI in two out of five pH1N1-inoculated quails, three out of five quails inoculated with swH1N1, and four out of five swH1N1-infected contact birds. Taken together, this study demonstrated that quails were more susceptible to infection with pH1N1 and dkH3N2 than swH1N1.     

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。     

Probable reverse zoonosis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm 09 in a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Striped skunks (skunks) are susceptible to respiratory infection by influenza A viruses (IAV). As they are common synanthropes, maintenance of IAV in skunks could provide a source of infection for humans. We previously studied the nasal turbinates, lungs and faeces of 50 free‐ranging skunks for the presence of IAV and identified two individuals with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection during the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 flu seasons. Subsequent to publication of that study, ferrets were shown to preferentially replicate and harbour A(H1N1)pdm09 in the soft palate, a site which had not been investigated in the skunks. From March 2015 to May 2016, we surveyed a convenience sample of 80 free‐ranging urban skunks for IAV in soft palate, nasal turbinates and lungs. The newly emergent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 clade 6B.1 was detected at all three sites in one skunk with acute rhinitis in February 2016. Clade 6B.1 was the dominant clade in circulation during the 2015/2016 flu season. As the skunk was detected at the height of flu season, reverse zoonosis was considered the most probable source of infection.     

Experimental infection with H1N1 European swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 human influenza virus

The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. To better assess the risk posed by the A(H1N1) 2009 in the actual situation of swine farms, we sought to analyze whether a previous infection with a circulating European avian-like swine A/Swine/Spain/53207/2004 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as SwH1N1) generated or not cross-protective immunity against a subsequent infection with the new human pandemic A/Catalonia/63/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus (hereafter referred to as pH1N1) 21 days apart. Pigs infected only with pH1N1 had mild to moderate pathological findings, consisting on broncho-interstitial pneumonia. However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. These later pigs also exhibited boosted levels of specific antibodies. Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains.